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Differential Equations Module
Differential Equations Module
Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to:
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
where:
𝑦 − 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥 = 4
𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
− 3𝑥 + 5 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑑𝑥 − 3 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 5𝑑𝑥 = 0
Ex:
𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 1st Order Differential Equation
𝑦 ′′ − 3 = 0 2nd Order Differential Equation
𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ 𝑥 − 4 = 0 2nd Order Differential Equation
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3rd Order Differential Equation
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑛𝑦
𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 nth Order Differential Equation
𝑑𝑥 𝑛
𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 − 4 = 0
𝑑2 𝑦 3𝑑𝑦
− −4=0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
where:
𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− 3𝑥 𝑑𝑧 + 4 = 0
𝑑𝑥
where:
𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡
3. Parabolas with Vertex on the x-axis, with axis Parallel to the y-axis with distance
from focus to vertex fixed as
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎𝑦
2(𝑥 − ℎ) = 4𝑎𝑦 ′
Differential Equations
Page 3 of 8
Module
USMKCC-COL-F-050
𝑥 − ℎ = 2𝑎𝑦 ′
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 (2𝑎𝑦 ′ )2 = 4𝑎𝑦
′ 2
4𝑎2(𝑦 ) = 4𝑎𝑦
𝒂(𝒚′ )𝟐 = 𝒚
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎0 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛 (𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑏(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑥
1𝑑2 𝑦
− 𝑦 3 = 3𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑦 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑥𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
− 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ln 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑥
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑥 3 , 𝑑𝑥 2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑥 3
Arbitrary constants –are symbols to which various values may be assigned but which
remains unaffected by the changes in the values of the variables of
the equation.
Properties
the order of differential equation is equal to the number of arbitrary constants in
the given relation
the differential equation is consistent with the relation
the differential equation is free from arbitrary constants
Illustrative examples:
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥 Equation 1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑐1 (−2)𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐2 (3)𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −2𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 3𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥 Equation 2
𝑦 ′′ = −2𝑐1 (−2)𝑒 −2𝑥 + 3𝑐2 (3)𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 4𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 9𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥 Equation 3
2(𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥 )
+ 𝑦 = −2𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 3𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥
′
Differential Equations
Page 4 of 8
Module
USMKCC-COL-F-050
2𝑦 = 2𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥 )
+ 𝑦 ′ = −2𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 3𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 5𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′ +2𝑦
and 𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝟑𝒙 = Equation 4
5
𝑦 ′′ +2𝑦 ′
and 𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝟑𝒙 = Equation 5
15
𝑦 ′ +2𝑦 𝑦 ′′ +2𝑦 ′
= 15
5
𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ = 3(𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦)
𝒚′′ − 𝒚′ − 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎 Answer
Solution:
𝑦 sin 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑐
𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − [𝑥(2𝑦𝑑𝑦) + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥] = 0
𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝒚(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 Answer
Solution:
𝑦2
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑎 = Equation 1
𝑥
2𝑦𝑑𝑦
2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑎 = Equation 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
= 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑦 2𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦; 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0; 𝑦(𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑑𝑦) = 0
𝑥
𝒚𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 Answer
Solution:
Differential Equations
Page 5 of 8
Module
USMKCC-COL-F-050
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 Equation 1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑐1 (2𝑥) + 𝑐2 (2)(𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑐1 𝑥 + 2𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 Equation 2
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑐1 + 2𝑐2 (2)(𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑐1 + 4𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 Equation 3
−2(𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥𝑐1 + 2𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 2𝑐1 𝑥 − 2𝑐1 𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ −2𝑦
2𝑐1 = 𝑥(1−𝑥) Equation 4
𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′
=
𝑥(1 − 𝑥) 1 − 2𝑥
(𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦)(1 − 2𝑥) = (𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦′){𝑥(1 − 𝑥)}
𝑦 ′ (1 − 2𝑥) − 2𝑦(1 − 2𝑥) = 𝑦 ′′ {𝑥(1 − 𝑥)} − 2𝑦 ′ {𝑥(1 − 𝑥)}
𝑥(1 − 𝑥)𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑦 ′ (1 − 2𝑥) + 2𝑦(1 − 2𝑥) = 0
𝑥(1 − 𝑥)𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ {2(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) + (1 − 2𝑥)} + 2(1 − 2𝑥)𝑦 = 0
𝑥(1 − 𝑥)𝑦 ′′ − (2𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥)𝑦 ′ + 2(1 − 2𝑥)𝑦 = 0
𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒚′′ + (𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)𝒚′ + 𝟐(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝟎 Answer
It is a solution free from derivatives, which involves one or more of the variables
and which is consistent with the differential equation. Types of solution of differential
equations:
Illustrative Example:
Find the general and particular solutions of (2𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0; so that when
𝑥 = 1; 𝑦 = 3.
Solution:
(2𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0; by integrating both sides of the equation
∫ (2𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0
Differential Equations
Page 6 of 8
Module
USMKCC-COL-F-050
∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 3𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒄 General Solution
when 𝑥 = 1; 𝑦 = 3
from the general solution 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑐, substitute the values of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦
3= 1−3+𝑐
𝑐=5
Therefore 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓 Particular Solution
Differential Equations
Page 7 of 8
Module
USMKCC-COL-F-050
Module (Math 212) Name: ____________________________________________
Activity No. 1 Program/Year: ____________Date Submitted: ___________
𝑑2 𝑥
1. + 𝑘2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2
2. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
3. 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑥
4. 𝑥 𝑑𝑡 2 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 2 = 𝑐1
6. 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ − 8𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + cos 𝑥
7. 𝑦 ′ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
8. 𝑦𝑦 ′′ = 𝑥
𝑑𝑖
9. 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝑖 = 𝐸
10. 𝑥(𝑦 ′′ )3 + (𝑦 ′ )4 − 𝑦 = 0
ℎ
2. 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚 ; ℎ is a parameter, 𝑚 to be eliminated
3. 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
4. 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥
5. 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥
Differential Equations
Page 8 of 8
Module
USMKCC-COL-F-050