are and how they fit into the life
INTRO TO PLANT
SYSTEMATICS
Plants
are photosynthetic
organisms, they have
chlorophyll which are
maintained in
chloroplasts
- they have cell walls
and the cell walls are
composed of cellulose
and those cell walls of
course are outside the
plasma membrane
- are sedentary although
sometimes they do
move a little bit so
here's a sensitive plant
and that is happening in
approximately real time
someone has touched
the end of that leaflet
and it's closing up if you
haven't seen sensitive
plants they're really
pretty cool and you
should try to find one to
take a look at and have
that experience yourself
so for the most part
they are sedentary at
least we mean by that
that they are rooted in
the ground
- more technical
characteristics of the
plants that you probably
haven't encountered
before are that they
have spores a spore is
a unicellular structure
and it's a reproductive
cell it's kind of a
unicellular reproductive
cell these are not
gametes so there are
reproductive cells which
are not gametes in
plants and the spores
are not mobile which
means they have no
flagella now in many
plants the sperm don't
have flagella either but
we'll come to that later
on so we need to look a
little bit more closely
what these things
spores
we have another
cycle
Basic Plant Life Cycle
- S tart drawing that life
cycle by drawing a
horizontal line on the
screen and what we're
going to put on the top
and the bottom of those
lines is we're going to
put the different parts of
the life cycle that is
- there is a part of the life
cycle that's haploid
and we're going to draw
that here on the top of
this screen up top of
the line and there's a
part of the life cycle
that's diploid and we're
going to draw that here
below the line so you
know this in your own
life cycles that you have
haploid and diploid
portions too but in
human life cycles the
haploid portion is only
restricted to the
gametes so that's the
only haploid cells we
have now it's quite a bit
different in plants and
we're going to about to
see they have a lot of
other parts of their life
cycle a lot of much
larger part of their life
cycle which is haploid
whoops let's go back so
- there are two
processes now that link
the haploid and the
diploid portions of the
life cycle
- let's do fertilization over
here on the right first so
fertilization is going to
take the sperm and the
egg we can write them
up there
- and it's going to unite
those two things those
two cells
- and it's going to
produce a zygote that's
all pretty familiar to you
over on the other side
process
- over here that takes us
from diploid to haploid
and that is meiosis
- meiosis is what
produces our spores
- so there are spores
they're unicellular
- they have no flagella
they're haploid and they
are going to divide to
produce a multicellular
organism
- so we have implants in
this haploid portion of
the life cycle a
multicellular organism
i'm going to put those
words multicellular
organism in
parentheses because
there is an official name
for this type of
organism and that
organism is called the
gamete bearing plant
the gamete bearer or
the just the gamete
bear gammy plant so it
is called the gamete
gamito fight and
- the gametophyte is
going to produce the
egg and the sperm so
gamete here means
marriage and phyte
means plant
- these are greek words
but they have good
english meanings so
the gametophyte is the
marriage plant it
produces the egg and
the sperm so it's given
rise to the two cells that
are going to unite in
marriage and that
marriage is called
fertilization
MITOSIS
- There were processes
that gave rise that our
spores went through in
order to produce the
gametophyte and that
process is mitosis so
there's a mitotic
process that the plants
go through the spores
 go through to produce
the gametophyte a -
multicellular organism
often very very small
but still a multicellular
organism and that
gametophyte will
produce our egg and
our sperm united
fertilization to produce
the zygote well what
happens to the zygote i
think you know already
that that's going to
undergo mitosis to
produce another
multicellular organism
and
- that multicellular
organism is called the
sporophyte again we
have that word fight
meaning plant and we
have the word spore
and we see that word
again now now i haven't
told you what
- spore means it's
another greek word
we've used it in english
so long that we think of
it as an english word
but it really does have a
meaning in greek and it
means seed now these
are not the seeds that
you're used to planting
in your garden it's not
that kind of seed it's the
seed in kind of the
biblical sense of that
term you know that
sometimes the bible will
speak of the male seed
and that male seed is
the in that case the
sperm so it's a life on earth depends on them
reproductive cell so it's
seed in that term of a
reproductive cell and
we see it over here the
- spore the reproductive
cell undergoing mitosis
to produce our
gametophyte well our
sporophyte is going to
produce our spores but
it's going to do them it's
going to maintain those
spores in a kind of a
box and that box is
called a sporangium
and within that
sporangium that's
where meiosis occurs
and meiosis produces
the spores
- “angium” means box
so literally sporangium means
a spore box
so that's our life cycle and that's
the life cycle we're going to be
working
with all semester
we're going to make it a little
more
complex as we go on but this is
the
SUMMARY
We have some spores
being produced - unicellular
reproductive structures, they
undergo mitosis to produce a
multicellular organism, the
gametophyte that gametophyte
produces our sex cells, the egg
and the sperm, they unite in
fertilization, fertilization produces
now a diploid organism, the first
cell of which is the zygote, the
zygote then undergoes mitosis
to produce our sporophyte -
another multicellular organism,
that produces or we could say is
a part of the sporophyte - is the
sporangium, it's a box a
container in which meiosis
occurs and spores are produced
in that box so that's our basic life
cycle of plants
WHY IS IT A STUDY TO
IMPORTANT TO
STUDY PLANTS
-they produce oxygen
-they're the primary producers all
-they are economically important
in lots of ways
> everything we eat is either
from a plant or it has eaten a
plant so if you eat meat plant
eaters that we have eat have
eaten plants
> there's wood and fibers and
so much material is built out of
wood
> there are medicinal plants
incredibly important many of our
drugs are initially derived from
medicinal plants
> and then there are culinary
spices all kinds of important
reasons but there are also other
really important reasons
that have to do with
-maintaining life on earth
well we're doing systematics this
semester not studying all
aspects of
plants but understanding
plant systematics and there's
two really
IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF
PLANT SYSTEMATICS
1.)The naming of plants that is
creating a taxonomy
-“tax” means an arrangement
so a taxonomy is a named
arrangement
so taxonomy is the science of
providing
a name
for every organism
and that's one of the things that
we'll
spend a lot of time on this
semester
is understanding how naming
works it's a
very formal system
very legalistic and extremely
important
because without namings we
couldn't talk
about things or agree with
what they are we'll see more
about why
it's so important as we go on
the second really important
function of
systematics is
uncovering the evolutionary
relationships
so the evolutionary history or
the evolutionary relationships of
organisms
and we'll talk a good deal this
semester
about the history of how we have
fought
about evolutionary
relationships what we've done in
the
past and what we're doing now
what we get when we study
evolutionary
relationships is we get some
kind of a
phylogeny
and so here's an example of a
phylogeny
and we are going to try to find and that was and so that is going to be in red
our a very famous female scientist and
organisms that we're going to be dr lynn margulis that's the chemical composition
studying this semester and she developed what was of this solid we're going to call
semester in this phylogeny called the this a
first of all let's notice that there endosymbiotic theory proto-eukaryotic cell
are now i'm not going to walk proto mean before proto-
two through all eukaryotic
types of main types of organisms the evidence for the and so that cell has no
here endosymbiotic organelles
there are the prokaryotic theory that's really a topic for cell specifically no chloroplasts
organisms biology now what's happening then
those that lack a true nucleus but i'm going to explain a little bit is that we get
and here about what the word this ancestral bacterium
are the eukaryotic organisms endosymbiosis means being engulfed by the
now of and a little bit about how we protokaryotic cell
course we're studying mainly think it in the process of
eukaryotics took place endo endocytosis
organisms this semester when that is not the evidence but kind so it's taken in now in most
we look for of the cases
our story that's resulted from those that's happening because
the plants we're going to be evidence that evidence the protocol eukaryotic cell is
working on so endo means inside eating
we come over here sim means with the bacterium it's using it as a
to this region can also think about it as food
and we find the green plants together source
and when we look down here to bio means life but there are mistakes that were
these and this sis ending indicates it's made
little a and those mistakes resulted in
black lines on the lines process this proto-eukaryotic cell
we see that we have a process so again greek again with incorporating the bacteria as an
indicated so the thing the life inside a process so what's organelle
characteristic that all so it becomes an organelle over
that holds all of these green referring to long
plants well it's referring to a process periods of time
together is the possession of a that now what i say over long periods
chloroplast a green chloroplast took place of time
a chloroplast that contains the a process of endosymbiosis that doesn't mean that
normal so how that has happened is a single bacterium gets
types of chlorophyll that you've here we have incorporated in
probably learned about an there and it stays there over long
in other classes ancestral photosynthetic periods of time it means that
well let's look at that process of bacterium there are mistakes that
how and i'm going to outline that happened and
that green chloroplast came bacterium there are very rare mistakes and
about here in dark blue eventually they started to be
and that has come about that's indicating the cell incorporated
through a membrane of and maybe other mutations took
process of endosymbiosis that bacterium place
now this endosymbiosis really and specifically the blue is going other mistakes took place
we could to that allowed the bacterium to
call it the endosymbiotic theory mean the chemical composition stay
but there's an incredible amount of the bacterium inside the cell instead of being
of there is a cell wall or cell digested
evidence for it now so we kind of membrane for a longer period of time until
think around the what
that this is really the way things other cell that's involved in this we end up with then
happened and is here's the
but still let's look back in time a i'm going to outline that in red photosynthetic eukaryotic cell
little bit and it's got a different chemical and i'm
to the person who invented this composition trying to outline there that
theory
membrane again and it's got the from our last our last which i am not going to give you
same phylogenetic tree you can
chemical so we've expanded that so we're look it up in your book
composition here as our original going to it is quite difficult to understand
membrane find our plants here i wanted to give you an intuitive
and if we looked inside at these in this other line now before we feel
now organelles and we looked at do that for what a monophyletic group is
the we want to because you're going to be
chemical composition look at a term and look let's see needing this
of their membranes we would what term and needing to be able to
see that that term means here and that interpret
they have the same chemical term is phylogenetic trees
composition monophyletic all during the semester let us
as the bacterium this is a term we're going to be look at a
so that's the process and one of concerned with a lot this group which is not monophyletic
the semester so let's say we had a group
lines of evidence motto means one that included the liverworts and
that we have that we are pretty philo means tribe the
sure and our idea here is that we mosses
that this is correct have a and that this is our philogenic
is these different chemical single tree how
compositions tribe a single evolutionary event many cuts would we have to
of the that make on this
organelle and of the outer gives rise to a group of tree to get off
membrane the organisms to lift off these two tats are
outer plasma membrane let's think about how we could together
of our eukaryotic cells another find liver warps and mosses
thing monophyletic groups here well we would have to make a
you know about is that the because it's cut here
organelles easier to understand and we would have to make a
have circular dna the bacteria monophyletic cut here
have when we have a bunch of we would have to make two cuts
circular dna examples so that is not a monophyletic
and the eukaryotic cells have so let's take a little scissors group
linear chromosomes that have my scissors don't look very much we could not come down here
histones in like right you might think well we'll
them scissors they look something like just
the chloroplasts have no tin come down here and we'll make
histones snips a cut
the bacteria have no histones so so there's my scissors and we're there
there's going but we can't do that because we
a lot of evidence that suggests to make a cut would
this is how the green chloroplast on one of these lines get three groups off we would
came if we can then when we've made get
about that cut mosses liverworts and hornworts
and that's what we saw in our if we can lift off a group and
phylogeny a group of texts a group of anyway you're cutting three lines
here organisms down
giving rise to our green plants like this there not just one
now in that is a monophyletic group a monophyletic group always
the next slide we're going to take so we can think of these has to be
this lineage here this line here monophyletic cut just
and we're going to split it up so groups of as when we have a one line off
there phylogenetic so we can find some other
is the green tree if we can make monophyletic
chloroplast down here at the one cut groups here here is another
base so on the tree and we can lift off a monophyletic
this line group group
here going up is the same as then it is a monophyletic group here is another monophyletic
that one is a formal definition from group
line monophyletic and you can find them at all
kinds of
other trees those groups should have so these are groups within
so what is our group that we're common groups within
going to characteristics each species
be working with today all modern groups of organisms i'm sorry within each genus there
this this semester well modern are
we are going to be working with groups of plants but all other multiple species
everything from here organisms within each genus there are
on out this is our too multiple
group it is a monophotic group are monophyletic families within each family that
there's our big scissors here so all groups should be are
cutting it monophyletic multiple genera
off now this has not always been etc i'm not sure i've said that
and this group then is called the case correctly on all the way through
in technical terms the it's only been in the last but i think you get my idea here
tracheophytes 30 years that there has been a as we
trachea just means widespread consensus in go up
tube so it's basket the vascular science that we each level includes multiple
plants should have monophyletic ones at the lower level
that is what we are studying this groups in our some of these levels have formal
semester the vascular plants classification endings
and there and when you notice back a to their names
it is on a monophyletic group couple slides that is starting with the family
well let's move on from our i circled level
introductory a group that we're going to be we see in plants
material on our phylogeny and working the ending of every family name
the groups with now and i showed you that is going
that we're studying and the life it's to end in a c
cycles monophyletic a grouping that e a e now there are different
to look at what some of the goals we're going ways to
of to be working with in this class pronounce this ending
plant systematics are we are going to talk about the mainly in different parts of the
one of the most important goals history world
and one of classification we live in the united states
we're going to spend a lot of time and why people think that we are going to pronounce it in
on groups should the us
is the goal of nomenclature be monophyletic way which is
providing a because as i say it has not ace so here is the family of lilies
name always been the lily ac if we were talking
for every group of plants so about the
this is very legalistic as i've said well since we're talking about family that contains magnolias
there are very formal rules classifications we would
and they are laid down in a let's look at some of the ranks see the magnolii ace
document or the levels this is one of the main levels we
which is that international code of classification and i'm sure you are
for the know going to be concerned with in
nomenclature of algae fungi this from other classes this class
and plants that code is revised we go down from the division the other main level is the
every down to the generic
six years species level level
and we'll talk more about that as and even below the species and the generic level there is no
we get level as standard ending
into nomenclature we'll see in the next slide so no standard way in which
so nomenclature is an extremely the division is called the phylum generic names end at the
important function in species level
of systematics naming plants zoology there are two names
second big group so in botany it's called division and this is called two named
goal is a classification it's nomenclature binomial
so producing a system of called phylum it's the same binomial nomenclature we'll say
classification level in the hierarchy and then more
so that is the arrangement of we go about that later
plants down to species above the family in this class we
into groups might
encounter some you will see the asteralees here flaws and here is an example of
orders but we're not going to at the level of a
spend a order flora this is a flora of the
lot of time on them in addition to classification we northeastern region
they end in the standardized have of the united states it is three
ending description volumes
a-l-e-s which we're going to there's two parts to description it's originally written by britain
pronounce we want to assign features to the and brown here's a cover of the
alies taxes paperback version of it
lily ailees magnolias zinger that we are describing and if we looked inside that floor
braleys that is basically direct we
etc well this is a very small descriptions of would see a number of things we
part of the hierarchy of the them when those descriptions would
taxonomic are used in see
hierarchy various ways drawings of the different plants
the next slide we're going to and also we want to inventory not
expand the always but
that and look a little bit and just world's flora many times
see to be able to make a list of the there would be an accepted
that there are many other plants name for each
levels in this hierarchy here we that occur in various regions of plant
are a the we'll talk more about what that
species here and we can see world means
that going these inventories are usually coming up
down from species there are done there would be other names
subspecies regionally down here
and varieties there is no yet completely world which are non-accepted names
you might see some names like flora and these non-accepted names
this with but there are certainly very large are called
spp or var regional forests there is a synonyms
after the binomial name regional we'll talk a lot about synonyms in
going up from species between flora for the united states or even the
species for next few weeks
and genus north america so other people have named this
we have subsections of the that is being completed plant
genus or we're going to take a look in the besides the
subgenus and next authors of this and they have
sections of the genus between slide at these given it
family and two different features actually in different names and these
genus we have sub-families the authors britain and brown are
tribes and next two slides saying we
sub-tribes characters and character states do not agree
and now once we get above and with these other names for this
genus we start floristics floras of the different plant
to see standardized endings on regions then there is a description
these so characters and character and that description is usually
you might see some of these this states it's using
semester very simple a feature a character lots of technical terms as you
but the main ones we are going is can see
to be just a feature of an organism and after that there is sometimes
working with the main ending we for instance flower color and some
are then the little notes about
going to be working with character distribution and flowering times
is this family ending ace so when states the states of that there'll be other things in the
you character flaws
see a would be things in case of flower but this listing of plants with
name that ends in ace like color descriptions of the plants
asterace like white they'll also be identification
the sunflower family you know yellow red etcetera the various guides
that is at states which we're going to talk about
the family level of the hierarchy that a character has next
if you do see things in ailes
in these floras they are then not the only one but it's one of to a photograph or an illustration
created them that
for different regions of the united and one of the main ones we find on the web
states as i say this one we'll talk about more of them in if we know that we're looking at a
is for the northeastern united just a valid
states minute identifications also site that's got good
and adjacent canada depend on identifications on
there is a flaw for the these herbaria it
southeastern the herbaria are the collections we can compare it to a specimen
united states now it's been of in a
prepared dried identified plants herbarium
out of a research site at the these are reference collections that's not available to most of us
university essentially a herbarium is a plant but
of north carolina at chapel hill museum for some people who live in an
that is the herbarium we will talk but it's a funny plant museum area
about because it consists of dried where there's a herbarium and
what plants they have
herbarium is very shortly dead plants which have been access to the herbarium that's a
it's basically a scientific flattened very
collection you know good method because the
of plants pressed they've been specimen in the
this is the regions that the flora compressed down so herbarium
covers they're completely flat have had their identify
and there is a new edition that's dried glued onto sheets of paper identifications
just and placed into cabinets and verified
come out they can be or an image perhaps again an
recently in october and i will tell hundreds of these image
you cabinets with thousands that's stored in herbarium
more about that where you can hundreds of we can ask an expert about how
get thousands to
a copy of the floor it's all free in in many cases of these plant identify the plant but
this case specimens you'll often find that if you ask an
unfortunately this floor does not their varia then are used as expert too many questions like
yet reference more than once every four or
contain illustrations collections for a number of five months
my understanding is they intend different they're going to get kind of
to add purposes the flaw annoyed
them but it's a tremendous of the southeastern states would because they've got better things
amount of not to do
work producing these have been possible than identify your plants for you
floras and they haven't gotten to unless there was except for the so it's a really great way to do it
that herbaria if
yet except for the dried plant you know someone who doesn't
okay identification i said that collections doesn't mind helping you identify
there in the herbarium as i say we'll plants
within these floors there is some talk but it's not a great way
a more about these as we go overall now there's new methods
means of identifying along of doing
a plant so identifying an so a key how do we make a key identifications for instance i
unknown plant work naturalist and we'll do some
let's say you've got a plant sitting well keys are used to identify work with
there in your hand unknown eye naturalists late in the
and you want to know what it is taxa semester
you can we've mentioned them a little bit to learn how we can use them
go to a flaw of your region before and then
and use the tools that they have and we'll look at them in the next they're automated identification
in slide tools
there in more detail to help get us an identification
and those tools are keys we can also compare our they
so a key is the mechanisms of unknown the are
identifying the unknown plants plant that we've got there in our they are not these tools are not
hands completely accurate
but they give us a good shot at that we made this choice how do we know we came from
getting stamen's not question 22
a first pass at identification fused at the base if we don't remember it
so how about a key what's a key and then there should be over it would be very hard to back up
and how here a in this
do we use it number two saying go on to kind of a key
well keys are always number two and so the bigger disadvantage
dichotomous go to number two and let's say of these
d-i-c-h means to we say kinds of bracket keys
and tomy means to cut fertile stamen six and there is that it's very hard to back up in
so our keys are dichotomous should be a them
they are cut choice over here that says go on now unfortunately you're going
in two which means to to be
that there are always two number three using a black bracket key for
choices at any and we continue on like that much of
one level working the semester and we have found
so we'll look at this first level first through the key a way
we're going to make a choice until we get to our final answer to help you with this problem of
between this is backing
number one and number one a very up
prime short short key you can and we'll talk about that as you
statements fused at base or sometimes go get
statements through a hundred into the lab
not fused at base of these couplets 100 would be a now why would anyone want to
and as we move through the key lot but use a
we're it's not impossible bracket key if they've got these
always going to have two to go through very many of these big
choices couplets in order to get an problems
that is what makes it a answer that it's so hard to back up the
dichotomous key so when you work through this other
there's two types of keys that in kind of type of key we're going to see
some keys these bracket keys you doesn't have this problem well
ways are very similar but they're might notice publishers really like bracket
laid that it's very hard to work keys
out on the page differently backwards because
this key that we're looking here let's say you get down here a lot of the page is taken up with
is stamens not text
called a bracket key strongly winged at the base that is there isn't a lot of blank
it is called a bracket key and you get the genus mulia space
because and now you go and you look at over here on this side of the
there's these implied little a page
brackets description of molia when we look at the other type
here so look there's a bracket and you find it doesn't match of key
at that level this one is at that your plant this type of key is called an
same or you look at an image of it and indented
level you key
this bracket is pushed into here say it doesn't make you plan and we look over here at the
so that the couplets match your side of the
of the key the couplets means plant page
every two so you need to go backwards and let's say we were to use a
leads is called a couplet now in this much
the couplets go on like that case we know that we came longer key and we get
they're from up here you know down not to just
being pushed inwards or they're from number two because it's question 11
at this only a but we get down to question 40.
outer stage they're inwards or three part key but let's say we're you know we're over here
they're on someplace in
at the outer stage and it goes on you know question number 46 the key and we've got all kinds of
like here blank
that so to use a bracket key and we came from question space over here next to them
you make your first choice and number 22. publishers really didn't like that
let's say very
well they didn't like producing a lot better than bracket keys
lots of well another way of doing
blank pages identifications is to use written
and so a publisher really liked descriptions
the unfortunately these written
bracket keys descriptions
indented keys however are take a lot of knowledge to read i
much easier to mean
use let's look at how you would look at this terminology
do that apical leaflet widely elliptic
here we are take a choice usually
between one petiolate petiole pettiulo
and one prime green narrowly winged i mean
here now they're not right next to it's just
each and that's
other but as soon as we say ah that's a relatively easy to
i'm going understand
to choose sentence compared to what
option number one all of the some of these
possibilities other ones are going to be down
for option number one are right here
there um here we have things uh
right under number one so if we talking about
go then the crawler lobes inclined to
down divergent
to number two here from number and recurved relative to floral
one then access i
we have choices of two number mean what the heck does that
twos mean
and we say we take this one so it takes a lot of specialized
here ovary knowledge to read these
inferior descriptions by the end of the
all of the choices for that one are semester
here you will be able to read
right immediately under it these descriptions reasonably
so if we get down here and we well even
find that then you're going to have to look
we up
keyed our genus out to a motor certain terms like this term
arm divergent
and we look at the description you might have to look up
and it's but you'll know many of the other
not a motorim terms
we say well how did we get there by the end of the semester
to still written descriptions are not a
eight well we got there from great way
seven of making your identifications
we maybe we choose the other they're
way in very difficult to use
seven but remember specimen camaro comparison
maybe it's not dilators either well here's
maybe our herbarium specimens
that's wrong so these are dried parts of the
also how did we get to seven plants
well we got sometimes whole plants if
there from two so it's they're a
very easy in these kinds of small plant like over here we can
indented put
keys to back up in them the whole plant there
and so the people who are using if it's a big plant like this cactus
the keys we
really like indented keys can't get the whole plant in
and so we put parts of the plants
on the
sheet we
put specific kind of information
on it
that we'll talk about later
on these labels one of the things
that's
on the labels is the name of the
plant
and they are dried and they're
put in
cabinets in herbaria
dried plant collections and
they're
arranged in specific ways in
there so
that you can find
the plant you're looking for and
let's
say you've got a plant in your
hand
and you go into herbarium if you
have
access to it and you can consult
these
herbarius specimens
and try to figure out if it is that
specimen
now you actually need an
identification
first of your plant before you can
preferably use in a barium but so
this
so this idea of specimen
comparison
really only works very well
to confirm your identification
and it's not available to
everybody most
herbaria are not open to the
general
public they're very valuable
plant collections and they're only
open
to people who
have shown that they know how
to use
them
image comparison is something
you can do
on the internet you can take your
plant
holding it in your hand there and
you
open up a web browser and you
start to
look for pictures that look like
that
again it's much easier to do this
if you
have some idea of what your we use mainly dna evidence genes and do these other things
plant is so these days on it
again but also in some cases and somebody else goes down
this will help you confirm morphology and they
so you're looking at confirmation morphology grab another fly in another lab
or the form of the plant as usually let's
disconfirmation or saying or the say
saying that most typical way in texas and they start doing
that's wrong of using or constructing molecular
so you can sometimes tell that phylogenys has work on and they say oh well we
you've been morphology can't
got the wrong id the most typical way in the past verify any of those things that
by looking at the pictures of and you
plants then in the last found in
with who 25 years or so dna your fly and it's because they got
of that name that you think yours evidence has different species of flies
is really come to the fore and that and without some way of
ask an expert we've talked out is the knowing that
about predominant way now they're really dealing with exactly
already and so all of these trees that the
you've got to find one and then we're same thing with exactly the
you've going to see same species
got to convince them that you're like this one have been the result sometimes with the same
not of working with dna evidence so subspecies all
going to annoy them very much this is the molecular work that we see
and i naturalist i really a phylogenetic being
encourage you tree done
to take a look at i naturalist even and as i say most of the would have no basis so that how
now evidence most we know
it's a great website you can post of the trees that are conducted we've got the same species
pictures there it's got automated now are is because of systematics
identifications tools constructed from dna evidence because we
and a community of other and a large part of the time that have people out there
naturalists who a naming things and making sure
are interested in systematic spends that the
correct identifications and the is in reconstructing these kinds names are applied
distribution of plants and animals of correctly so it really is an
also trees integrative
works not just for plants but for so why study plant systematics science
animals well it that is necessary for all the other
fungi all kinds of different really is a foundational subject in sciences
organisms biology we work with economically
really any kind of organism this idea of naming things is important
that you can get a good picture really plants many times and those
of can important if we don't know what many times are important in
be on i naturalist we will work something's name is we can't conservation
with it really do so again if you are
a little bit later in the semester any work on it a smuggler and you're bringing a
so that's identification our last i mean let's just suppose that plant
goal you have into
is phylogeny people doing genetic work on the country illegally and this
that is determining the this little happens
evolutionary fry that they found much too often i'm afraid
relationships and we've got one lab doing the and they catch at the border well
we've already seen some work on there's laws about
phylogenys when it and they say ah we got bringing certain plants into the
we looked at those those a fly here and we're doing lots of country
phytogenetic work how does that
trees to determine the taxes that on it and we've done all this officer at the border know that
we're molecular work and we found all this
going to be working on these person is bringing
one of the protected plants of for other people
course to look at and we're going to see
the smuggler is saying oh no that
that's not process of
that arguing over data even arguing
species this is a different species over very
that fundamental principles we're
is not protected and so going to
the officer has to know how to see that
make in a very real and tangible way
correct identifications of the when we
plants study
so that they will know whether the history of plant systematics
this biologists have been arguing
plant being smuggled in is really over what
a the best way to name
protected organisms is for many years not
plant or it's just a you know a the
very linear hot naming
common linan naming has been agreed
perhaps even a weed actually on for
even hundreds of years
bringing weeds in is not a good i mean the classification and the
idea phytogenetic and the way we
now but at least they're not treat
protected phylogenys
so all of the treaties on it the fact that we should always
on international treaties on have
endangered monophyletic groups has not
and protected plants been
all depend very strongly on plant something that has been
systematics on the naming of universally true
plants it's only something that has been
the other reason that i think that accepted to be true
we in the last 25 years and we're
should study plant systematics going to
and look at why that is
especially well all of these things are great
my approach to plant and
systematics is it's they are important reasons for
really going to show us how studying
science is plant systematics
really done but there is one other reason
how science is not done is and that
it is not done by a few really is
smart plants really are a lot of fun
scientists going out there and and they are really cool and i
finding hope by
out the truth the end of the semester
about the world by a few you agree with me on that
experiments
it's really done by scientists
going out
there
and doing work on the natural
environment
and then arguing over what that
work
means and eventually coming to
some kind
of conclusion and presenting
that data