Organic Compounds (Properties)

• Unstable compared with most inorganic compounds.

• Combustible (no sharp melting points, decomposing and charring at moderately high temperatures)
• Few of them are “ionized” because of the nature of bonds (covalent) that hold their atoms together in
the molecule.
• Mostly non-electrolytes.
• Insoluble in water and polar solvents.

The type of functional group present in the compound distinguishes organic compounds from inorganic
compounds and the type

Differentiation Test

1. Ignition Test
a. Flammability
i. Ethyl alcohol is flammable
▪ Luminous flame (yellow)
b. Charring
i. White sugar
▪ Black residue
ii. Table salt
▪ No black residue
2. Solubility Test
a. Naphthalene in water
i. insoluble
b. Naphthalene in cooking oil
i. Dissolved

Organic
Compound based on carbon
Contains carbon and hydrogen
Non-metal elements (O, N, Halogens)
Combustnile
Insoluble in water and polar solvents (non-polar)
Boiling point and melting point is low
Inorganic
Ionic compounds – dissociating into positive and
negative ions in water making them highly soluble
Electrolytes
Soluble in water and polar solvents (polar)
Boiling point and melting point is high

Covalent bonding; weakest force (London dispersion
forces)
Doesn’t take much energy (weak attractive force),
thus having a low boiling and melting point
BP, MP, Energy = ↓
Can be gases, liquids, or solids at room temperature
OH-bonding; + and – charged ions (held by strong
electrostatic forces); no individual molecules present
Requires a high/huge amount of energy in order to
melt, ions need to move around each other to break
the ionic bonds thus having a high boiling and melting
point
BP, MP, Energy = ↑
Solids at room temperature + high melting points

Combustion:

1. Charring test
2. Flammability test
• Burn in the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
• Complete combustion = CO2 + H2O
o Incomplete combustion = precipitate
• Kerosene → methane + heat

Chemical reagents:

1. Ethanol (C2H5OH) – organic

2. Sucrose (white sugar) C12H22O11 – organic
3. Table salt (NaCl) – inorganic (wala nag melt kay dili enough ang energy)
4. Naphthalene/moth ball (C10H8) – organic
5. Palm oil (C15H29O5) – organic
6. Water (H2O) – inorganic (dissolves in water due to weak covalent bonds)
Solubility:

• Polarity is based on electronegativity

• A solute is fully dissolved in a solvent producing a homogeneous mixture
• Controlled by intermolecular forces between solute and solvent
o Solute – solute
o Solvent – solute
o Solvent – solvent
• Intermolecular forces
o Weak-induced dipole (London dispersion forces)
o Strong: dipole-dipole (OH-bonding)
▪ ↑ OH bonding (altering the molecular structure) ↑ solubility
• Like dissolves like (based on polarity)
• Polar = water; non-polar=hydrocarbon hexane
o Oil + water = immiscible
• Polarity = presence of polar bonds (electronegative atoms)
o Liquid + liquid = fairly miscible; not completely miscible

Polarity

• Relates to melting point, boiling point, solubility, and intermolecular forces

• Intermolecular forces dan enhance solubility when it the molecular structure is altered by increasing OH
bonds
• OH bond ↑ = solubility ↑
• There is a direct correlation between the polarity of a molecule and the number of polar and covalent
bonds which are present
• A molecule may have polar bonds in a symmetrical arrangement with it gives a nonpolar molecule???

ionic Covalent
Complete transfer of electrons (NaCl) Could be polar and nonpolar
Metal + nonmetal Polar covalent = unequal sharing of electrons
H-Cl
2 different nonmetals
Partial charges
Nonpolar covalent = equal sharing of electrons
No charge