Esia Theata TF Solar PV New

ENVI
RONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED

THETA TEA FACTORY SOLAR PV MINIGRID
IN GATUNDU SOUTH, KIAMBU COUNTY
Report Prepared by
THE LEAD FIRM DETRA-AFRICA LTD NEMA REG NO 10742

THE LEAD EXPERT NICHOLAS KUNGA NEMA REG NO 1765
+254780300301 info@detra-africa.org http://www.detra-africa.org
1 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROJECT REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED THETA TEA
FACTORY SOLAR PV MINIGRID IN GATUNDU SOUTH, KIAMBU COUNTY
Location: Gatundu South
Sites GPS Coordinates: Theta Tea Factory

Latitude: 0°57'43.40" South
Longitude: 36°46'7.33"East.
PROPONENT: LEAD EXPERT:

Nicholas Kunga,
KTDA Power Company Ltd PO Box 19844-00100. Nairobi, Kenya.
PO Box 18092-00100, EIA/Audit Lead Expert Reg. No. 1765
Nairobi, Kenya
LEAD FIRM:
Development Training and Research Associates Africa (DETRA-
Africa).
EIA Company Reg. No. 10742
CONTRACTOR
Power Research and Development Consultants Pvt Ltd- India
Address: # 5, 11th Cross Rd, West of Chord Road 2nd Stage,
Nagapura, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560086, India
July, 2020
This Report has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Environmental
(Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003 and Environmental Management and Co-
ordination (Amendment) Act, 2015

I, Nicholas Kunga Ngece submit this Environmental Impact Assessment Study report, for the
Proposed Theta Solar PV Minigrid, Located at Gatundu South in Kiambu County. To my
knowledge all information contained in this report is accurate and a truthful representation of
all findings as relating to the project.
Signed at NAIROBI on ……. day of July, 2020
Signature:………………………………………………………………….
Designation: EIA/Audit Lead Expert Reg. No. 1765
I, Japheth Sayi on behalf of KTDA Power Company Limited, receive this Environmental
Impact Assessment Report, for the Proposed Theta Solar PV Minigrid, Located at Gatundu
South in Kiambu County. To my knowledge all information contained in this study report is
accurate and a truthful representation of all findings as relating to the project.
Signed at Nairobi on this ……. Day of July, 2020
Signature: ……………………………………………………………

ACRONYMS
PPA Power Purchase Agreement
KPLC Kenya Power and Lighting Company
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMCA Environmental Management Coordination Act
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EMF Electro Magnetic Field Emissions
GHG Green House Gases
IMCE Inter-Ministerial Committee on Environment
2
KM Kilometres square
KV Kilo Volts
KWS Kenya Wildlife Services

NEC National Environment Council
NEAP National Environment Action Plan
NEMA National Environment Management Authority
NGOs Non Governmental Organizations
NPEP National Poverty Eradication Plan
PAPs Project affected persons
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
TOR Terms of Reference
NRPB National Radiological Protection Board
KENGEN Kenya Electricity Generating Company
MW Mega Watts
IPPS Independent power producers

GOK Government Of Kenya
WARMA Water Resource Management Authority
PV Photovoltaic’s
CSP Concentrating Solar Power
DC Direct Current
AC Alternating Current
PIC Prior Informed Consent

Contents
ACRONYMS 4
1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................19
1.1 Introduction and Background.......................................................................................19
1.2 The Energy Sector in Kenya...........................................................................................20
1.3 Rational of the EIA.........................................................................................................20
1.4 Objective, Scope and Terms of Reference....................................................................21
1.4.1 Objective of the study...............................................................................................21
1.4.2 Scope.........................................................................................................................21
1.4.3 Terms of Reference (TOR) for the EIA Process.........................................................22
1.4.4 Methodology outline.................................................................................................23
2 CHAPTER TWO: PROJECT DESCRIPTION.....................................................................................25
2.1 Project Site Location and neighbourhood.....................................................................25
2.2 Objectives of the proposed Solar Power Minigrid Project............................................25
2.2.1 Effects on the environment:..........................................................................................26
2.3 Project description........................................................................................................26
2.4 The PV Power Plant Concept.........................................................................................26
2.5 Solar Power Technology................................................................................................27
2.6 PV Solar Power..............................................................................................................28
2.7 Advantages of PV solar power......................................................................................29
2.8 Panel installation...........................................................................................................30
2.9 Layout of Solar Field......................................................................................................30
2.10 Design of Solar Field......................................................................................................31
2.11 Basic Steps to Follow When Installing a PV System......................................................31
2.12 General Recommendations...........................................................................................32
2.12.1 Materials recommendations.........................................................................................32
2.12.2 Equipment recommendations and installation methods.............................................32
2.12.3 Construction activities Outline......................................................................................33
2.12.4 Input Materials..............................................................................................................33
2.13 Site Ownership..............................................................................................................33
2.14 Justification for the Establishment of the Proposed Theta Solar PV Minigrid..............34
2.15 The Operational Phase..................................................................................................35
2.16 Decommissioning phase................................................................................................35
2.17 Benefit Overview...........................................................................................................35
2.18 Environmental impacts.................................................................................................37
2.19 Technologies/Techniques to mitigate the environmental impacts..............................39
2.20 Development Procedures..............................................................................................40
2.21 Construction activities Outline......................................................................................40
2.22 Input Materials..............................................................................................................40
2.23 Project Budget...............................................................................................................41
3 CHAPTER THREE: BASELINE INFORMATION...............................................................................42
3.1 Population size and composition..................................................................................43
3.2 Physical and Topographic features...............................................................................43
3.3 Climatic conditions........................................................................................................44
3.4 The Altitude and Temperature......................................................................................46
3.5 Current Land Use...........................................................................................................47

3.6 Demographic Features..................................................................................................50
3.7 Human Development Approach....................................................................................50
3.8 Infrastructure Development.........................................................................................51
3.9 Information, Communication Technology....................................................................51
3.10 Energy access.................................................................................................................52
3.11 Fire and Rescue Services...............................................................................................52
3.12 Land and Land Use........................................................................................................52
3.13 Land ownership categories/ classification....................................................................52
3.14 Industry and Trade........................................................................................................52
3.15 Forestry, Agro Forestry and Value addition..................................................................53
3.16 Major degraded areas / hotspots and major contributions to environmental degradation
54
3.17 Water and Sanitation....................................................................................................55
3.18 Sanitation......................................................................................................................56
3.19 Public Benefits Organizations (PBOs)............................................................................56
3.20 Development Partners and the sectors they support...................................................57
3.21 Security, Law and Order................................................................................................57
4. CHAPTER FOUR: ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK...................58
4.1 Overview........................................................................................................................58
4.2 Institutional and Regulatory Framework......................................................................58
4.2.1 NEMA.........................................................................................................................58
4.2.2 Kenya Electricity Grid Code & Kenya Safety Code....................................................59
4.2.3 Rural Electrification Authority...................................................................................59
4.2.4 Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC).......................................................................59
4.2.5 National Environmental Tribunal..............................................................................60
4.2.6 County Government of Kiambu................................................................................60
4.3 Legislative Framework...................................................................................................61
4.3.1 Constitution of Kenya, 2010......................................................................................61
4.3.2 The Environment Management and Coordination (Amendment) Act, 2015...........62
4.3.3 Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) (Amendment) Regulations, 2016. .62
4.3.4 Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006)
63
4.3.5 Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations,
2006 63
4.3.6 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (Noise and Excessive Vibration
Pollution) (Control) Regulations, 2009....................................................................................64
4.3.7 Public Health Act (Cap. 242)......................................................................................65
4.3.8 Penal Code.................................................................................................................65
4.3.9 Physical Planning Act, 1996.......................................................................................66
4.3.10 Employment Act........................................................................................................66
4.3.11 Traffic Act..................................................................................................................67
4.3.12 Water Act, 2016........................................................................................................67
4.3.13 Work Injury Benefits Act (WIBA)...............................................................................67
4.3.14 Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007...............................................................68
4.3.15 The Land Act, 2012....................................................................................................68
4.3.16 Land and Environment court Act..............................................................................69

4.3.17 Building Code 1997...................................................................................................69
4.3.18 County Governments Act 2012.................................................................................70
4.3.19 The Energy Act, 2006................................................................................................70
4.3.20 Licenses and Permits.................................................................................................70
4.4 Policy Framework..........................................................................................................71
4.4.1 Environmental policy framework..............................................................................71
4.4.2 Kenya’s Vision 2030...................................................................................................72
4.4.3 The National Land Policy...........................................................................................72
4.4.4 Relevant International Conventions and Treaties....................................................72
4.4.5 Applicable World Bank Policies.................................................................................73
4.4.6 Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01).................................................................74
4.4.7 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11).................................................................75
4.4.8 Indigenous People (OP/BP 4.10)...............................................................................75
4.4.9 Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)....................................................................76
4.4.10 Forestry (OP 4.36).....................................................................................................76
5. CHAPTER FIVE: ANALYSIS OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES...............................................................77
5.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................77
5.2 The proposed Development Alternative.......................................................................77
5.3 Site Alternatives............................................................................................................77
5.4 No Project Option..........................................................................................................78
5.5 Alternative to technology..............................................................................................79
5.6 Analysis of Alternative Construction Materials and Technology..................................79
5.7 The comparison of Alternatives....................................................................................79
5.8 Mitigation for the proposed Action..............................................................................80
6. CHAPTER SIX: CONSULTATIONS AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION...................................................81
6.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................81
6.2 Objectives of the public consultation............................................................................82
6.3 Approach.......................................................................................................................82
6.4 Positive Comments........................................................................................................83
6.5 Negative Issues..............................................................................................................84
6.6 Analysis of the public consultation...............................................................................84
6.7 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................84
7.0 CHAPTER SEVEN: IMPACT IDENTIFICATION................................................................................85
7.1 Impact Identification and Analysis................................................................................85
7.2 Methodology.................................................................................................................85
Table 8: Checklist identifying potential impacts from the project..............................................85
7.3 Significance Matrix........................................................................................................86
Table 9: Matrix showing significance of impact identified.........................................................87
7.4 Construction Phase........................................................................................................88
7.4.1 Positive Impacts........................................................................................................88
7.4.2 Negative Impacts.......................................................................................................89
7.5 Operation Phase............................................................................................................92
7.6 Decommissioning Phase................................................................................................93

8.0 CHAPTER EIGHT: MITIGATION MEASURES AND MONITORING PROGRAMMES..........................95
8.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................95
8.2 Mitigation of Construction Related Impacts.................................................................95
8.2.1 Air quality..................................................................................................................95
8.2.2 Minimize the effects of noise emitted from the site................................................95
8.2.3 Worker accidents and hazards when handling hazardous wastes...........................96
8.2.4 Worker accidents during construction and operation..............................................96
8.2.5 Minimization of vegetation disturbance...................................................................96
8.2.6 Minimization of run-off and soil erosion..................................................................97
8.2.7 Minimization of construction waste.........................................................................97
8.2.8 Controlling oil spills during construction phase........................................................98
8.2.9 Public Health safety and Awareness.........................................................................98
8.2.10 Mitigating HIV/Aids...................................................................................................98
8.3 Mitigation of Operation Phase Impacts........................................................................99
8.3.1 Ensuring efficient solid waste management.............................................................99
8.3.2 Ensure general safety within the facility...................................................................99
8.4 Mitigation of Decommissioning Phase Impacts............................................................99
8.4.1 Efficient solid waste management............................................................................99
8.4.2 Reduction of Dust Concentration..............................................................................99
8.4.3 Minimization of Noise and Vibration........................................................................99
9.0 CHAPTER NINE: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT/MONITORING PLAN.................................100
9.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................100
10.0 CHAPTER TEN: MONITORING PLAN..........................................................................................105
10.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................105
10.2 Monitoring Requirements...........................................................................................106
10.3 Monitoring Responsibilities.........................................................................................106
11.0 CHAPTER ELEVEN: CONCLUSION AND RECCOMMENDATION...................................................107
11.1 Conclusion...................................................................................................................107
11.2 Recommendation.........................................................................................................107
12.0 References...............................................................................................................................109
13.0 Appendices..............................................................................................................................111
13.1 Annex 1: Household Socio-Economic Questionnaire..................................................111
13.2 Annex 2: Minutes of public participation meeting for the proposed Theta Tea Factory Solar
PV Minigrid................................................................................................................................115
13.3 Annex 3. Samples of Questionnaires Administered....................................................118
13.4 Annex 4: Participant list..............................................................................................119
13.5 Annex 5: Schedule of meetings in the project area....................................................120
13.6 Annex 6: EIA certificate for the Lead Expert...............................................................121
13.7 Annex 7: Annex Certificate of registration as a NEMA Lead Expert...........................122
13.8 Annex 8: EIA certificate for the Lead firm...................................................................123
13.9 Annex 9: Certificate of membership to the Environment Institute of Kenya.............124
13.10 Annex 10: Letter for movement permit to the Tea factories......................................125
13.11 Annex 11: Diagram showing proposed layout of the solar PV Plant..........................127
13.12 Annex 12: Summary of project budget.......................................................................128

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Nowadays it is widely accepted that the active Solar Energy Systems (photovoltaics, solar
thermal, solar power) provide significant environmental benefits in comparison to the
conventional energy sources, contributing to the sustainability of the human activities.
Electricity production in Kenya today highly depends on imported energy, namely natural gas
and fuel oil, while as the country operates below 1350MW instead of the required 15,000MW as
at today. In the period of (2008-2020) annual electricity demand growth is expected to be
(5.5%). This will further increase the burden on Kenya’s economy as well as the dependency on
international fuel prices.
In order to decrease the dependency of the Kenya’s on international fuel prices, to enhance
security of supply and to shift patterns of energy supply and demand into a more sustainable
direction, the Government of Kenya, initiated an Energy Strategy, it set ambitious goals for the
development of renewable energies. By the year 2030 as per our vision, the share of renewable
energies in primary energy supply is to increase from the current 5% to 25% basing on the
proposed energy Act 2010. A number of single targets have been set, such as for wind power
1500MW (Geothermal about 5000 MW), solar power (600 MW) and solar water heaters (share
of 30% by 2030), in addition to waste/energy (80-120MW) apart from Hydro.
Due to this need, KTDA Power Company Ltd intends to generate energy from solar through set
up of solar minigrid at Theta Tea Factory. The solar power shall be connected to the generator
rooms and used to run the tea factory for drying and other lighting purposes.
The major objective of the project is to utilize the ample solar energy resource in Kenya to
generate clean electricity and feed it to the KTDA Power Company Ltd energy grid at the factory.
This will help displace electricity produced by burning fossil fuels that contribute to production
of Green House Gases (GHG) that cause global warming.

The Kenya government policy on all new projects requires that an Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) be carried out at the project planning phase in order to ensure that significant
impacts on the environment are considered as a component of the preliminary stage of the
Project Cycle. This report presents in broad terms the key environmental and social issues that
are anticipated to arise from the proposed project. It is in pursuance to Section 58 and the
Second Schedule of the Environmental Management and Coordination (Amendment) Act (2015)
and was done in accordance with (Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations
(2003). This EIA Project report has assessed and summarized the potential biophysical,
socioeconomic and cultural impacts that are likely to arise from the proposed Theta Tea Factory
Solar Minigrid project.
Background and EIA Rationale

The KTDA Power Company Ltd, the Proponent, intends to set up a Solar Power plant, to provide
alternative energy to run the Theta Tea Factory. The proposed solar power project will generate
energy through set up of solar minigrid within the tea factory. Produced power will be connected
to the electricity mains and will help offset use of KPLC power and diesel engines and firewood
that the factory has been using for running the generators and drying the tea.
Solar photovoltaic energy provides clean electricity through the action of solar radiation on
photovoltaic cells or sheets manufactured from semiconductor materials. The generation of solar
photovoltaic energy is based on the so-called photovoltaic effect, which occurs when light is
directed onto semiconductor materials. This effect generates a flow of electrons and a difference
in potential that can be harnessed to supply electricity for domestic consumption in isolated
areas. This power can even be fed into the national grid.
Scope, Objective and Criteria of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

The Proponent contracted a NEMA registered and licensed Expert to conduct the Environmental
Impact Assessment of the proposed Solar Power Plant, at Theta Tea Factory. The scope of the
assessment covered construction works of the proposed solar project which includes Clearing of
the project area, ground preparation, masonry, and installation of solar panels as well as the
utilities required. The output of this work was an Environmental Impact Assessment Study report

for the purposes of applying for an EIA license.
Objective
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study was conducted in order to achieve the
following objectives:
a) To identify and assess potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed solar
power project.
b) To identify all potential significant adverse environmental and social impacts of the
proposed project and recommend measures for mitigation measures.
c) To verify compliance with the environmental regulation and industry standards
d) To generate baseline data for monitoring and evaluation of how well the mitigation
measures will be implemented during the cycle
e) To recommend cost effective measures to be implemented to mitigate against the
expected impacts.
f) To prepare an EIA report compliant to the Environmental Management and Coordination
(Amendment) Act (2015) and detailing findings and recommendations.
g) To provide guidelines to stakeholders participating in the mitigation of adverse social
impacts of the project
The consultant on behalf of the proponent conducted the EIA exercise by incorporating but not
limited to the following Terms Of Reference (TOR):
i. The proposed location of the project
ii. A concise description of the national environmental legislative and regulatory
framework, baseline information, and any other relevant information related to the
project.
iii. The objectives of the project.
iv. The technology, procedures and processes to be used, in the implementation of the
project.
v. The materials to be used in the construction and implementation of the project.
vi. The products, by-products and waste to be generated by the project.
vii. The environmental effects of the project including the social and cultural effects and

the direct, indirect, cumulative, irreversible, short-term and long-term effects
anticipated.
viii. To recommend a specific environmentally sound and affordable waste management
system.
ix. Provide alternative technologies and processes available and reasons for preferring
the chosen technology and processes.
x. Analysis of alternatives including project site and technologies.
xi. An environmental management plan proposing the measures for eliminating,
minimizing or mitigating adverse impacts on the environment, including the cost,
timeframe and responsibility to implement the measures.
xii. Provide an action plan for the prevention and management of the foreseeable
accidents and hazardous activities in the cause of carrying out development activities
xiii. Propose measures to prevent health hazards and to ensure security in the working
environment for the employees, residents and for the management in case of
emergencies.
xiv. An identification of gaps in knowledge and uncertainties which were encountered in
compiling the information.
xv. Such other matters as the Authority may require.
Methodology outline
Since the proposed site is located within a tea factory and in a cleared environment or on top of
a building (roof top) whose total effect to the surroundings could not be adverse and noting that
the intended development and use of the power is to run the energy needs in the tea factory, an
environmental Study report would be seen to be adequate. The general steps followed during
the assessment were as follows:
 Environment screening, in which the project was identified as among those requiring
environmental impact assessment under schedule 2 of EMCA, 2015 Amendment
 Environmental scoping that provided the key environmental issues
 Desktop studies and interviews
 Physical inspection of the site and surrounding areas

 EIA Public participation by the use of questionnaires and public meetings
 Reporting.
Environmental screening
This step was applied to determine whether an environmental impact assessment was required
and what level of assessment was necessary. This was done in reference to requirements of the
EMCA, (Amendment 2015), and specifically the second schedule. Issues considered included the
physical location, sensitive issues, and nature of anticipated impacts.
Environmental scoping
The scoping process helped narrow down onto the most critical issues requiring attention during
the assessment. Environmental issues were categorized into physical, natural/ecological and
social, economic and cultural aspects.
Desktop study
The consultant reviewed the necessary documents relating to the project have an understanding
and background information regarding the project. In line with the review the relevant policies,
regulations and relevant legal documents were analysed.
Site assessment and public participation

The consultant carried out field visit on 11 th June 2020 to meet the stakeholders at the Tea
Factory and the community and arrange for consultations. A public consultation meeting was
held at the local market and within the Tea Factory. The consultant also prepared questionnaires
(attached in the appendix) which were administered during the meeting to further collect their
views on the proposed development. The public consultation was conducted in order to
disseminate and inform the stakeholders about the project with special reference to its key
components and location, gather comments, suggestions and concerns of the interested and
affected parties. This process enabled the establishment of a communication channel between
the general public and the team of consultants, the project proponent and the KTDA Factory
Management and the concerns of the stakeholders be known to the decision-making bodies at
an early phase of project development

Reporting
In addition to constant briefing of the client, this environmental impact assessment study report
was prepared. The contents were presented for submission to NEMA as required by law, in
order to: (i) ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures,
and (ii) furnish information on the progress and results of mitigation.
The EMP provides a specific description of institutional arrangements--who is responsible for

carrying out the mitigatory and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision,
enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff
training). To strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for
implementation, EMPs suggest (a) technical assistance programs, (b) procurement of equipment
and supplies, and (c) organizational changes.
Anticipated Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Construction phase
The construction phase will involve activities with notable impacts such as to include:
Positive Impacts
i) Job Opportunities to skilled and unskilled labourers from the surrounding villages.
ii) Gains in the Local and National Economy
iii) Spin off benefits
iv) Market supply for construction materials
Negative Impacts
i) Construction waste generation
ii) Soil erosion and sedimentation
iii) Dust emission from the site preparation activities as well as well as construction vehicles
Operation and Maintenance

The following potential impacts have been identified during operations and maintenance:
Positive impacts
i) Employment and generation of income
ii) A source of Clean Energy to the Theta Tea Factory as solar has no emission of pollutants.
iii) A reliable, cheaper and adequate lighting means to the tea factory. This translates to
reduced exposure to harmful diesel fumes from generators and smoke from burning of
firewood.
iv) Energy source that has little maintenance
v) No dependence on the import of fossil fuel and fluctuating energy prices
vi) Non-renewable resource of energy reduced deforestation and carbon emissions as
dependence on wood and coal decreases
Negative Impacts
Conversely, some identified negative impacts are expected to emanate from the construction,
operation and decommissioning phases of the solar power project. These impacts will however
be insignificant and can be readily mitigated given their temporary nature and non-expansive
linear coverage. The following is a summary identified negative impacts during the project
phases and their corresponding mitigation measures:
Table 1: Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Possible Suggested Mitigation Measure
Environmental
Impacts
Destruction of  The contractor and the proponent will provide adequate soil
Physical conservation structures to ensure that areas prone to soil erosion are
Environment, protected from runoff. This will include planting of grass and locally
Soil Erosion and indigenous trees in the field the solar plant will be setup.
Compaction  Limit the circulation of heavy machinery to minimal areas.
 At the end of excavation works, level off the soils and facilitate plant

regeneration.
 Plan work in sections to avoid opening and clearing up of vegetation in
areas that shall not be covered by the project facilities
 Rehabilitation of exposed sites as soon as practicable
Noise Pollution  The backup power generator to be installed with silencers
 Vehicles bringing equipment to the site be equipped with noise suppressing
technologies in order to reduce the noise rating as much as possible
 Provide workers with appropriate PPEs
Generation of  Following EMCA regulation on waste management, legal notice 121.
solid waste  Making available suitable facilities for the collection, segregation and
safe disposal of the waste
 Steel/copper off –cuts will be reused or recycled, as far as possible
 Special attention shall be paid to the sanitary facilities on site
 The proponent will ensure that all wastes are collected by a NEMA
approved and licensed waste handlers.
 Construction of temporary safe and hygienic pit latrines for the
construction workers, this will be closed after construction.
Air Quality  Sprinkling of water when operations are underway to prevent raising of
(Dust and dust
vehicle  Sensitize construction workers
emission)  Vehicle idling shall be minimized
 Controlling speed and operation of construction vehicles
 Provide dust masks for the personnel in dust generation areas
Occupational  The proponent should ensure that the project site is properly fenced as
Health and well as employ guards to prevent children or animals from tempering
with the project equipment.
Safety
 Ensuring all potential hazards such as those with possible risk of
electric shock are labeled
 Rising awareness and educating workers and the community
representatives on risks from equipment and ensuring they receive

adequate training on the use of the equipment.
 Providing the workers with adequate PPEs and monitoring regulatory
to ensure they are replaced on time when they wear out.
 Providing firefighting equipment and creating safe and adequate fire
and emergency assembly points and making sure that they are well
labeled. Ensure workers are well trained to use firefighting equipment.
 Employ competent work force
 Institute Safety drills, disaster preparedness and management
programmes
 Workers will be provided with a well-stocked first aid box, which will be
replenished at all times and managed by a trained first aider.
 Sensitize workers on occupational health and safety.
 Adequate sanitary facilitates will be provided on need basis
 Strict observation of Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), 2007
Social and  Communicate on project progress with community members and alert
Economic on sections to be developed to reduce destruction of trees and
interference
Concerns
 Accord local community employment as a priority to reduce
importation of laborers especially non-skill labour
 Implement HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases programmes in
conjunction with the relevant ministries
Conclusion
This report concludes that the proposed solar power project is important for improvement of
the renewable energy and has balanced environmental considerations and benefits. It is
recommended that preventive measures be given first consideration in order to reduce costs of
undertaking the mitigation measures and at the same time reduce the overall project impacts.
The EMP will be used to monitor compliance with environmental legislations and management
guidelines. The implementation of the EMP is crucial for the life cycle of the project and is
fundamental in achieving the environmental management standards as set out in this report.

Overall, the project is economically feasible, socially desirable and environmentally sound with
minimal potential negative impacts, which can be minimized through adhering to the proposed
EMP. It is recommended that this project be approved and license be conferred to enable it to
be constructed.

1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction and Background

Theta Tea Factory is a tea processing factory and is owned by Kenya Tea Development Agency
(KTDA). It is Located in Gatundu South, Kiambu County, only 60 Kilometres away from Nairobi
City. The Proponent (KTDA Power Company Ltd), intends to install a 600 kW Solar Power plant to
provide power to operate machines in the factory as well as lighting. Solar photovoltaic energy
provides clean electricity through the action of solar radiation on photovoltaic cells or sheets
manufactured from semiconductor materials. The generation of solar photovoltaic energy is
based on the so-called photovoltaic effect, which occurs when light is directed onto
semiconductor materials. This effect generates a flow of electrons and a difference in potential
that can be harnessed to supply electricity for industrial consumption and the excess power will
be fed into the national grid.
Fig 1: The Theta Tea factory premises.
The proposed solar power project will generate energy through set up of a solar minigrid. The
solar power shall be connected to the factory power system. Solar photovoltaic energy provides
clean electricity through the action of solar radiation on photovoltaic cells or sheets
manufactured from semiconductor materials. The generation of solar photovoltaic energy is
based on the so-called photovoltaic effect, which occurs when light is directed onto
semiconductor materials. This effect generates a flow of electrons and a difference in potential
that can be harnessed to supply electricity for domestic consumption in isolated areas. This

power can even be fed into the national grid.
Kenya is largely dependent on hydro power and this has come with its share of challenges. In a
bid to beat the high demands of energy in Kenya in pursuant of the Kenya’s vision 2030 and
current government effort of developing 5000MW+ capacity, the government of Kenya, through
the Ministry of Energy has been formulating laws, regulations, and policies in the recent years to
guide sustainable energy in Kenya. As we grapple with the global warming, it is more hostile in
the Sub-Saharan region where Kenya falls, it is clear that large dams’ power plants have recently
proved unreliable due to high dependency on expansive water catchment areas and large floods
required to run their turbine generators.
1.2 The Energy Sector in Kenya

The power sector in Kenya falls under the Ministry of Energy (MoE) and is regulated by
Electricity Regulatory Commission (ERC). The latter regulates the entire energy sector having
replaced Electricity Regulatory Board (ERB) after repeal of Electric Power Act of 1997 and
consequent enactment of Energy Act of 2006. The new Act also led to creation of Rural
Electrification Authority (REA), responsible for government’s Rural Electrification Programme,
historically managed by KPLC, now KP. KETRACO has also been recently created and is a
government company charged with the development of the transmission grid. KETRACO can also
be contracted to build transmission lines for a private company. The Act provides for
establishment of a special purpose Geothermal Development Company to undertake
geothermal resource assessment and steam production drilling. In essence, the energy sector in
Kenya has been devolved significantly thereby making it favourable for investment.
1.3 Rational of the EIA

The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (EMCA), Amendment 2015, provides for
the preparation and submission of a Project Report before undertaking a project of the
proposed nature. This EIA Project Report has been prepared to comply with Section 58 of the
EMCA, 1999, Part 2 Section 7 of the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations,
2003, Legal Notice 101, and other relevant regulations.

The ultimate objective of an EIA is to provide decision makers, relevant
institutions/organizations, proponent, and other stakeholders with the foreseeable
environmental impacts of a proposed activity and therefore enable planning ahead taking into
account all predictable outcomes and adequately providing for sustainability. Under the
classification of projects in the Environmental Management and Coordination Act Amendment
(EMCA) of 2015, for the purposes of Environmental Impact Assessment/Audit (EIA/EA), the
proposed project falls under the second schedule. Projects listed under this schedule require an
EIA process to determine the potential adverse impacts of a project and thereby devise
appropriate mitigation measures.
1.4 Objective, Scope and Terms of Reference
1.4.1 Objective of the study
The main objective of this Environmental Impact Assessment Study is to analyse all the factors
available in the Theta Solar PV Minigrid project site to establish if there are reliable facts
supporting the installation of the project. This is to ensure that the anticipated output capacity is
ascertained and maximum utilization of the potential is made useful. Further is to establish that
all the studies undertaken can be relied to firm up commitments by the financier, the
proponent, and other stakeholders for the objective of supplying the targeted factory with
electricity.
1.4.2 Scope
A project proponent is required by the EMCA (Amendment 2015), of Kenya, to undertake an EIA
Project Report before undertaking any project highlighted in Schedule 2 of the Act. This study
undertakes to fulfil this requirement. This report is necessary at the planning stages of the
undertaking to ensure that significant impacts on the environment are taken into consideration
during the design, construction, operation, and decommissioning of the project.
Screening of the activities of the project focussed on identifying the project’s significant
environmental impacts. These included the sensitivity of the area, public health and safety; the
possibility of uncertain unique or unknown risks; the possibility of having individually
insignificant but cumulatively significant impacts; proposals for waste disposal, etc. Scoping also

focussed on identifying the key issues of environmental concern encompassing the significance
of policy, legal, technical, economic and social impacts of the project.
1.4.3 Terms of Reference (TOR) for the EIA Process

The TOR of this study is to assess the impacts that may arise from the construction, operational
and decommissioning phases of the proposed solar Power project. The terms of reference have
been prepared in conjunction with the proponent as well as being derived from the provisions of
Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003. They include:
i) Hold meetings with the project proponent, and other stakeholders to establish the
procedures, define requirements, responsibilities and a time frame.
ii) Carry out a detailed systematic environmental assessment at the proposed project site and
the surrounding area in line with established standards and laws.
iii) Provide a description of the proposed activities throughout the entire implementation
process of the project with a special focus on potential impacts to the surrounding
environment and facilities.
iv) To provide a description of the location of the proposed development project
v) To provide a concise description of the national environmental legislative and regulatory
framework, baseline information, and any other relevant information related to the
project.
vi) To provide objectives of the proposed project.
vii) To provide a description of the potentially affected environment.
viii) To identify environmental effects of the project including the social and cultural effects and
the direct, indirect, cumulative, irreversible, short-term and long-term effects anticipated.
ix) To recommend a specific environmentally sound and affordable waste management
system.
x) To provide alternative technologies and processes available and reasons for preferring the
chosen technology and processes.
xi) To analyse alternatives including project site, design and technologies.
xii) To prepare an Environmental Management/Monitoring Plan proposing the measures for
eliminating, minimizing/mitigating adverse impacts on the environment, including the cost,

time frame and responsibility to implement the measures.
xiii) To propose measures to prevent health hazards and to ensure security in the working
environment for the workers, residents and for the management in case of emergencies.
xiv) Produce an Environmental Impact Assessment report that contain among other issues
potential negative and positive impacts and recommendation of appropriate mitigation
measures to minimize or prevent adverse impacts.
xv) Such other matter as NEMA may require.
015
1.4.4 Methodology outline
The general steps followed during the assessment were as follows:
 Environment screening, in which the project was identified as among those requiring
environmental impact assessment under schedule 2 of EMCA, 2015 Amendment
 Environmental scoping that provided the key environmental issues
 Desktop studies and interviews
 Physical inspection of the site and surrounding areas
 EIA Public participation by the use of questionnaires and public meetings
 Reporting.
1.4.4.1 Environmental screening

This step was applied to determine whether an environmental impact assessment was required
and what level of assessment was necessary. This was done in reference to requirements of the
EMCA, (Amendment 2015), and specifically the second schedule. Issues considered included the
physical location, sensitive issues, and nature of anticipated impacts.
1.4.4.2 Environmental scoping

The scoping process helped narrow down onto the most critical issues requiring attention during
the assessment. Environmental issues were categorized into physical, natural/ecological and
social, economic and cultural aspects.
1.4.4.3 Desktop study
The consultant reviewed the necessary documents relating to the project have an understanding
and background information regarding the project. In line with the review the relevant policies,

regulations, and relevant legal documents were analyzed.
1.4.4.4 Site assessment and public participation
The consultant carried out field visit on 11 th June 2020 to meet the stakeholders at the Tea
Factory and the community and arrange for consultations. A public consultation meeting was
held at the local market and within the Tea Factory. The consultant also prepared questionnaires
(attached in the appendix) which were administered during the meeting to further collect their
views on the proposed development. The public consultation was conducted in order to
disseminate and inform the stakeholders about the project with special reference to its key
components and location, gather comments, suggestions and concerns of the interested and
affected parties. This process enabled the establishment of a communication channel between
the general public and the team of consultants, the project proponent and the KTDA Factory
Management and the concerns of the stakeholders be known to the decision-making bodies at
an early phase of project development
Figure 2: Plate showing Part of Theta Market center

1.4.4.5 Reporting
In addition to constant briefing of the proponent and the project sponsors, this Environmental
Impact Assessment study report was prepared. The contents were presented for submission to
NEMA as required by law. The consultant will submit a draft EIA report to the proponent and the
project sponsors for perusal and approval. Upon approval, the consultant will prepare 11 copies
of the final EIA report and a soft copy for submission to NEMA for review and licensing.

2 CHAPTER TWO: PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Project Site Location and neighbourhood

The Factory was constructed between 1979 and 1980, and later commissioned on 1981. The
Factory is located in Kiambu County, Gatundu South District, Kiganjo Division, in Mundoro
Location. It is slightly North of Nairobi, along Kenyatta Road about 60 kilometers from Nairobi
town and 22 kilometers from Gatundu. It is located in the home district of the First President
and founding father of the nation, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta.
Theta has 4,775 registered growers, 37 coded collection centers and 10,850,989 censured
bushes.
Theta is located in the Aberdare ranges between two big rivers Thiririka and Theta serving its
catchment. Theta is known for black, neat, well rolled leaf free from fibre golden bright, soft and
delicate mellow liquors with high flavour.
The factory grows the following tea clones: 31/8 PMC, TN14/3, S/1510, SFS/150, 6/8. Theta sells
the following types of tea: Black CTC: Grades-BPI, PFI, PD, DI, FI and DUST
Figure 3: Plate showing tea drying in the project site at Theta
2.2 Objectives of the proposed Solar Power Minigrid Project

KTDA which owns the factory intends to install the solar mini-grid within the factory premises to
provide energy to operate the processing units as a way to cut cost of production since the
factory has been paying huge amounts of money to Kenya Power as electricity bills. This will
result to the factory saving a lot of money which can be diverted to other uses and as a result
the farmer will have a higher pay of his tea hence an improved living standard. Solar energy is
also very clean with no negative impacts to the environment and with this project there will be
less pollution and accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as compared to the use
of generators and other forms of power used in Kenya.
The prime objectives for the proposed solar power project are as below:
(i) To provide solar energy as alternative energy to run the factory generators and dryers

and to promote less use of firewood and diesel generators.
(ii) Development of solar energy will also promote lighting of the facility with clean energy
and increase accessibility of affordable energy.
(iii) Reduce dependence on the expensive imported fossil fuels, thus reducing cost of
electricity to the final consumer.
2.2.1 Effects on the environment:

 The plant will be within the Theta Tea Factory premises hence the proposed plant
would not have any social impact on the population in the area.
 No negative impacts to be expected, rather benefits.
 The project will provide job opportunities especially during construction.
 There will be improvement of economic conditions of the area due to the creation of
jobs and the availability of a market for small businesses based on service provision
mainly.
 There will be n o clearing of vegetation which will most likely change the
microclimate and interfere with the small and micro flora of the area.
 No direct obstacles have been identified that would shadow the site.
2.3 Project description

The proposed development is composed of Solar PV system, and a battery bank. The project
involves installation of the minigrid solar plant and connection to the electricity mains in the
factory facility.
2.4 The PV Power Plant Concept

A photovoltaic power plant generates electricity using the sun's energy by means of solar panels
(or PV modules) that convert the solar irradiation into direct current. Grid-connected PV systems
require conversion of generated power into grid-compatible alternating current electricity,
which is then supplied to the targeted community. A diesel generator will be used as a backup
for the solar power plant. The generator will feed the network or batteries at times when the
solar energy production is insufficient.

Further components are required to complete a PV power plant. This includes: module
mounting and support structures, cabling, junction boxes, DC switches, protection devices, and
other auxiliary components. PV modules consist of photovoltaic cells, bus bars, and
encapsulation material and connection box with connection cables. Encapsulation protects PV
cells from the environmental effects such as mechanical forces and humidity. Especially thin film
cells are sensitive to humidity and require highly reliable encapsulation and sealing.
Figure 4: System Design for the Solar Minigrid Project

2.5 Solar Power Technology
Solar Power Project Sunlight can be converted directly into electricity using PhotoVoltaics
(PV), or indirectly with Concentrating Solar Power (CSP). CSP use reflective panels to focus
the sun's energy to heat a solution (typically saline brine). The absorbed thermal energy is
then utilized to generate electricity. In contrast a PV system uses solar cells to convert
sunlight into electrical Direct Current (DC) through a photovoltaic effect.
The technology to be employed is Solar PV with a proposal to generate a maximum of 40

MW. There are plans to generate more and integrate all the sources within the project area
as Kenya Power expand with time.

2.6 PV Solar Power
The photovoltaic effect is the creation of a voltage (or a corresponding electric current) in a
material upon exposure to light1. A PV system consists of cells containing the photovoltaic
material, mechanical and electrical connections, mountings and means of regulating and/or
modifying the electrical output. Several solar cells are combined into PV modules (solar
panels), which are in turn connected together into an array.
The electricity generated can be either stored, used directly (standalone plant) or fed into a
large electricity grid, typically the public electricity grid (grid-connected system). The feeding
of electricity into the grid requires the transformation of Direct Current (DC) from the PV
array into Alternating Current (AC) by a specialized, grid-controlled inverter. These solar
inverters contain special circuitry (transformers, switching and control circuits) to precisely
match the voltage and frequency of the grid and to disconnect from the grid if the grid
voltage is turned off.
Types of PV module can be classified by the following 4 types:

 Silicon Type: such as Mono-crystalline, Poly-crystalline
 Compound Type: such as compound semiconductor (CdTe,, CIS etc)
 Organic Type: Organic thin film
 Quantum Dot Type
Selection of appropriate type of PV module depends on
 Cost
 Efficiency
 Temperature Characteristic
 Life Time
 Environmental consideration
 Effect of Shade

Accordingly, the basic design suggested 3 types of modules namely, the Poly Crystalline
Silicon, the Multi-Layer Thin Film (MLTF) type, and the Copper Indium Selenium (CIS).
Electro and Electromechanical equipment: such as transformers, inverters and switchgear

used to control and condition the power output of the solar field.
Connection to the grid: method and site of routing generated power to the unified Egyptian
electricity grid.
There are two dominant competing technologies in the field, crystalline silicon and thin film.
• Thin-film technology is cheaper but it has a lower efficiency than polycrystalline
systems. The active material tends to be less stable than crystalline causing
degradation over time. Thin-film technology systems would require more space
and hardware to produce the same amount of power output as polycrystalline
systems. Thin-film modules have a glass like appearance with higher visibility and
reflections.
• Polycrystalline modules have a uniform, dark blue colour. They are non-reflective
and has a homogenous appearance. The active material is silicon which is derived
from sand. These systems have a 10% higher efficiency and a higher durability than
thin-film systems but are more expensive.
2.7 Advantages of PV solar power

No need for a heat conversion system which is perforce complex and consequently generates
technological risks and a heavy financial cost;
 No need for operating fluid(s);

 Short installation period for solar farms;
 Very limited maintenance needs;
 Minimal water consumption for operational needs;

 Panel production costs are falling rapidly because of current mass production,
especially over the last 2 years;
 Tested technology: several GWs currently in operation in the world;
 The panels generate electricity even when there is a cloudy sky.
2.8 Panel installation
The solar panels are mounted into metal frames which are usually aluminum. Concrete or
screw pile foundations are used to support panels. The arrays shall be orientated at 0°
North at fixed inclination of 30° to gather maximum exposure of sunlight. Panels shall be
between 3m – 4m above ground level.
Figure 5: A sample Solar Farm

2.9 Layout of Solar Field
The solar panels are connected in series to form strings with each string having 23 modules.
The strings are then connected in parallel to the inverters, with each inverter having 186
Strings. The output of every two inverters, having a power output of 1.25MW is treated as
one power block. Every block of 1.25MW is connected to one 400V/20kV transformer.
Therefore the number of 400V/20kV transformers to be used to evacuate power from the
solar field is forty. Connection to the Grid will be done through one 40MVA 20kV/132kV
transformer as shown in Figure 5.
550V (DC) 400V (3ph.)

50HZ
Figure 6: Single line diagram of the electrical interconnection in the solar field
2.10 Design of Solar Field

To design the solar field, the system is divided into blocks for 1.25MW such that the entire field will
comprise of required blocks as per capacity requirement. The following configuration was simulated
for the 1.25 MW block with PVsyst:

2.11 Basic Steps to Follow When Installing a PV System
The solar panels are mounted into metal frames which are usually aluminum. Concrete or screw
pile foundations are used to support panels. The arrays shall be orientated at 0° North at fixed
inclination of about 30° to gather maximum exposure of sunlight. The following are key points to
note;
 Ensure the roof area or other installation site is capable of handling the desired system
size.
 Install equipment according to manufacturer’s specifications, using installation
requirements and procedures from the manufacturers' specifications.
 Properly ground the system parts to reduce the threat of shock hazards and induced
surges.
 Check for proper PV system operation by following the checkout procedures on the PV
System Installation Checklist.
 Ensure the design meets local utility interconnection requirements
2.12 General Recommendations

The following is a list of general recommendations to help the installer choose the right
materials, equipment, and installation methods that will help ensure that the system will provide
many years of reliable service. These recommendations can be used to evaluate pre-engineered
system designs and compare system features from one supplier to another.
2.12.1 Materials recommendations
 Materials used outdoors should be sunlight/UV resistant

 Materials should be designed to withstand the temperatures to which they are exposed.
 Dissimilar metals (such as steel and aluminum) should be isolated from one another
using non-conductive shims, washers, or other methods.
 Aluminium should not be placed in direct contact with concrete materials.
 Only high quality fasteners should be used (stainless steel is preferred).
 Structural members should be either: corrosion resistant aluminium, galvanized steel,
coated or painted steel or stainless steel.

2.12.2 Equipment recommendations and installation methods
 All electrical equipment should be listed for the voltage and current ratings necessary for
the application.
 All required over current protection should be included in the system and should be
accessible for maintenance
 All electrical terminations should be fully tightened, secured, and strain relieved as
appropriate.
 All cables, conduit, exposed conductors and electrical boxes should be secured and
supported according to code requirements.
 PV Array should be free of shade between 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m.
2.12.3 Construction activities Outline
The solar project construction activities will involve the following:

i) Site preparation (clearance of existing vegetation, and fencing to avoid intrusion
ii) Disposal of excavation and site clearance wastes,
iii) Procurement of construction materials and delivery of the same to the site,
iv) System installation, installation of transmission poles and cabling
v) Landscaping
vi) Solid waste collection and commissioning of the Solar power project
2.12.4 Input Materials

The Solar power project will be constructed using common construction materials and
construction procedures that are not expected to compromise the safety of the neighbouring
communities as well as the general environment. The following inputs will be required for
construction:
i. Steel structure members
ii. Container for control room
iii. Transmission poles
iv. A construction labour force (of both skilled and unskilled workers).
v. Other equipment associated with the Solar project

2.13 Site Ownership
The site will be owned by KTDA Power Company Ltd, and will connect the factory only as an
alternative source of energy. The proposed Solar Minigrid project site will be in the Theta Tea
Factory facilities. The Solar Power project is part of Aberdare Mini-grid project owned by the
Kenya Tea Power Company (KTPC) a power company owned by the KTDA to generate and supply
power to all its tea factories. The land to install the solar mini-grid will be provided by the
specific tea factory that will benefit from the solar energy.
2.14 Justification for the Establishment of the Proposed Theta Solar PV Minigrid
Kenya’s electricity supply remains erratic in view of the country’s over-reliance on hydro-power
which is susceptible to hydrological conditions. This has made power supply unreliable and
consequently the government’s decision to diversify into geothermal and other sources which
are forecast to replace hydro sources as the base load in the near future. Apart from
unreliability, the inadequate installed power generation capacity in Kenya leaves the country
with a very small reserve margin. The Government is therefore encouraging investment in power
generation by independent power producers in order to complement its efforts and power the
country’s Vision 2030. The total net energy is projected by the government to increase from
7,032 GWh in 2008/09 to 55,544 GWh in 2028/29 for an average growth rate of 10% in the
forecast period.
The global approach to power generation has shifted to renewable energy sources as world
leaders’ grapple with the challenge of climate change and global warming partly attributed to
power generated from fossil fuels. The Government of Kenya on its part is encouraging the
development of projects relying on renewable energy sources such as geothermal, solar, hydros,
wind, biomass, ocean waves among others.
The Vision 2030 development blue-print envisages a 10% economic growth per annum and the
country’s attainment of a middle income economy status by 2030. This would be difficult to
achieve with the current levels of electricity generation. The industrial and domestic customer
categories will continue to be the main drivers to continued growth in electricity demand in
Kenya. Increased electricity consumption will come from growing applications of electronic

technologies and from more automation in general as well as increased connectivity in the
country hence a continued upsurge in electricity demand in Kenya.
The project is expected to add to the factories electricity demand and enhance savings in diesel
and firewood use. The proponent contracted Nicholas Ngece and Charles Kithinji, duly licensed
EIA experts to undertake environmental assessment. This report has been compiled in
compliance with the environmental (impact assessment and audit) regulations 2003 as emended
in 2016.
2.15 The Operational Phase

Upon completion of the construction works, KTPC will hand over the onsite management of the
project to the Tea Factory. The Factory electricians will be trained on how to effectively run the
project locally on a day-to-day basis on the behalf of KTPC for the benefit of the factory and all.
KTPC will own the mini-grid infrastructure and respective revenues in case the excess is sold to
the national mini-grid as well as remote monitoring of the system and maintenance of the
infrastructure. A steady supply of electricity is expected to be enjoyed by the factory during
operational phase. Minimal solid wastes will be produced during this phase of the project. The
proponent will provide facilities and means for handling of wastes generated within the plant.
These will be collected by a NEMA registered waste collector contracted to collect and dispose
of them. The wastes that can be reused will be sold/ delivered to licensed waste
handling/recycling entities
2.16 Decommissioning phase

During decommissioning, the solar power system, and other associated structures will be
reallocated by the proponent to other project/location and/or demolished to restore the space
to its original state. This will produce solid waste, which will be reused for other related projects
or if not reusable, disposed of appropriately by a licensed waste disposal company. Electrical
installations, among others will be dismantled during decommissioning of the project. The
proponent is expected to recover most materials for sale or future use. Those that are obsolete
or greatly damaged shall be disposed in authorized dumping sites and incinerate some to reduce
their volume in the environment. Decommissioning will also entail restoring the project area to

its original state. Activities during restoration include removal of debris, landscaping, planting of
trees and removal of barriers among others. It will be upon the proponent and the contractor to
ensure restoration is done in an orderly manner.
2.17 Benefit Overview

The PV technology to be utilized at the proposed Solar Power Plant has several key benefits,
when compared to the conventional energy sources, contributing to the sustainable
development including:
 Safe for Construction and Operations of the photovoltaic facility have no heavy duty
components to be installed during the construction phase of the development,
preventing exposure of risks to workers such as fire, explosions and volatile organic
emissions associated with thermal fluid-based solar thermal technologies;
 Low Environmental Impact. The Photovoltaic (PV) technology is land-efficient, water-less,
with a lower direct project impact and a lowering the environmental risk throughout the
project life cycle;
 Promotes Solar Industry Growth. The Photovoltaic (PV) technology is uncomplicated,
reliable, sustainable and allows automated manufacture, thereby leveraging the
strengths of the manufacturing sector.
 Non-depletable source (the sun)
 Pollution free (no fuel, no emissions, recyclable)
 No noise.
 No moving parts to wear out (if fixed panels are used). PV installations can operate for
many years with little maintenance.
 PV systems are modular. You can start with a small system and expand as demand for
power increases.
 PV systems have a long life & durability. Cells last 20-30 years.
 Systems installed and operated anywhere including areas of difficult access and remote
locations.
 Do not require water
 Reduction of the CO2 emissions;
 Reduction of the national dependency on fuel imports;

 Diversification and security of energy supply;
 Provision of significant job opportunities and working positions;
 Support of the energy market deregulation;
 Acceleration of the rural electrification in developing countries.
PRODUCTION
REJECTION/WASTE
TRANSPORTATION
MANAGEMENT
INSTALLATION
MAINTENANCE
OPERATION
Figure 7: Stages of Life Cycle Analysis and Assessment for Solar Energy Systems.
From the socio-economic viewpoint the benefits of the use of solar energy systems include:
 Reduction of the national dependency on fuel imports;
 Diversification and security of energy supply;
 Provision of significant job opportunities and working positions;
 Support of the energy market deregulation;
 Acceleration of the rural electrification in developing countries.
2.18 Environmental impacts

(i) Environmental benefits: Significant emission reductions can be accomplished through
PV electricity (PVe) production since PVs do not generate noise or chemical pollutants
during their normal operation. Besides, PV cells help the increase of soil humidity and

improve flora formation in dry/arid areas.
(ii) Social impacts: Some direct benefits are related to job creation to the community and
or through the contractors. Therefore PVe improves the quality of life and reduces
migration. During installation and maintenance full- and part-time jobs creation improves
local microeconomics and drives to poverty alleviation.
(iii) Land use: The impact of land use on natural ecosystems is depended on specific
factors such as the topography, the area and the type of the land covered by the system,
the distance from areas of natural beauty or sensitive ecosystems and the biodiversity.
The impacts and the modification on the landscape are likely to come up during
construction stage, by activities such as earth movements and by transport movements.
Also an application of a system in once- cultivable land is possible to reserve soil
productive areas. Thus the siting in arid areas is recommended.
(iv) Visual impact: Visual intrusion is highly dependent on the frame design and the
surroundings of the PVs. It is obvious that, for a system near an area of natural beauty, the
visual impact will be significantly high.
(v) Effect on building: PV is a viable technology in an urban environment, to replace the

existing building’s cladding materials. Also, PV panels can be directly used into the façade
of a building instead of mirrors.
(vi) Accidental releases and occupational health: Emissions into soil and groundwater may
be caused by inadequate storage of materials. In large-scale plants a release of these
hazardous materials is likely to occur as a result of abnormal plant operations, damaged
modules or fire and therefore to pose a small risk to public and occupational health. The
increased potential danger of electrocution from the direct current produced by systems,
needs to be taken into account especially by untrained users.

(vii) Air pollution: The emissions associated with transport of the modules are minor in
comparison to those associated with manufacture. Transport emissions were still only 1%
of manufacturing related emissions.
(viii) Depletion of natural sources and energy consumption: The production of current
generation poly- and mono-crystalline modules is rather energy intensive. Other indirect
impacts include them requirement of large quantities of bulk materials and small
quantities of scarce (In/Te/Ga) and/or toxic (Cd) materials. Options for energy demand
reduction must always be considered along with the assessment of PV applications.
(ix) Waste management: In the case of standalone systems the effects on health of
chemical substances included in the batteries should also be studied. Moreover a large
amount of energy and raw materials is required for their production. A battery-recycling
scheme can assist. As it usually goes for construction activities, there will be little noise
during operation of electrical equipment
2.19 Technologies/Techniques to mitigate the environmental impacts
Almost all the negative environmental impacts can be faced:

 PVs can be used in isolated areas, avoiding ecologically sensitive areas or archeological
sites. The integration in large commercial buildings (facades, roofs) it is also
recommended as well as the use as sound isolation in highways or nearby hospitals, on
condition of proper siting and frequent maintenance.
 Careful system design and production of cells in variable shapes, which can be easily
integrated in buildings as architectural elements and replace mirrors or metallic areas
used to decorate modern buildings. Furthermore the PV use as a cladding material for
commercial buildings is showing their architectural possibilities. Referring to
construction activities, site restoration is needed to alleviate visual impacts. Color can
be used to assemble the PV modules in large-scale systems.
 Occupational accidents can be averted by good working practices and by the use
protective sunglasses and clothing during construction, maintenance and

decommission stage.
 Integrated PVe schemes help to regenerate rural areas.
2.20 Development Procedures
All Development activities including ground preparation, earth moving, materials delivery,
installation of the solar panels and related amenities (power, communication equipment,
etc.), fittings (electricity cables, safety provisions, etc.) will be carried out by competent
personnel obtained through respectable contractors/sub-contractors to ensure consistent
high standard of finish and providing superb value for money.
2.21 Construction activities Outline
Construction activities will involve the following:

i. Site preparation (clearance of existing vegetation, preparation of a site office and
stores, fencing to avoid intrusion
ii. Disposal of excavation and site clearance wastes,
iii. Landscaping, earth moving and filling
iv. Procurement of construction materials and delivery of the same to the site,
v. Civil, mechanical, and electrical works,
vi. Building works, trampling and removal of construction wastes,
vii. Storage and utilization of materials,
viii. Installation of transformers
ix. Cabling
x. Solid waste collection and commissioning of the Solar power project
2.22 Input Materials
The Solar power project will be constructed using common construction materials and
construction procedures that are not expected to compromise the safety of the neighboring

communities as well as the general environment. The following inputs will be required for
construction:
(i) Raw construction materials e.g. sand, cement, natural building stone blocks,
hard core, ballast, gravel, timber for the control room
(ii) Paints, solvents, white wash, etc.,

(iii) Other equipment associated with the Solar project
(iv) Steel structure members
(v) A construction labour force (of both skilled and unskilled workers).
(vi) Water
2.23 Project Budget
The estimated project cost for the 600 Solar PV is Kenya Shillings 61 Million

3 CHAPTER THREE: BASELINE INFORMATION
This section describes the baseline conditions in the study area and provides summarized
information on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment. The purpose of this
chapter is to facilitate the evaluation of impacts assessed in following stage.
Kiambu County is one of the 47 counties in the Republic of Kenya. It is located in the central
region and covers a total area of 2,543.5 Km2 with 476.3 Km2 under forest cover according to
the 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census. Kiambu County borders Nairobi and Kajiado
Counties to the South, Machakos to the East, Murang‘a to the North and North East, Nyandarua
to the North West, and Nakuru to the West as indicated in Map 1. The county lies between
latitudes 00 25‘ and 10 20‘ South of the Equator and Longitude 360 31‘ and 370 15‘ East.
Figure 8: Pictures showing the location of the county in Kenya.
Kiambu County is divided into four broad topographical zones; Upper Highland, Lower Highland,
Upper Midland and Lower Midland Zone. The Upper Highland Zone is found in Lari constituency
and it is an extension of the Aberdare ranges that lies at an altitude of 1,800-2,550 metres above
sea level. It is dominated by highly dissected ranges and it is very wet, steep and important as a
water catchment area. The lower highland zone is mostly found in Limuru and some parts of
Gatundu North, Gatundu South, Githunguri and Kabete constituencies. The area is characterized
by hills, plateaus, and high-elevation plains. The area lies between 1,500-1,800 metres above sea
level and is generally a tea and dairy zone though some activities like maize, horticultural crops
and sheep farming are also practiced.

The upper midland zone lies between 1,300-1,500 metres above sea level and it covers mostly
parts of Juja and other constituencies with the exception of Lari. The landscape comprises of
volcanic middle level uplands. The lower midland zone partly covers Thika Town (Gatuanyaga),
Limuru and Kikuyu constituencies. The area lies between 1,200-1,360 metres above sea level.
The soils in the midland zone are dissected and are easily eroded. Other physical features
include steep slopes and valleys, which are unsuitable for cultivation. Some parts are also
covered by forests.
The county is covered by three broad categories of soils which are: high level upland soils,
plateau soils and volcanic footbridges soils. These soils are of varying fertility levels with soils
from high-level uplands, which are from volcanic rocks, being very fertile. Their fertility is
conducive for livestock keeping and growth of various cash crops and food crops such as tea,
coffee, horticultural products, pyrethrum, vegetables, maize, beans, peas and potatoes. These
soils are found in the highlands, mostly in Gatundu South, Gatundu North, Githunguri, Kiambu,
Kiambaa, Lari, Kikuyu, Kabete and Limuru Constituencies. Low fertility soils are mainly found in
the middle zone and the eastern part of the county which form part of the semi-arid areas. The
soils are sandy or clay and can support drought resistant crops such as soya beans and sunflower
as well as ranching. These soils are mostly found in parts of Juja, Thika Town, Ruiru, Kabete,
Limuru, Gatundu North and Gatundu South Constituencies.
Most parts of the county are covered by soils from volcanic footbridges. These are well drained
with moderate fertility. They are red to dark brown friable clays, which are suited for cash crops
like coffee, tea and pyrethrum. However, parts of Thika Town, Ruiru, Juja and Lari constituencies
are covered by shallow soils, which are poorly drained, and these areas are characterized by low
rainfall, which severely limits agricultural development. However, these areas are suitable for
ranching and growth of drought resistant crops.
3.1 Population size and composition

According to the 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census, Kiambu County population stood
at 1,623,282 which is projected to be 1,942,505 by 2018. The population is further projected to
reach 2,090,592 by the end of 2022. Table 3 gives population projections for 2018, 2020 and
2022 by gender and age cohorts with 2009 as the base year
3.2 Physical and Topographic features

Kiambu County is divided into four broad topographical zones; Upper Highland, Lower Highland,
Upper Midland and Lower Midland Zone. The Upper Highland Zone is found in Lari constituency
and it is an extension of the Aberdare ranges that lies at an altitude of 1,800-2,550 metres above
sea level. It is dominated by highly dissected ranges and it is very wet, steep and important as a
water catchment area. The lower highland zone is mostly found in Limuru and some parts of
Gatundu North, Gatundu South, Githunguri and Kabete constituencies. The area is characterized

by hills, plateaus, and high-elevation plains. The area lies between 1,500-1,800 metres above sea
level and is generally a tea and dairy zone though some activities like maize, horticultural crops
and sheep farming are also practiced.
3.3 Climatic conditions

The County has three climatic regions: The western region with an equatorial type of climate,
the central region with a sub-tropical climate and the eastern part with semi-arid conditions.
Long rains fall in the months of March, April and May. April reliably records the highest amount
of rainfall. The short rains are in the months of October and November. The Western region
covering Kangema, Gatanga, and higher parts of Kigumo and Kandara, is generally wet and
humid due to its proximity to the Aberdare Ranges and Mt. Kenya. The Eastern region, covering
the lower parts of Kigumo, Kandara, Kiharu and Maragua constituencies receive less rain and
crop production requires consistent irrigation.
The county experiences bi-modal type of rainfall. The long rains fall between Mid-March to May
followed by a cold season usually with drizzles and frost during June to August and the short
rains between mid-October to November. The annual rainfall varies with altitude, with higher
areas receiving as high as 2,000 mm and lower areas of Thika Town constituency receiving as low
as 600 mm. The average rainfall received by the county is 1,200 mm. The mean temperature in
the county is 26°C with temperatures ranging from 7°C in the upper highlands areas of Limuru
and some parts of Gatundu North, Gatundu South, Githunguri and Kabete constituencies, to
34°C in the lower midland zone found partly in Thika Town constituency (Gatuanyaga), Kikuyu,
Limuru and Kabete constituencies (Ndeiya and Karai). July and August are the months during
which the lowest temperatures are experienced, whereas January to March is the hottest
months. The county‘s average relative humidity ranges from 54 percent in the dry months and
300 percent in the wet months of March up to August.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month Jan Feb mar Apr may June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
R/F 57.0 45.9 122.0 282.5 201.1 45.9 31.1 28.7 32.0 90.9 210.6 99.9
Table 2: Long-term mean monthly rainfall
 Ecological conditions
The county is composed of six agro-ecological zones. Zone 1 consists of the highest potential
areas where forestry, tea and tourism industry are the major economic activities.

Fig 9: A model tea farm in the project area
Zones 2 and 3 are the lowlands east of Aberdares, which are generally suitable for both coffee
and dairy farming. The flat area of Makuyu division in Maragua constituency is characterized by
arid and semi-arid conditions. This forms the agro-ecological zones 4, 5, and 6. In these zones,
coffee and pineapple plantations thrive under irrigation.
The Water in the county is from two principal sources-surface and sub-surface. The county is
divided into several sub-catchments areas. The first one is Nairobi River Sub-catchment which
occupies the southern part of the county with the major rivers being Nairobi, Gitaru, Gitathuru,
Karura, Rui Rwaka, and Gatharaini. The second one is Kamiti and Ruiru Rivers Sub-catchment
which is located to the north of the Nairobi river sub-catchment. It has eight permanent rivers
which include Riara, Kiu, Kamiti, Makuyu, Ruiru, Bathi, Gatamaiyu and Komothai.

Fig 10: Tea picking in the project area
The third one is the Aberdare plateau that contributes to the availability of two sub-catchments
areas comprising of Thiririka and Ndarugu Rivers. The main streams found in the two areas
include Mugutha, Theta, Thiririka, Ruabora, Ndarugu and Komu. They flow from Nairobi, Kamiti,
Ruiru, Thiririka, and Ndarugu sub-catchments to form Athi River sub-catchment. The fourth is
the Chania River and its tributaries comprising of Thika and Karimenu Rivers which rise from the
slopes of Mt. Kinangop in the Aberdares range.
3.4 The Altitude and Temperature

The area enjoys a pleasant climate although relatively warmer in most cases, about 1420m
above sea level to 1530m above sea level. The temperature also varies with altitude, with mean
monthly temperature ranging from 18 degrees centigrade in the coldest months to 25 degrees
centigrade in the hottest months.
Wind direction is quite unpredictable and the speed is at times low because of the steepness
and the ups and downs of the land (5.8 Km/h. East), hence there is the tendency of blockage
unlike the flat-plain land where wind speed is always high. The area also enjoys various types of
habitats, little mangroves, wetlands, simple man made forests and riverine habitats with
prominent tree cover species as Pinus sp, Prunus Africana, Avocado, Lantana Camara, Papyrus,
Grevillea robusta (mukima).
There are no fresh water lakes in the area but little fauna –wildlife exists, a few species of birds,
Gazelles, wild dogs, foxes and wild rabbits. However, the community within this area

domesticates cattle, goats, sheep and donkeys to supplement on crop production. The Aquatic
life and the Riverine habitats are also dominant with little fishing being practiced and since there
are no other activities that interfere with the flow of the River like diverting water for irrigation.
Environment and conservation experts from the Kenya Forestry Service, the Kenya Wildlife
Service and also the local population state that there are no endangered species. The area also
has community groups organized as Community Based Organizations (CBOs) although their
strength is low. Generally, the natural environment of this area is still intact; there has been little
or no human interference, degradation factors among others.
3.5 Current Land Use

Gatundu has very good agricultural land. The main economic activities include Coffee, Bananas,
maize and Tea growing. Horticultural farming is also a major income generating activity in this
area. Predominantly land in the area is used for agricultural and human settlement with
agricultural production being the main activity. Most of the populations also engage in s
subsistence farming.
Special features too exist within the area, given the presence of Water falls, camping sights,
tourist spots, White water sports, monuments/archeological sites and fishing spots. The area is
not faced with any major environmental problems such as water and air pollution, land
degradation by natural and man-made factors, endemic diseases, loss of tree cover, open spaces
etc. Hydro power is generated by using electricity generators to extract energy from moving
water.
Fig 11: Map showing the current land use initiatives in the project area.

Historically people used the power of rivers for agriculture and wheat grinding. Today, rivers and
streams are re-directed through hydro generators to produce energy, although there are pros
and cons as far as local ecosystems are concerned. Although not the largest renewable primary
source, which is biomass, hydropower is the largest renewable source of electricity. It has been
in use for many years and is effectively a conventional form of energy.
Fig 12: A typical Tea Factory unit in Kiambu
Administrative and Political Units
 Administrative Subdivision
The county is subdivided into twelve sub counties and sixty wards.
Sub county Area sq.km No. of wards
Gatundu South 192.4 4
Gatundu North 286.0 4
Juja 326.6 5
Thika Town 217.5 5

Ruiru 201.4 8
Githunguri 173.5 5
Kiambu 105.9 4
Kiambaa 83.2 5
Limuru 281.7 5
Kikuyu 175.8 5
Kabete 60.3 5
Lari 439.2 5
Total 2543.5 60
Table 3: Administrative subdivision of the county
 Political units
Kiambu County has twelve constituencies and sixty wards. The table below shows the names of
the constituencies and electoral wards of Kiambu County.
Constituency Electoral Wards
Gatundu South Kiamwangi, Kiganjo, Ndarugo, Ngenda
Gatundu North Gituamba, Githobokoni, Chania, Mang’u
Juja Murera, Theta, Juja, Witeithie, Kalimoni
Thika Town Township, Kamenu, Hospital, Gatuanyaga
Ruiru Gitothua, Biashara, Gatongora, Kahawa/Sukari,

Kahawa Wendani, Kiuu, Mwiki, Mwihoko
Githunguri Githunguri, Githiga, Ikinu, Ngewa, Komothai
Kiambu Ting’ang’a, Ndumberi, Riabai, Township
Kiambaa Cianda, Karuri, Ndenderu, Muchatha, Kihara
Limuru Bibirioni, Limuru Central, Ndeiya, Limuru East,

Ngecha Tigoni

Kikuyu Karai, Nachu, Sigona, Kikuyu, Kinoo
Kabete Gitaru, Muguga, Nyathuna, Kabete, Uthiru
Lari Kinale, Kijabe, Nyanduma, Kamburu, Lari/Kirenga
Table 4: County’s Electoral Wards by Constituency Electoral
3.6 Demographic Features

 Population size and composition
According to the 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census, Kiambu County population stood
at 1,623,282 which is projected to be 1,942,505 by 2018.
 Population density and distribution
Kiambu County had a population of 638 persons per square kilometre, according to the 2009
census. This is projected to be 936 persons/km2 by the end of 2022. Kabete sub county has the
highest population density of 2329 persons/km2 which is projected to reach 3056 people
persquare kilometre.population is further projected to reach 2,090,592 by the end of 2022.
3.7 Human Development Approach

Human development is about giving people more freedom and opportunities to live valuable
lives. It focuses on improving the lives and the wellbeing of people. This is envisaged in the
Kenya‘s economic blue print, Vision 2030, as one of the objectives of providing a high quality of
life for all Kenyans. Human development is assessed though the human development index (HDI)
which is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development:
health, education and income. According to 2013 Kenya Human Development Report, the HDI
for the country is estimated at 0.52. The HDI estimate for Kiambu is 0.56 which is above the
national HDI.
3.8 Infrastructure Development

 Roads and Rail Network
The county has a total of 5533 Km of roads network. 249 Km of road are yet to be opened. The
roads under bitumen standards are 865.4 KMs, 1051km on gravel, 3167km on earth surface. The
county is served by Thika Super Highway from Githurai-Ruiru-Juja-Thika on average of 50Kms
and A104 Uthiru-Kikuyu-Kamandura- Kinungi on average of 65 which 25.1km of it is on
rehabilitation expansion programme. It is also served by a railway line which is 131km and has
Railway stations in Kahawa, Ruiru, Juja, Thika, Kikuyu and Limuru. There exist bus parks in all sub
counties 9 paved and 4 unpaved.

Other institutions that are mandated to undertake roads and Transport programmes includes;
Kenya National Highways Authority (KENHA), Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KERRA), Kenya Urban
Roads Authority (KURA) and National Transport Security Authority (NTSA).
The Department envisages providing sustainable mobility for all by inclusion of non-motorised
traffic lanes for the people as well as reduction of air pollution to road users.
The Department of Roads, Transport, Public works and Utilities is committed to improving the
existing road network in the rural areas to enable farmers, other small-scale traders move wares
to market centres. Furthermore, good roads are essential for the development of commerce,
tourism and other services. Apart from upgrading the existing road network, the Government
will build new road network to open up those areas that have in the past been left behind in
roads development.
The Department of Roads, Transport, Public Works, Fire and Energy will recognise and
collaborate with appropriate partners either directly or indirectly supporting implementation of
its programs and projects.
3.9 Information, Communication Technology

Kiambu County has 98 percent mobile network coverage owing to its location and proximity to
the city. Landline coverage has been on the decline due to adoption of new technology and ease
of using mobile phones. There are a total of 19 post offices and 14 sub post offices which are
fairly distributed in the county. These post offices are; Ruiru, two at Thika, Juja, Githunguri,
Karuri, Kiambu, Kikuyu, Limuru and Matathia-Lari post office. There are quite a number of cyber
cafes offering internet access hence easy access of communication. This has been possible due
to introduction of fibre optic cables in the county. Many residents listen to local FM and radio
stations mainly Kameme, Inooro and Coro FM for primary information in addition to other
national stations. The citizens are able to watch a variety of TV stations operating in the country.
There is one Huduma centre located at Thika where citizens access government services.
3.10 Energy access

Kiambu county 98 percent coverage of electricity with effective coverage on the last mile
programme. There has been an increase in the connectivity of rural household to electricity due
to rural electrification programme. The total household connected to electricity is 70 percent,
and this number is expected to rise to 100 percent in the year 2022. Solar energy has less than
5percent coverage, while Biogas use is at 25 percent especially by farmers in Githunguri, kikuyu,
Limuru and other sub-counties where dairy farming is practiced. Wind coverage as a source of
energy is not active; however it is being tested in a pilot project in Nachu-Ndeiya. This has been
supported by UN habitat in the promotion of renewable energy. Utility directorate has installed
flood mast as follows; 56 no. 30m high, 9no. 20M high and 139 no. 15 M high all distributed in all
the sub counties and 235 street lighting through WB financing. Kenya power and Lighting
Company has played a key role in street lighting, installation of flood masts; 12 in Thika, 11 in

Kiambu, 5 in Kikuyu, 11 in Limuru, 11 in Ruiru, 11 in Juja and 9 in Kiambaa. These flood masts are
of 30M in height.
3.11 Fire and Rescue Services

The Directorate has measures in place for emergency fires and accident in the section of Fire and
rescue. The Directorate plans to build capacity in all the Sub-Counties to ensure timely fire
response. All sub-counties fire stations should be operational on 24hours. Besides other
achievements which includes; Emergency response time was reduced, Fire Safety Audit Training
of Fire Officers, Installation of Fire hydrants, Construction of Fire Stations, projects for Limuru,
Githunguri and Kiambu ongoing. There twelve fire vehicles, one utility vehicle and three terrain
vehicles that were received from NAMSIP and the National Government.
3.12 Land and Land Use

Land in Kiambu is put under diverse uses these include industrial, agricultural, commercial,
wetland forest and public land where we have public utilities and amenities
3.13 Land ownership categories/ classification

There are three categories of land; public land is approximately 5%, community land 0.01%,
whereas private land is approximately 94.99%.
3.14 Industry and Trade

The county is well endowed with 118 designated markets spread across the county. Main
markets are Gatundu Modern Market in Gatundu South, Kamwangi market in Gatundu North,
Juja Market in Juja Sub county, Jamhuri and Madaraka markets in Thika, Githurai and Ruiru in
Ruiru Subcounty, Githunguri market in Githunguri Sub county, Wangige main Market and
Wangige egg shed in Kabete sub county, Kangangi market in Kiambu Sub County, Limuru Barter
Hawaker market in Limuru, Karuri market in Kiambaa Sub County, Dagoretti and Kikuyu Markets
in Kikuyu Sub County and Kimende market in Lari Sub county. Wangige egg shed is the biggest
open egg market in the entire region of East and Central Africa.
 Industrial parks
The county has a gazetted and an established industrial park; Tatu City in Ruiru Sub County. The
park is also a Special Economic Zone. The county has many industries especially in Thika, Juja,
Ruiru and Limuru towns with a concentration of manufacturing sub sector. There also exist many
Jua Kali groups with approximately 30 officially registered. There are more than 200 bodaboda
sheds for bodaboda operators across the county.
 Major industries
The county host major industries for all sector of the economy with a concentration of Agro
processing and manufacturing sectors. These industries act as a major source of employment

and market outlet for agricultural and non-agricultural products both for domestic use and
export. The agro processing industries are spread across the county and includes Farmers Choice
Ltd, Kenchic Co. Ltd, Brookside Dairies, Githunguri Dairies, Ndumberi Dairies, Limuru Milk and
Palmside Dairies, among others.
Thika sub County has more than 58 industries which include Bidco Oil Industries, Thika Motor
Vehicle dealers, Thika Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Limited, Devki Steel Mills, Broadway
Bakeries, Kenblest Industry, Kel Chemicals, Thika Rubber Industries Limited, Macadamia Nuts,
Campwell Industry and Kenya Tanning Extracts Limited. In Ruiru Sub County, the major
industries include Clay Works as well as Spinners and Spinners. The Bata Shoe Factory which is
the country‘s major producer of leather products is located in Limuru Sub County.
3.15 Forestry, Agro Forestry and Value addition

 Main Forest types and size of forests
The main forests types in the county are natural, plantation and private forests. Exotics are
mainly planted in private farm forests but the data on the specific forest size is not available
through plans to carry out a survey are in process. The county has eight gazetted forests with the
major ones being Kieni and Kinale forests. The total acreage of Kiambu county gazetted forest is
40,032.81 Ha.
3.16 Major degraded areas / hotspots and major contributions to environmental degradation
Over the years there has been an increase in environmental deterioration through depletion of
resources, destruction of ecosystem, habitat and extinction of wildlife. Kiambu County is not
exceptional from the increased environmental degradation. The major degraded areas in
Kiambu County are forests and Rivers. Kinale and Kieni forests have faced major deforestation
due to population demand for shelter and fuel and encroachment for farming demand. In
addition rivers like Athi River have experienced much pollution through dumping of waste which
comprises of effluents, agricultural chemicals and industrial waste.
 Environmental threats
The major contributors to environmental degradation are; increased population leading to

massive deforestation and encroachment of water catchment areas. In addition, industries have
emissions that have led to lot of air and water pollution. Farming has also led to pollution due to
the release of various agrochemicals in the water sources.
 High spatial and temporal variability of rainfall
The county experiences bi-modal type of rainfall. The long rains fall between Mid-March to May
followed by a cold season usually with drizzles and frost during June to August and the short
rains between mid-October to November. The annual rainfall varies with altitude, with higher
areas receiving as high as 2,000 mm and lower areas of Thika Town constituency receiving as low

as 600 mm. The average rainfall received by the county is 1,200 mm. The mean temperature in
the county is 26°C with temperatures ranging from 7°C in the upper highlands areas of Limuru
and some parts of Gatundu North, Gatundu South, Githunguri and Kabete constituencies, to
34°C in the lower midland zone found partly in Thika Town constituency (Gatuanyaga), Kikuyu,
Limuru and Kabete constituencies (Ndeiya and Karai). 30
 Change in water levels or glacier
There are various areas that act as reservoir for biodiversity in Kiambu County which are prone
to destruction be it through natural means or by human being interference. This has been
brought about by overgrazing, encroachment and poor agricultural practices, high population
pressure, high cases of fire outbreaks, pollution through dumping of waste (effluent, agricultural
chemicals and industrial waste), lack of law enforcement and policy implementation and
increased quarrying. These areas include: Manguo, Ruromo and Ondiri swamps, Sulmac in
Kamae area which is a source of River Karimenu, Kijabe- Escarpment forest strip, catchment of
River Bathi and Gatamaiyu in Kinale, Muguga gully, Limuru (Kwambira), Kiracha and Riu Nderi
wetland and Shauri quarry.
This in turn has led to loss of habitat that act as a breeding ground for various water birds,
interference with water discharge system resulting to reduced volumes of rivers, high cost of
water treatment, eutrofication effects on water quality and quantity, land degradation, soil
erosion, landslides during rainy seasons and increased incidences of waterborne
diseases(typhoid).
 Solid waste management facilities
The main solid waste management facilities in Kiambu County include landfills, dumpsites,
incinerators, recycling facilities and bio-decomposers. These solid waste management facilities
are spread across the county as follows: one landfill in Kangoki which is a pilot project,
Gatuanyaga Asbestos disposal site, six dumpsites in Gatundu South, Kiambu, Ruiru, Gacharage,
Limuru and Githunguri. There are eight incinerators for girls’ secondary schools (demonte-fort),
Lang’ata Hospital in Githurai and Thika Level 5 Hospital. The recycling facilities include; two Taka
Taka solutions (composting facility) in Kiambaa Sub County and three Alternative Energy
Solutions Limited (AESL) - Prolysis plant in Thika Sub County. There is also a bio decomposer in
Kangoki composting facility which is a pilot project in Thika.

3.17 Water and Sanitation
Kiambu County is endowed with both surface and ground water resources. The county has
sixteen permanent rivers originating from Aberdare Ranges, which is the main water tower for
the county. The major rivers that meet the county water demand are; Ndarugũ, Thiririka, Ruiru,
Kamiti and Kiu, all of which eventually drain into Athi River, and five major wetlands are; Kikuyu,
Lari, Theta, Kiganjo and Gacii .
The eastern part of the county that includes Thika, Gatundu, Ruiru and Juja is well endowed with
surface water from Chania, Thika, Karimenu, Ruabora, Ndarugu, Thiririka, Theta, Mukuyu, Ruiru
rivers. The western part of the county that includes Limuru, Kikuyu, Kiambu, Karuri, Lari and
Githunguri areas has limited surface sources, hence rely on underground water sources mainly
boreholes. However, some areas of ground water sources have high fluoride levels which cause
negative effects to both people and livestock, and residue effects in crops.
River Low High
Kamiti 3,620 216,000
Ruiru 38,790 1,331,300
Thiririka 2,160 776,740
Ndarugu 3,500 662,770
Table 5: Catchment discharge (m3/day)
Housing is a basic human necessity. It is a measure of the standard of living as well as the
welfare of each household. It accounts for a significant share of person’s income. The high rate
of population coupled with rapid urbanisation accounts for the severe housing problems,
particularly in the urban centres. This is manifested in low quality housing with inadequate utility
services and infrastructure.
According to the Kenya Population and Housing Census, 2009 analysis of the County’s housing
tenure indicates that there are 469,244 housing units under different tenure in the county.

3.18 Sanitation
Kiambu County is considered as 60% urban with numerous peri-urban centres mushrooming
rapidly due to land use changes. There are twelve main urban centres within the county out
which five, namely, Thika, Kiambu, Limuru, Ruiru and Juja urban centres have convectional
sewer treatment system. Apart from Ruiru and Juja treatment works the rest of the treatment
works are old and currently treating beyond their design limits. Kiambu sewer treatment works
was constructed in 1974 with a design capacity of 1,000m3/day. It’s currently receiving
2,200m3/day; Limuru was commissioned in 1984 with a design capacity of 540m3. It’s currently
receiving 2000m3/day; Thika was constructed 1978 with a design capacity of 6,100m3/day. The
treatment facility is currently receiving 8,000m3/day. In order to address the shortfalls, Thika
treatment works is currently undergoing improvement through donors funding. The capacity of
the treatment system is expected increase by 6500m3/day when the on-going improvements
works are completed.
3.19 Public Benefits Organizations (PBOs)

For the county to achieve its vision and mission, it has partnered with different benefit
organizations in various departments. The PBOs include, NEMA which ensures that the county
achieves environment friendly activities, KEPHIS, KDP, NCPB which offers subsidized fertilizers
and seed storage, KARLO which performs research works, Kenya Literature Bureau (KLB),
Commission for Higher Education, Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC).
3.20 Development Partners and the sectors they support

There are different organizations that work hand in hand with the county government to
improve the welfare of the residents. The development partners include UN habitat which offers
environmental programs, Japanese International Corporation’s agency (JICA) which deals with
project funding, Food and Agricultural Organizations (FAO), World Bank for project funding and
capacity building, International Development Research Centre (IDRC) among others.
Development partners that support the health sector include: University of Nairobi CRISSP-PLUS,
AMREF Health Africa, KAPTLD (Kenya Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis and Lung
Disease), LVCT Health, NOPE (National Organization of Peer Educators), MPEG (Mamboleo Peer
Educators Group), Red Cross, HIGDA ((Health Informatics Governance & Data Analytics Projects),
Blood Link, PSK (Population Service Kenya), HSO (Hospital Support Organization), CHAI (Clinton
Health Access Initiative), HealthStrat, Philips and Aphia Plus Kamili.
3.21 Security, Law and Order

Number of police stations and posts by Sub County
Kiambu County has 72 police stations, posts and patrol bases as shown in table below.
S/No Sub county No of Police Station/Police Post/Patrol Base

1. Kiambu sub county 12
2. Thika 6
3. Gatundu North 4
4. Gatundu South 6
5. Juja 7
6. Ruiru 5
7. Githunguri 4
8. Kiambaa 5
9. Kabete 3
10. Kikuyu 7
11. Limuru 7
12. Lari 6
Table 6: Police stations, posts and patrol; bases by Sub County
4. CHAPTER FOUR: ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
4.1 Overview
For a long time, environmental conservation aspects and pollution control were scattered in the
various sectoral pieces of legislation thus making coordination very difficult. This problem was
overcome by the enactment of the EMCA, (2015 Amendment), which prevails over all the other
sectoral Acts. However, since it is not possible to capture everything and it is recommended that
the proponent acquire copies of the Acts, regulations and policy documents for completeness.
The construction of the proposed Solar Minigrid project will be guided and governed by a
number of laws and policies of the country and region. These determine the nature of the
project in terms of siting, height of the structure as well as use to which it will be put. The
proposed project falls under the provisions of several national regulations and standards as
discussed below:

4.2 Institutional and Regulatory Framework
The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is the National body charged with
coordinating matters on implementing policies relating to the environment. This body was
established under the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999 which
has since been amended.
The following is a summary of some laws and regulations that protect the environment from
environmental degradation. The Sectoral acts are still applicable, however, for the purpose of
this report; special attention should be given to the provisions in Environmental Management
and Co-ordination (Amendment) Act, 2015
4.2.1 NEMA
The responsibility of the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) is to exercise
general supervision and co-ordination over all matters relating to the environment and to be the
principal instrument of Government in the implementation of all policies relating to the
environment. In addition to NEMA, the Act provides for the establishment and enforcement of
environmental quality standards to be set by the Cabinet Secretary in consultation with the
Authority, which will govern the discharge, limits to the environment by the proposed project.
Relevance
NEMA must approve the project before implementation and also participate in its subsequent
stages of construction environmental management and annual audits review. This report is to
ensure compliance with the associated conditions
4.2.2 Kenya Electricity Grid Code & Kenya Safety Code

The consultant also reviewed the Kenya Electricity Grid Code, which sets out detailed
arrangements for the regulation of the Kenya electricity supply industry and is enforceable
under the Electric Power Act, No 11 of 1997. In addition to the Kenya Electricity Grid Code, the
consultant reviewed the Kenya Safety Code, which recognizes the Factories Act, 1962 (Rev.1972)
which requires an employee to use any means or appliance provided by the Employer for
securing safety and also not wilfully to do anything likely to endanger himself or others.

4.2.3 Rural Electrification Authority
The act in section 67 establishes a rural electrification authority. Among other tasks, this
authority is mandated to:
 Facilitate the access to electricity in rural areas
 Promote the development of renewable energy (including solar, wind and micro hydro)
 Levy a fee on all electricity sold for the rural electrification fund
 Nothing in the act prevents the authority from using funds collected under the rural
electrification fund for financing renewable energy - it is not a special fund just for grid
electricity
4.2.4 Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC)

Energy Regulatory Commission is established under the Energy Act, 2006. Following the
operationalization of the Energy Act, 2006, with effect from July 7 2007, the Electricity
Regulatory Board (ERB) became Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) with the following
objectives and functions:-
 Regulate the electrical energy, petroleum and related products, renewable energy and other
forms of energy.
 Protect the interests of consumer, investor and other stakeholder interests.
 Maintain a list of accredited energy auditors as may be prescribed.
 Monitor, ensure implementation of, and the observance of the principles of fair competition
in the energy sector, in coordination with other statutory authorities.
 Provide such information and statistics to the Minister as he may from time to time require;
and
 Collect and maintain energy data.
 Prepare indicative national energy plan.
 Perform any other function that is incidental or consequential to its functions under the
Energy Act or any other written law.
Relevance
The proponent will apply for ERC permit before implementation of the project.

4.2.5 National Environmental Tribunal
The National Environment Tribunal (NET) is created under Section 125 of the Environmental
Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999. Its functions are:
 To hear and determine appeals from NEMA’s decisions and other actions relating to
issuance, revocation or denial of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) licences or
amount of money to be paid under the Act and imposition of restoration orders;
 To give direction to NEMA on any matter of complex nature referred to it by the Director
General.
Relevance
Any disputes arising from issuance or denial of the project license will be addressed initially
addressed by NET.
4.2.6 County Government of Kiambu

It constitutes various developmental approvals departments such as the physical planning
department.
Relevance
The project proponent should present the project designs and plans to the physical planning
department for approval prior to the project implementation.
4.3 Legislative Framework
4.3.1 Constitution of Kenya, 2010

Part II (Environment and Natural Resources), (I) the State clearly undertakes to carry out the
following:
 Ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the
environment and natural resources, and ensure the equitable sharing of the accruing
benefits;
 Work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten per cent of the land area of Kenya;

 Protect and enhance intellectual property in, and indigenous knowledge of, biodiversity and
the genetic resources of the communities;
 Encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the
environment;
 Protect genetic resources and biological diversity;
 Establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring
of the environment;
 Eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment; and
 Utilize the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya.
Part (II) “Every person has a duty to cooperate with State organs and other persons to protect
and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development and use of
natural resources.
Relevance
The project should observe these conditions in as far as environmental protection is concerned
throughout the project cycle.
4.3.2 The Environment Management and Coordination (Amendment) Act, 2015

The Environment Management and Coordination (Amended) Act, 2015 provides the main legal
and institutional framework under which the environment in general is to be managed. EMCA is
implemented by the guiding principle that every person has a right to a clean and healthy
environment and can seek redress through the High court if this right has been, is likely to be or
is being contravened. Section 58 of the Act makes it a mandatory requirement for an EIA study
to be carried out by proponents intending to implement projects specified in the Second
Schedule of the Act. Such projects have a potential of causing significant impacts on the
environment. Similarly, section 68 of the same Act requires operators of existing projects or
undertakings to carry out Environmental Audits (EA) in order to determine the level of
conformance with statements made during the EIA study. The proponent is required to submit
the EIA and EA reports to NEMA for review and necessary action.

Relevance
This report has been compiled in compliance to EMCA.
4.3.3 Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) (Amendment) Regulations, 2016

Regulation 3 states that “the Regulations should apply to all policies, plans, programmes,
projects and activities specified in Part IV, Part V and the Second Schedule of the Act. Part III of
the Regulations indicates the procedures to be taken during preparation, submission and
approval of the environmental project report.
Part 4(1) of the Regulation further states that: ‘‘…no Proponent shall implement a project:
(a) Likely to have a negative environmental impact; or
(b) For which an environmental impact assessment is required under the Act or these
Regulations, unless an environmental impact assessment has been concluded and approved in
accordance with these Regulations…’
Relevance
This project falls under the second schedule of the Environment Management and Coordination
(Amended) Act, 2015 and therefore requires an EIA project report prior to its implementation.
4.3.4 Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006)
Under Regulation 12 (1) it is an offence for any local authority or person operating a sewage
system or owner or operator of any trade or industrial undertaking issues with an effluent
discharge license as stipulated under the Act shall comply with the standards set out in the Third
Schedule to this regulation.
Relevance
During implementation of the project the contractor’s activities and during the operational
phase, waste water from the building wet cores will require proper disposal to avoid
environmental pollution.

4.3.5 Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations,
2006
Regulation No. 4 (1) makes it an offence for any person to dispose of any waste on a public
highway, street, road, recreational area or in any public place except in a designated waste
receptacle. Regulation 5 (1) provides categories of cleaner production methods that should be
adopted by waste generators in order to minimize the amount of waste generated and they
include:
Improvement of production process through

 Conserving raw materials and energy;
 Eliminating the use of toxic raw materials and wastes;
 Reducing toxic emissions and wastes.
Monitoring the product cycle from beginning to end by

 Identifying and eliminating potential negative impacts of the product;
 Enabling the recovery and re-use of the product where possible,
 Reclamation and recycling and
 Incorporating environmental concerns in the design and disposal of a product.
Regulation 6 requires waste generators to segregate waste by separating hazardous waste from
non-hazardous waste for appropriate disposal. Regulation 15 prohibits any industry from
discharging or disposing of any untreated waste in any state into the environment. Regulation 17
(1) makes it an offence for any person to engage in any activity likely to generate any hazardous
waste without a valid Environmental Impact Assessment license issued by NEMA.
Relevance
The proposed project, during construction, operational and decommissioning phases will
generate wastes which will need to be disposed as per the guidelines in the regulations.

4.3.6 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (Noise and Excessive Vibration
Pollution) (Control) Regulations, 2009
According to regulation 3 (1), no person shall make or cause to be made any loud, unreasonable,
unnecessary or unusual noise which annoys, disturbs, injures or endangers the comfort, repose,
health or safety of others and the environment. Regulation 14 (3) states that any person carrying
out construction, demolition, mining or quarrying work shall ensure that the vibration levels do
not exceed 0.5 centimetres per second beyond any source property boundary or 30 metres from
any moving source. Regulation (15) on Environmental Impact Assessment states that any person
intending to carry out construction, demolition, mining or quarrying work shall, during the
Environmental Impact Assessment studies to:
 identify natural resources, land uses or activities which may be affected by noise or
excessive vibrations from the construction, demolition, mining or quarrying;
 determine the measures which are needed in the plans and specifications to minimize or
eliminate adverse construction, demolition, mining or quarrying noise or vibration
impacts; and
 Incorporate the needed abatement measures in the plans and specifications.
Relevance
The contractor and project proponent will be required to ensure compliance with these
regulations in order to promote a healthy and safe working environment throughout the project
cycle. This shall include regular inspection and maintenance of equipment and prohibition of
unnecessary hooting of vehicles as well as scheduling work between 8.00am and 5.00pm
4.3.7 Public Health Act (Cap. 242)

Section 115 of this act prohibits causing nuisance or other condition liable to be injurious or
dangerous to health. Section 118 provides a list of nuisances which includes any noxious matter,
or waste water, flowing or discharged from any premises, wherever situated, into any public
street, or into the gutter or side channel of any watercourse, irrigation channel or bed thereof
not approved for the reception of such discharge.

The Public Health (Drainage and Latrine) Rules Rule 85 provides that every owner or occupier of
every workshop, workplace or other premises where persons are employed shall provide proper
and sufficient latrines for use by employees. Rule 87 requires every contractor, builder or other
person employing workmen for the demolition, construction, reconstruction or alteration of any
building or other work in any way connected with building to provide in an approved position
sufficient and convenient temporary latrine for use by such workmen. Rule 91 provides that no
person shall construct a latrine in connection with a building other than a water closet or a
urinal, where any part of the site of such building is within 200 feet of a sewer belonging to the
local authority which is at a suitable level, and where there is sufficient water supply.
Relevance
This Act is applicable to the project since the contractor will be required to provide temporary
toilets for use by workers to the site during construction phase of the proposed project.
4.3.8 Penal Code
Section 191 of the Penal Code makes it an offence for any person or institution that voluntarily
corrupts, or foils water for public springs or reservoirs rendering it less fit for its ordinary use.
Similarly, section 192 of the same act prohibits making the atmosphere in any place to make it
noxious to health of persons/institution in dwellings or business premises in the neighborhood
or those passing along a public way.
Relevance
The Contractor will be required to ensure strict adherence to the Environmental Management
Plan throughout the project cycle in order to mitigate against any possible negative impact
associated with dust, noise and or effluent discharge.
4.3.9 Physical Planning Act, 1996

Section 36 states that if in connection with a development application a local authority is of the
opinion that proposals for industrial location, dumping sites, sewerage treatment, quarries or
any other development activity will have injurious impact on the environment, the applicant
shall be required to submit together with the application an environmental impact assessment
report. Section 30(1) requires a developer in any local authority to be granted development
permission by the respective local authority, failure to which heavy fines will ensue; and the land

registrar shall decline to register such a document. No subdivision of private land shall take place
within a local authority unless the subdivision is in accordance with the requirements of an
approved local physical development plan.
Relevance
The proponent will adhere to any conditions from Kiambu County Physical Planning.
4.3.10 Employment Act

53. (1) Notwithstanding any provision of any written law, no person shall employ a child in any
activity which constitutes worst form of child labour. 56. (1) No person shall employ a child who
has not attained the age of thirteen years whether gainfully or otherwise in any undertaking. (2)
A child of between thirteen years of age and sixteen years of age may be employed to perform
light work which is
 Not likely to be harmful to the child’s health or development; and

 Not such as to prejudice the child’s attendance at school, his participation in vocational
orientation or training programmes approved by Minister or his capacity to benefit from the
instructions received.
Relevance
The project proponent and the contractor will need to understand the requirements of the Act
during employment at construction stage and operation phases of the project such as ensuring
that employees are of the right age, entitlement to leave, protection from discrimination and
sexual harassment among others.
4.3.11 Traffic Act

This Act specifies that motor vehicles use proper fuel. The traffic Regulations promulgated under
the Act specifies that every vehicle is required to be well constructed, maintained and used so as
not to emit any smoke or visible vapour.
Relevance

The contractor should ensure that all vehicles used throughout the project construction phase
for transportation comply with this Act. This will include having valid insurance, properly
maintained vehicles, and ensure only licensed drivers operate the machines.
4.3.12 Water Act, 2016

Section 63 of the Act specifies that every person in Kenya has the right to clean and safe water in
adequate quantities and to reasonable standards of sanitation as stipulated in Article 43 of the
Constitution.
Relevance
The proponent is required to dispose waste water in accordance to the stipulated quality
standards.
4.3.13 Work Injury Benefits Act (WIBA)

It is an act of Parliament to provide for compensation to workmen for injuries suffered in the
course of their employment. It outlines the following:
 Employer’s liability for compensation for death or incapacity resulting from accident;
 Compensation in fatal cases;
 Compensation in case of permanent partial incapacity;
 Compensation in case of temporary incapacity;
 Persons entitled to compensation and methods of calculating the earnings;
 No compensation shall be payable under this Act in respect of any incapacity or death
resulting from a deliberate self-injury;
 Notice of an accident, causing injury to a workman, of such a nature as would entitle him for
compensation shall be given in the prescribed form to the director.
Relevance
The contractor will need to abide by all the provisions of WIBA in managing hazardous
environment and accord injured persons their dues in terms of shouldering the medical
expenses or compensation of the families should there be loss of life.

4.3.14 Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007
This is an Act of Parliament to provide for the safety, health and welfare of all workers and all
persons lawfully present at workplaces, to provide for the establishment of the National Council
for Occupational Safety and Health and for connected purposes. It applies to all workplaces
where any person is at work, whether temporarily or permanently. The purpose of this Act is to:
 Secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work;
 Protect persons other than persons at work against safety and health arising out of, or in
connection with the activities of persons at work.
The Occupational Safety and Health Act 2007 (OSHA 2007) Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 111
(Acts No.15) dated October 26, 2007 revokes the Factories and Other Places of Work Cap.514.
The scope of OSHA 2007 has been expanded to cover all workplaces including offices, schools,
academic institutions, factories and plantations. It establishes codes of practices to be approved
and issued by the Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health Services (DOSHS) for practical
guidance of the various provisions of the Act.
Relevance
The Contractor will be required to comply with all the provisions of the Act throughout the
project cycle including: ensuring registration of construction site as a workplace with DOSHS;
management of safety hazards, forming health and safety committees and reporting all the
accidents and near misses.
4.3.15 The Land Act, 2012

Part II Section 8 provides guidelines on management of public land by National Land Commission
(NLC) on behalf of both National and County Governments. This law in Section 8(b) stipulates
that the Commission shall evaluate all parcels of public land based on land capability
classification, land resources mapping consideration, overall potential for use, and resource
evaluation data for land use planning.
Relevance
The proponent has consent from the donor of the land on which the development is proposed.

4.3.16 Land and Environment court Act
This is an Act of Parliament to give effect to Article 162(2) (b) of the Constitution; to establish a
superior court to hear and determine disputes relating to the environment and the use and
occupation of, and title to, land, and to make provision for its jurisdiction functions and powers,
and for connected purposes. The principal objective of this Act is to enable the Court to facilitate
the just, expeditious, proportionate and accessible resolution of disputes governed by this Act.
Section 13 (2) (b) of the Act outlines that in exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 162 (2) (b) of
the Constitution, the Court shall have power to hear and determine disputes relating to
environment and land.
Relevance
Any land or/and environmental cases arising from the project will be handled in accordance with
the provisions of this act.
4.3.17 Building Code 1997

The County Government By-Laws are Building By-Laws that give it powers to approve building
plans. Such plans are expected to provide for public buildings and factories among others. The
By-Laws covers factory chimney shafts, stairs, lifts, rain water disposal, refuse disposal,
ventilation of buildings, drainage, sanitary conveniences, sewers, septic and conservancy tanks,
fire and means of escape in case of fire. Compliance with this Act in up scaling of power supply
is necessary. Section 194 requires that where sewer exists, the occupants of the nearby
premises shall apply to the local authority for a permit to connect to the sewer line and all the
wastewater must be discharged into sewers. The code also prohibits construction of structures
or buildings on sewer lines and under power lines.
4.3.18 County Governments Act 2012

The local government act has been repealed after the final announcement of all the results of
the first elections held under the Constitution as per the County Governments Act of 2012.
Under section 134 subsection (1), The Local Government Act is repealed upon the final
announcement of all the results of the first elections held under the Constitution. It further states
in section 134, subsection (2) reads “All issues that may arise as a consequence of the repeal

under subsection (1) shall be dealt with and discharged by the body responsible for matters
relating to transition”. Part VIII of the act on Citizen Participation (87) (b) emphasizes on the
right of citizens to participate to any development projects prior to their implementation. The
proponent will work in liaison with the County Government to ensure compliance with land use
requirements within the county.
Relevance
The proponent will be required to always consult with the public during the project
implementation phase in order to harmonize the existence of the project with its neighborhood
and to ensure environmental status of the neighbors are not compromised by the project.
4.3.19 The Energy Act, 2006

This is an Act of Parliament passed to amend and consolidate the law relating to energy; to
provide for the establishment, powers and functions of the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC)
and the Rural Electrification Authority; and for connected purposes. The provisions of the Act
apply to every person or body of persons importing, exporting, generating, transmitting,
distributing, supplying or using electrical energy, petroleum products, various forms of energy,
and all works or apparatus for any or all of these purposes.
Relevance
The proponent will apply for license from ERC. Electrical installation work should only be carried
out by an electrician or electrical contractor licensed by the ERC and this should be adhered to
by the project management.
4.3.20 Licenses and Permits

The following licenses and permits are required of the project.
Table 6: Licences and permits

Legislation Requirement (Licences / Permits) Regulator
Environmental  Carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment National
Management & prior to implementation of the project. Environment
Coordination Act  The project cycle should follow the Management
(Amended) (2015) recommendations in the EMP of the EIA report

and the conditions as laid out in the NEMA Authority (NEMA)
License.
Occupational Health  Registration of the workplace with DOSHS Directorate of
and Safety  Display Abstract of Factories and other places of Occupational
Regulations 2007 Work / OSHA. safety and Health Services
(OSHA).
Energy Act, 2006  Application of ERC permit before project Energy Regulatory
implementation Commission
Public Health Act  Inspections on cleanliness and prevention of County government
(rev.1996 nuisances to neighbours and employees.
Physical Planning Act  Development application to be made for any new Kiambu County
(1996) buildings.
 Approval of plans for new Structures from the
County Government
4.4 Policy Framework

4.4.1 Environmental policy framework
The Kenya Government’s environmental policy is geared towards sound environmental
management for sustainable development. This is envisaged in the principle of prudent use,
which requires that the present day usage should not “compromise the needs of the future
generations”.
The Kenya Government’s environmental policy aims at integrating environmental aspects into
national development plans. The broad objectives of the national environmental policy include:
 Optimal use of natural land and water resources in improving the quality of human
environment;
 Sustainable use of natural resources to meet the needs of the present generations
while preserving their ability to meet the needs of future generations;
 Integration of environmental conservation and economic activities into the process of
sustainable development; and

 Meet national goals and international obligations by conserving bio-diversity,
arresting desertification, mitigating effects of disasters, protecting the ozone layer
and maintaining an ecological balance on earth.
4.4.2 Kenya’s Vision 2030

Vision 2030 is a government development strategy that is aimed at steering Kenya to a middle
income country by the year 2030. One of the 3 pillars is economic advancement aimed at
poverty reduction. The Theta 600 KW Solar PV Solar Power Project will contribute to this vision
as it promotes the creation of wealth creation opportunities. In addition, the vision advocates
for value addition.
4.4.3 The National Land Policy

The National Land Policy adopted by the cabinet as Sessional Paper No. 3 of 2009,
acknowledges environmental problems faced by Kenya. These include degradation of natural
resources such as forests, wildlife, water, marine and coastal resources as well as soil erosion
and the pollution of air, water and land. In its section 129 the policy provides for ecosystem
protection, urban environment management, environmental assessment and audits to be
undertaken to conserve and manage the environment.
4.4.4 Relevant International Conventions and Treaties
Kenya is signatory to several international conventions and treaties that would need to be
adhered to in implementing this project and are geared towards environmental
protection and conservation. Some of these include;
a) ILO Conventions ratified by Government of Kenya- Kenya have ratified 43

ILO conventions and those that are relevant to this study includes
 Safety and Health in Construction Recommendation, 1988
 Recruiting of Indigenous Workers Convention, 1936 (No.50)
 Contracts of Employment (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1939 (No. 64)
 Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) Minimum age specified: 16 years
 Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975 (No. 143)

b) Convention on Wetlands or the Ramsar Convention
c) Convention on Biodiversity
d) The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
e) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species
f) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
g) United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
h) Important Bird Areas
i) The World Heritage Convention
j) UNESCOs Man and Biosphere
k) New Partnership for Africa Development (NEPAD)
l) East African Community.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs deals with international treaties at the primary stages of
negotiation. The ministry offers advisory guide to the government on the need to ratify
such a treaty if considered to be of national interest. Implementation portfolio then
moves to the line ministry, relevant departments and co-operating agencies.
4.4.5 Applicable World Bank Policies
The World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies (ten of them) are a
cornerstone of its support to sustainable poverty reduction. The objective of these
policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and the environment in the
development process. These policies provide guidelines for the identification, preparation,
and implementation of programs and projects. The following operational policies of the
World Bank are relevant for the proposed Theta Tea Factory Solar project from an
environmental and social viewpoint:
Table 7: Safeguard Policies Triggered in Theta Tea Factory Solar PV

Safeguard Policies Triggered by the Project Yes Potential No
Environmental Assessment OP/BP 4.01 X
Natural Habitats OP/BP 4.04 X
Forests OP/BP 4.36 X
Pest Management OP 4.09 X
Physical Cultural Resources OP/BP 4.11 X
Indigenous Peoples OP/BP 4.10 X

Involuntary Resettlement OP/BP 4.12 X
Safety of Dams OP/BP 4.37 X
Projects on International Waters OP/BP 7.50 X
Projects in Disputed Areas OP/BP 7.60 X
4.4.6 Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01)
OP/BP 4.01 is triggered because the activities/interventions proposed under this project
may have low impacts on the natural environment and human health. As the project
during construction requires minimal clearing up of sites, excavations, which have impacts
(though minimal) to physical and biological environment within the project site.
Environmental Assessment is used by the World Bank to identify, avoid, and mitigate the
potential negative environmental impacts associated with the Bank’s operations early on in
the project cycle. The policy states that Environment Assessment (EA) and mitigation
plans are required for all projects having significant adverse environmental impacts or
involuntary resettlement. Assessment should include analysis of alternative designs and
sites, including the “no project option” and require public participation and information
disclosure before the Bank approves the project.
In World Bank-funded operations, the purpose of Environmental Assessment is to

improve decision making, to ensure that project options under consideration are sound
and sustainable, and that potentially affected people have been properly consulted and
their concerns addressed. The World Bank's environmental assessment policy and
recommended processing are described in Operational Policy (OP)/Bank Procedure (BP) 4.01:
Environmental Assessment.
4.4.7 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11)
The World Bank Policy OP/BP 4.11 defines physical cultural resources as movable or
immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, natural features and landscapes
that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or
other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural
settings, and may be above or below ground, or under water. Their cultural interest
may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community.

The Bank assists countries to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts on physical cultural
resources from the development projects that it finances. The impacts on physical cultural
resources resulting from project activities, including mitigating measures, may not
contravene either the borrower’s national legislation, or its obligations under relevant
international environmental treaties and agreements.
4.4.8 Indigenous People (OP/BP 4.10)
Indigenous People (OP/BP 4.10) is not triggered because t he r e i s n o p resence of a n y

i n d i g e n o u s c o m m u n i t y i n t h e p r o j e c t l o c a ti o n . T his policy states that any
development process under World Bank financing should fully respect the dignity,
human rights, economies, and cultures of Indigenous Peoples (IPs). The project should
engage in a process of free, prior, and informed consultation with IPs that should result in
broad community support to the project by the affected Indigenous Peoples.
Projects should include measures to avoid potentially adverse effects on the IP’s
communities or when avoidance is not feasible, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for such
effects. They should ensure that the IPs receive social and economic benefits that are
culturally appropriate and gender and inter-generationally inclusive.
4.4.9 Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)
As per World Bank policy, Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) is triggered in case the project
results into loss of private properties such as land, houses, structures and commercial places or
disruption of formal /informal sources of income and livelihoods happens due to project
interventions. The Theta Solar PV interventions are, however, not likely to involve physical
displacement through involuntary land taking as the required land belongs to the KTDA
Nevertheless, the Project will require to comply fully with the mitigation measures specified in

Table 4 to address the adverse social impacts in case the involuntary resettlement issue is
triggered as a result of project’s interventions. .
OP/BP 4.12 recognizes that involuntary land-taking resulting in loss of shelter, assets or access
and income or sources of income should be addressed in World Bank-financed projects. Displaced
persons should be meaningfully consulted, given opportunities to participate in planning and
implementing resettlement programs and assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and
standards of living. Absence of legal title to land should not be a bar for compensation,
resettlement, and rehabilitation assistance. Vulnerable groups such as IPs, women-headed
households, and senior citizens should be entitled to special benefit packages in addition to
compensation and resettlement. The Operational Policy is applicable whenever there is
involuntary land taking resulting in displacement of people and / or loss of livelihood or source of
livelihood.
4.4.10 Forestry (OP 4.36)

There is no community or Government’s forest in within the Theta Solar PV because it is within
the factory premises.

5. CHAPTER FIVE: ANALYSIS OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
5.1 Introduction
This section examines alternatives to the establishment of the solar power project in terms of the
site, products, materials, technology and waste management. Also, impacts of each alternative
are identified, discussed and compared with those of this development proposal. This
information provides the reviewers with a basis for decision making.
5.2 The proposed Development Alternative

The EIA Project report will be presented to the National Environmental Management Authority.
This will help in evaluating and examining the effects of the project on the environment. After
the evaluation and under the proposed development alternative, an Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) License would be issued. This way, NEMA would approve for the
implementation of the solar project. However, the development has to ensure that all
environmental measures are complied with during the construction period and during
occupation and operation.
The alternative consists of the proponent’s/applicants final proposal with the inclusion of the
NEMA guidelines and regulations and procedures. This is as stipulated in the Environmental
Management and Co-ordination Act (EMCA) of 2015 Amendment, which aims at reducing
environmental impacts to the maximum extent practicable.
5.3 Site Alternatives

The site upon which the proponent intends to develop this infrastructure is within its premises,
and the best available due to its distance from the Tea Factory powerhouse. Land use at the
factory has been well planned, and therefore, there is no other alternative site available to the
factory for the proposed development. Assuming the project will be given a positive response
(after (say) relocation) by the relevant Authorities including NEMA, it (project) would have been
delayed for a long period before implementation. This would also lead to a situation like No
Action Alternative (as explained below). The other consequence of this is that it would
discourage other investors especially in the energy sector. In consideration of the above

concerns and assessment of the current proposed site, relocation is not a viable option.
The current location, therefore, provides a most suitable place. In determining the most
appropriate sites for the establishment of the new PV solar power plant, various options were
investigated. This site selection process considered the following criteria:
 The availability and accessibility of primary resources required for the operation of the
power plant, such as sun (i.e. the required Direct Normal Insolation);
 Availability of land to locate the plant and associated infrastructure;
 The need for such a project
 The availability and accessibility of infrastructure for the provision of services, manpower
and social structure for the construction and operation of the solar power plant; and
 General environmental acceptability in terms of social impacts, general ecology, etc.
Through a series of feasibility and high-level screening studies undertaken, the proposed
identified site is ranked as the most favorable area for the establishment of the Proposed 600
KW Solar Power Project since it falls in the centre of the target community hence easy
distribution of power.
5.4 No Project Option

The No Project option in respect to the proposed project implies that the status quo is
maintained. This option is the most suitable alternative from an extreme environmental
perspective as it ensures non-interference with the existing conditions. This option will however,
involve several losses both to the financiers, proponent, the community as a whole. The No
Project Option is the least preferred from the socio-economic and partly environmental
perspective due to the following factors:
 There will be no added values to the proposed project site.
 Lack of attempts to achieve Vision 2030, working toward clean energy production.
 There will be no added value to other developments in the neighbourhood.
 The proponent will not benefit from the revenue expected from the Solar power facility
as it runs its machinery.
 The County government kitty will not benefit from the revenue to be earned due to the

establishment of the proposed solar project.
 The economic status of the Kenyans and the local people would remain unchanged.
 The local skills would remain underutilized.
 Reduced interaction both at local, national and international levels.
 No employment opportunities will be created for the local residents who will work in the
project
 Discouragement for investors to produce this level of affordable facility to the public.
 Development of infrastructural facilities (roads, electrical etc.) will not be undertaken
From the analysis above, it becomes apparent that the No Project Option is no alternative to the
proponent, local people, Kenyans, and the county and national governments.
5.5 Alternative to technology

Choice of technology is normally an engineering decision informed by consideration of site
conditions, availability of appropriate materials, labour versus capital intensive policy, budgetary
provisions, requirements for Operation and Maintenance etc. the choice of entire design will be
subjected to review to ensure that the selected technology offers a combination of technical
feasibility, economic viability and socially acceptable. The proposed technology seems suitable
both to the proponent and the environment since it has minimal environmental pollution.
5.6 Analysis of Alternative Construction Materials and Technology

The proposed development will be constructed using modern, locally and internationally
accepted materials to achieve public health, safety, security and environmental aesthetic
requirements. Equipment that saves energy will be given first priority without compromising on
cost or availability factors. The equipment and fittings that will be used will meet the Kenya
Bureau of Standards requirements.
5.7 The comparison of Alternatives

Under the proposed Development Alternative, the project would fully develop the proposed
600 kW solar power project. This would provide employment directly and indirectly to the area
population. It would provide jobs for the workers during construction. After completion more

jobs would be generated for management of the project. The project would also increase
government revenue through the payment of the various fees by the occupier before engaging
in any business. This way, the industrial development would expand and the country’s GDP
would go up.
Under the No Action Alternative, there would be no development whatsoever. There would be
no increased benefits from the site neither would there be the insignificant environmental
Impacts. With the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures, including sound
construction management practices, the anticipated impacts on soils and drainage, air and
water quality will be reduced and where possible avoided. Commitment associated with this
alternative would ensure that potential negative impacts are avoided or reduced to levels of
insignificance.
5.8 Mitigation for the proposed Action

Mitigation measures include proper handling of the waste material as generated especially
during clearing and preparation of the site. The application or adaptation of standard
construction management practices is fundamental. Conflicts arising from the foreseen negative
impacts will be solved through consultation with the neighbours/public; by explaining the
mitigation measures prescribed for the impacts. In addition, the mitigation measures would be
appropriately designed and implemented to protect the environment and especially water, soil,
drainage, flora and fauna of the area/site. The environmental statutory certificate that would be
issued and the project (environmental) aspects included in the report would help to control
damage to the environment. This is in accordance to the Environmental Management and Co-
ordination Act (EMCA), 2015 Amendment.

6. CHAPTER SIX: CONSULTATIONS AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
6.1 Introduction
The Kenyan government has enshrined the need for human societies’ involvement in project
development in the constitution. This has been set out in Environmental (Impact Assessment
and Audit) Regulations, 2003 which requires that community participation be part of EIA. It has
also been demonstrated that projects that go through this process will acquire high level of
public acceptance and accrue benefits for a wider section of the society.
Public consultations form a useful component for gathering, understanding and establishing
likely impacts of projects determining community and individual preferences and selecting
alternatives. Furthermore, through public participation, it is possible to enhance project designs
and ensure sustainability of the projects.
Fig 13: Public participation meetings in the area

6.2 Objectives of the public consultation
The objective of the Consultation and Public Participation (CPP) as required in EMCA,
Amendment 2015 was to:-
1. Disseminate and inform the public and other stakeholders about the proposed Soar Power
project with special reference to its key components, location and anticipated impacts.
2. Create awareness among the public on the need for the EIA for the proposed project.
3. Gather comments, concerns and suggestions of the interested and, would be
affected/interested parties.
4. Ensure that the concerns of the interested and, would be affected/interested parties were
known to the decision-making bodies and the proponent at an early phase of project
development planning.
5. Establish a communication channel between the interested, would be affected/interested
parties, the team of consultants and the Government.
6. Incorporate the information collected in the study by EIA Expert.
The purpose for such a process was to identify the positive and negative impacts of the project
and subsequently suggest mitigation measures. It also helped in identifying other miscellaneous
issues which may bring conflicts during project implementation phase.
6.3 Approach
During the study period, the EIA team conducted visits to the project area in order to collect
information on the biophysical and socio-economic environment. Key informants included the
factory management, factory workers and local residents who are basically tea farmers, non-
state actors, county and local administration. One on one interviews and Open ended
questionnaires were administered to key stakeholders in the project area. Copies of the
administered questionnaires are attached in Annexes of this project report.
The Study team together with the management committee did not organise for a public baraza
as it is usually done on other occasions but settled for one on one engagement with the
stakeholders as part of the ministry of health and WHO guidelines and regulations with regard to
combating COVID-19 pandemic that prohibits public gatherings. The ESIA team was therefore
able to move from one place to another with the help of a local leader and collect views from

stakeholders. The maximum number of people that were met at a time was five as public
distance of 2 metres was kept among other WHO guidelines. An average time of ten minutes
was taken with each engagement as another measure stipulates that people are not supposed
to meet for long. This was done on 12th June 2020 where 33 people participated. (The minutes
and list of attendance of the meeting is attached in the annexes of this EIA report.)
Fig 14: Pictures of public participation in the area
6.4 Positive Comments

The following is a summary of the views of the local community and stakeholders interviewed:
 The project is good for the development of the county since it will boost power supply
and improve on industrial development and should therefore be undertaken.
 Will open up the area for more business opportunities hence improved living standards.
 Creation of employment opportunities
 The project will contribute to clean environment and help in saving money being spent
on fossil fuel.

6.5 Negative Issues
The Solar power project would have very few social economic and environmental impacts as
viewed by the surrounding community. However, some of the stakeholders had a few
reservations about the project and raised the following concerns:
 Vegetation destruction during installation of transmission lines.
 There would be increased pollution from transport vehicles during construction.
 Accidents and risks of electric shock
6.6 Analysis of the public consultation
The overall conclusion from the public meeting and interviews with the local residents led to
determination of the following:
 If the EMP is adhered to, all the potential negative impacts will be addressed conclusively
 The project is unlikely to have adverse effects to the environment if managed properly.
 The proposed project is acceptable to all the respondents.
 The project will uplift the market value and economic viability of the premises around the
site.
 The proposed project will benefit the members of the community at large through boosting
of the area economically and creation of jobs
6.7 Conclusion
From the various public consultations undertaken by the ESIA study team, it is obvious that the
project is very welcome in the region. The public interviewed welcomed the proposed project
and were optimistic that the project will create employment opportunities, stimulate the local
economy by opening up sectors of business, and provide affordable electricity to the local
residents. There was no major negative issue raised as far as the new development is concerned.
From the analyses, the Consultant concluded that there were no major negative public
objections as far as the proposed project is concerned. Therefore the project is commendable
for approval by NEMA.

7.0 CHAPTER SEVEN: IMPACT IDENTIFICATION
7.1 Impact Identification and Analysis

The proposed project, like any other physical development activity, is bound to impact on the
biophysical and socio-economic environments at the various stages of its implementation and
operation. These impacts need to be analysed prior to its implementation in order to mitigate
against the probable negative impacts. This EIA report attempts to reconcile the proposed
development to the environmental needs. The maximization of the positive impacts of a
development project while minimizing the negative impacts of the same remains crucial in the
realization of sustainable development.
The environmental impact assessment and analysis was done using a number of methods and
tools. While identifying impacts, a checklist was used. This indicated all possible impacts that
would accrue from implementation of this project. A weighted matrix was used to examine the
level of impact for each particular impact.
7.2 Methodology
The impacts are examined under two categories i.e. negative environmental impacts and
positive environmental impacts. The various impacts in these two categories are then examined
in order of their level of importance and significance. They are also examined in categories of
their time of occurrence (construction or operational phase).
The following possible impacts were determined.

Table 8: Checklist identifying potential impacts from the project
Identified Impacts Project stage
Design Construction Operation Decommissioning

Air pollution-
dust, hydrocarbons - -
1. increased noise _ -
Soil
1. soil loss - -
Bio-diversity
1. loss of flora -
2. loss of fauna -
3. habitat alteration - -
Population
1. employment + + + +
2. quality of life + + + +
3. Infrastructure + + +
Water
1. surface flow - _
2. water balance
3. Site drainage -
others
1. landscape - + +
2. Cultural
3. economy + + +
4. aesthetics - + +
Wastes - - +
- A symbol denoting negative impact
+ A symbol denoting positive impact
The above checklist identifies potential impacts from the proposed projects’ different phases
7.3 Significance Matrix

The weightings of significance within the table below 7 range from 0-3 whereby 0 represents no
significance; 1 represents low significance; 2 means there will be some significant effect; and 3
represents high environmental significance.

Seven (7) environmental attributes were considered against the project activities. A total score
of 0-7 on any row will represent an activity with negligible or no significance. A score of 8-14 will
represent activities with significant impacts that will require some intervention to avoid adverse
impacts. Aspects ranging from 15-21 will have high significance and these would have
detrimental effects on the environment if left unchecked.
The matrix below conveys the negative impacts of the project activities against identified
environmental attributes.
Table 9: Matrix showing significance of impact identified

Impact matrix Environmental Attributes
Weighting
0= not significant
1= low significance
population
hydrology
landscape
2= significant
Totals
fauna
flora
3= high significance
soil
air
Project Activities
Design phase
Planning and design 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Impact assessment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Construction phase
Ground clearing 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 5
Excavation 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 6
Materials transfer 1 1 2 1 2 0 0 7
Construction 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 4
Waste handling 1 1 1 1 2 0 1 7
Operation phase
Residency 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 5
Human movement 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3
Waste generation 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 12

Traffic flow
0 0 3 1 1 0 0 4
Total 7 6 13 9 11 1 6
The horizontal sum totals represent the significance level of the project activities on the
environment. Not much emphasis will be placed on activities with low or no significance score
that are less than 7.
The vertical totals depict environmentally sensitive environments. With 7 activities on each
column, each attribute can have a maximum score of 21. The maximum score would represent a
very sensitive attribute that will require some intervention to curb adverse impacts. There are
however some positive impacts of the project with regard to economic gains, viz: employment
creation, market for goods, boost in other businesses, etc.
7.4 Construction Phase
7.4.1 Positive Impacts
Based on project feasibility study report, scoping report, inception report including the TOR on
the project, desktop and ground assessments on the existing baseline data, potential positive
impacts have been identified that are likely to result from the proposed project, construction
of proposed solar power. The proposed project will likely to have the following positive
impacts.
Creation of Employment and business opportunities

There will be job opportunities especially to casual workers during construction of the solar
power plant. Employment opportunities are a benefit both in economic and social sense. In the
economic sense, it means abundant skilled/unskilled labour will be used in economic
production. In the social sense, these young and energetic otherwise poor people will be
engaged in productive employment other than remaining idle. Remaining idle may attract them
into social ills like drug abuse and other criminal activities like robberies. Consultants will also

benefit from the short-term opportunities occasioned by the design, supervision, and approval
process of the project. Additionally, there will be business opportunities in the supply of
construction material and provision of food to the construction workers.
Gains in the Local and National Economy

There will be gains in the local, county and national economy. Through consumption of locally
available materials including: power cables, poles, steel structures, hardware materials such as
nuts, bolts, and cement. The consumption of these materials, fuel oil and others will attract
taxes including VAT which will be payable to the national and county governments. The cost of
the materials will be payable directly to the suppliers.
Market for Supply of structural construction materials

The project will require supply of construction materials most of which will be sourced locally
in within the country and a few from imports. This provides ready market for such materials
suppliers such as hardware shops, companies, and individuals with such materials.
7.4.2 Negative Impacts
Noise pollution
The construction works will most likely be a noisy operation due to the moving machines and
incoming vehicles to deliver construction materials and workers to site. The immediate
surrounding will experience an increase in human traffic and noise during ground preparation. In
a construction site, noise is likely to be produce by the construction machinery doing the civil
and electrical works. To prevent this, machine operators and workers who will be in close
proximity to the machinery will be required to wear protective gears such as earmuffs. The
prevalence of acute noise damages occur when the ear is exposed to a single or relatively few
exposures of sound at threshold levels of 100-120 dB and these damages to the ear can be
either temporary or permanent.
Disposal of Excavated Soil

Little excavation is likely to take place at the project plant site and installation of transmission

poles. The little excavation works will result in the generation of small amounts of excavated
material. Nevertheless, there will be no carrying away of excavated material. It will all be
utilized on site to adjust levels where necessary. Therefore, there will be no different types of
excavated soil mixed up and no problem of dumping excavated soils.
General safety and Dust Emissions

Particulate matter pollution is likely to occur during the site clearance, excavation and
spreading of the topsoil. There is a possibility, though not very high, of dust particles affecting
the site workers and even neighbors health, given the size of construction. The contractor will
therefore, be required to provide them with PPE like boots, harness, gloves, proper work
clothes, dust masks, and earmuffs and adhere to the safety precautions as stipulated in the
Occupational Health and Safety Act. Other safety precautions will include:
 Wetting the ground to prevent dust.

 Relevant warning signs to be displayed in all sections of site, dangerous areas and
machines
 Restrict the movement of unauthorized personnel at site
 Litter and debris to be collected, stored, and disposed appropriately to avoid injuries
during and after the construction.
 Warning DANGER/HATARI cable markers will also be laid along the cable routes
Human fecal waste management

The project is expected to attract a large pool of human labour and their concentration in an
area can result in this waste management problem. The construction workers will generate
faecal waste during their day-to-day operations. The generated waste needs proper handling
to prevent disease, for example diarrhea, outbreak on the site. Hence, one of the significant
health concerns associated with such projects includes shortage of facilities like toilets and
catering facilities for construction workers. It is the role of the contractor to ensure that the
workers are provided with these sanitary facilities. Either temporary facilities should be put in
place before the construction commences or, alternative arrangements could be done such
that the personnel working along the line could get the facilities from the immediate

communities.
Destruction of existing vegetation

The construction process will involve clearing of the existing vegetation cover. The proponent
will replace this with some planting of many indigenous and other useful firewood and fodder
trees and grass in all affected areas. Proposed project may have negative safety impacts on the
immediate environment including flora and fauna. However, the proponent must put in place
measures towards protecting vegetation and organisms surrounding the project.
Generation of Exhaust Emissions

Exhaust emissions are likely to be generated by the construction equipment during the
construction phase. Motor vehicles used to mobilise the work force and materials for
construction would cause a potentially significant air quality impact by emitting pollutants
through exhaust emissions. Not large quantities of materials will be needed for this particular
project. The air emissions from construction machinery and traffic will be minor and they will
have negligible impact on ambient air quality.
Possible exposure to workers to diseases

During construction phase, workers are likely to be exposed to diseases from construction
materials. It is therefore recommended that before the construction commences, there is need
for the materials to be well inspected according to the occupational health and safety
standards. Other concerns will include incidences of vector borne and water borne disease.
When solid wastes are not well managed there is potential of disease outbreak due to suitable
breeding conditions for vectors of cholera and typhoid. If the wastes find their way to water
body its quality may be lowered. Malaria outbreak could also be exacerbated by the presence
of open water ditches for breeding of anopheles mosquitoes. The major vulnerable groups are
children who could be exposed to these conditions.
Solid Waste Generation

During construction, solid waste will be generated. These include papers used for packing solar

panels, metal, plastics and timber remains among others. Dumping along the site will interfere
with the aesthetic status of the area. This has a direct effect to the surrounding community.
Disposal of the same solid wastes off-site could also be a social inconvenience if done in the
wrong places. The off-site effects could be aesthetic, pest breeding, pollution of physical
environment, invasion of scavengers and informal recycling communities. There is likely loss of
existing under growth during the clearing of the way leaves for the cable installation work.
There will also be solid waste generated from the excavation works. To dispose the soil, some
of the excavated soil will be reused as backfill while the rest will be disposed of to the
designated areas. Other solid wastes will include metallic pieces, wooden planks, and stone
debris. All the wastes will be disposed of according to Waste Disposal and Management
Regulations, 2006.
HIV/AIDS
The influx of new people, like construction workers, can affect the number of new cases of HIV,
because they often interfere with an otherwise stable situation and at the same time the
newcomers themselves are at higher risk. During the construction phase of the project, there
may be an increase in the interaction of persons of both genders. This interaction may at times
result in sexual relations with potential subsequent increase in HIV/AIDS infection rates.
7.5 Operation Phase
Clean Energy Generation

The proposed project will contribute to clean source of energy free from green house gases. In
line with commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Kenya’s largest contributing
sector, the energy sector, is taking steps to address this need. As a result, a transformation
program is currently being employed to diversity to energy mix, so as to reduce a current
dependency on fossil fuel derived electricity.
Improved visibility and security in the night

With the project in place, it will be easy to install street lights which will be a major positive

impact to the residents of the project area. The lighting will enhance night vision to pedestrians,
drivers, cyclists and other road users. Through the lighting, security is expected to improve.
Minimal Solid and Liquid Waste

At the operation phase, there will be minimal waste generation. The nature of the project does
not concern any activity leading to a lot of waste generation either solid or liquid waste.
Employment creation
Employment opportunities are one of the major impacts of the Solar Power project that will be
realized after construction and during the operation and maintenance of the project
components. These will involve security personnel, plant management staff and creation of
businesses that will be located within the project sites.
Accidents due to electric shock.

The target community if not well sensitized on the proper use of electricity will end up wasting
the power and getting involved in injuries.
7.6 Decommissioning Phase
Rehabilitation
Upon decommissioning of the project, rehabilitation of the project site will be carried out to
restore the site to its original status. This will include replacement of topsoil and re-vegetation
which will lead to improved visual quality of the area.
Employment opportunities
Several employment opportunities will be created for the demolition staff.

Solid waste
Demolition of the project structures and related infrastructure will result in large quantities of
solid waste. The waste will contain the materials used in construction including solar panels.
The proponent will ensure wastes are recycled as much as possible while non-recyclable ones
handled by licensed waste handlers.
Dust
There is a likelihood of dust being generated during demolition works. This will affect
demolition staff as well as the neighboring residents.

8.0 CHAPTER EIGHT: MITIGATION MEASURES AND MONITORING PROGRAMMES
8.1 Introduction
This section highlights the mitigation measures for the expected negative impacts of the
proposed Solar Power Plant project. The potential impacts and the possible mitigation
measures have herein been analysed under two categories: Construction and Operational.
8.2 Mitigation of Construction Related Impacts
8.2.1 Air quality
The proponent is committed to implementing measures that shall reduce air quality impacts
associated with construction. All personnel working on the project will be sensitized on
methods for minimizing air quality impacts during construction. Specific sensitization will be
focused on minimizing dust and exhaust gas emissions from heavy construction vehicles. Dust
control measures will involve watering all active construction areas as and when necessary to
lay dust.
8.2.2 Minimize the effects of noise emitted from the site
Significance of noise impacts depends on whether the project would increase noise levels
above the existing ambient levels by introducing new sources of noise. Noise impacts would be
considered significant if the project would result in the following:
 Exposure of persons to, or generation of, noise levels in excess of standards established
in the local general plan or noise ordinance, or applicable standards of other agencies.
 Exposure of persons to, or generation of, excessive ground-borne vibration or ground-
borne noise levels.
 A substantial permanent increase in ambient noise levels (more than five dBA) in the
project vicinity above levels existing without the project.
 A substantial temporary or periodic increase in ambient noise levels in the project
vicinity above levels existing without the project.
The proponents shall put in place several measures that will mitigate noise pollution arising

during the construction phase. The following noise-suppression techniques will be employed
to minimize the impact of temporary construction noise at the project site.
 Use quiet equipment (i.e. equipment designed with noise control elements).
 Limit pick-up trucks and other small equipment to a minimum idling time and
observe a common-sense approach to vehicle use and encourage workers to shut
off vehicle engines whenever possible.
 Construction/Demolition works should be done during the day when people are
away and also the outside environment is also noisy.
 Adhere to the provisions of Noise Prevention and Control Rules 2005, Legal notice
no. 24 regarding noise limits at the workplace.
 Diesel Generator to be installed with silencers
8.2.3 Worker accidents and hazards when handling hazardous wastes
Adequate collection and storage of waste on site and safe transportation to the disposal sites
and disposal methods at designated area shall be provided. In addition the proponent is
committed to adherence to the occupational health and safety rules and regulations stipulated
in Occupational Health and Safety Act, 2007. In this regard, the proponent is committed to
provision of appropriate personal protective equipment, as well as ensuring a safe and healthy
environment for construction workers as outlined in the EMP.
8.2.4 Worker accidents during construction and operation
Workers accidents during the construction phase shall be mitigated by enforcing adherence to
safety procedures and preparing contingency plan for accident response in addition safety
education and training shall be emphasized. Workers will be provided with appropriate PPEs.
8.2.5 Minimization of vegetation disturbance
Clearance of part of the vegetation at the project site to pave way for construction will be
inevitable. However, the proponent will ensure proper demarcation of the project area to be
affected by the construction works. This will be aimed at ensuring that any disturbance to flora
and fauna is restricted to the actual project area and avoid spill over effects on the neighboring
areas. In the same vein, there will be strict control of construction vehicles to ensure that they
operate only within the area to be disturbed by access routes and other works. Another

important measure aimed at reducing disturbance of vegetation in the project area will be
preservation of individual trees within the site. In addition, the proponent has committed itself
to re-vegetation of some of the disturbed areas through landscaping.
8.2.6 Minimization of run-off and soil erosion
The proponent will put in place some measures aimed at minimizing soil erosion and
associated sediment release from the project site during construction. Construction vehicles
will be restricted to designated areas to avoid soil compaction within the project site, while any
compacted areas will be ripped to reduce run-off.
8.2.7 Minimization of construction waste
It is recommended that demolition and construction waste be recycled or reused to ensure

that materials that would otherwise be disposed of as waste are diverted for productive uses.
In this regard, the proponent is committed to ensuring that construction materials left over at
the end of construction will be used in other projects rather than being disposed of. Such
measures will involve the sale or donation of such recyclable/reusable materials to
construction companies, local community groups, institutions and individual residents or home
owners.
The proponent shall put in place measures to ensure that construction materials requirements
are carefully budgeted and to ensure that the amount of construction materials left on site
after construction is kept minimal. It is further recommended that the proponent should
consider the use of recycled or refurbished construction materials. Purchasing and using once-
used or recovered construction materials will lead to financial savings and reduction of the
amount of construction debris disposed of as waste.
Additional recommendations for minimization of solid waste during construction of the project
include:-
 Use of durable, long- lasting materials that will not need to be replaced as often,
thereby reducing the amount of construction waste generated over time

 Provision of facilities for proper handling and storage of construction materials to
reduce the amount of waste caused by damage or exposure to the elements
 Use of construction materials containing recycled content when possible and in
accordance with accepted standards.
8.2.8 Controlling oil spills during construction phase
The proponent will control the dangers of oil, grease and fuel spills during construction by
maintaining the machinery or vehicles in specific areas designed for this purpose. Machinery
and vehicle site repair will be discouraged and repair work restricted to only approved garages
to avoid pollution from oil, grease and fuel.
8.2.9 Public Health safety and Awareness
The contractor should provide a small section of the construction site with a shed and a water
stand where the food can be served to the construction workers to promote hygiene and
health of the employees. A fully equipped first aid kit should be provided at the site. The
contractor must have workmen’s compensation cover as required by law (The Workmen’s
Compensation Act)
8.2.10 Mitigating HIV/Aids
The objective of the HIV/AIDS initiatives would be to reduce the risks of exposure to and
spread of the HIV virus in the project area. Major targets would be construction workers,
institutional communities and the general members of the community, particularly the youth.
Recommended measures are as follows:
 Develop appropriate training and awareness materials for information, education and
communication (IEC) on HIV/AIDS;
 Identify other players (local CBOs, NGOs, and government organizations) on HIV/AIDS
for enhanced collaboration;
 Develop an intervention strategy compatible with the Solar project construction
programmed to address success of the HIV/AIDS prevention and provide peer
educators for sustainability in collaboration with other stakeholders; and
 Integrate monitoring of HIV/AIDS preventive activities as part of the Solar project

supervision. Basic knowledge, attitude and practices are among the parameters to be
monitored, and particularly on provision of condoms, status testing and use of ARVs.
8.3 Mitigation of Operation Phase Impacts
8.3.1 Ensuring efficient solid waste management
The proponent will be responsible for efficient management of the small solid waste if any
generated by the project during its operation. In this regard, the proponent will provide waste
handling facilities such as waste bins and skips for temporarily holding domestic waste
generated at the site. In addition, the proponent will ensure that such disposed of regularly
and appropriately. The proponent will adhere to the Environmental Management and
Coordination (Waste Management), Regulations 2007.
8.3.2 Ensure general safety within the facility
A perimeter fence will be erected round the project site and a security lighting system
installed. A competent security firm may be engaged to ensure the general safety and security
at all times within and around the solar project.
8.4 Mitigation of Decommissioning Phase Impacts
8.4.1 Efficient solid waste management
Solid waste resulting from demolition or dismantling works will be managed as described in
Section8.2.8.
8.4.2 Reduction of Dust Concentration
High levels of dust concentration resulting from demolition or dismantling works will be
minimized as described in Section 8.2.1
8.4.3 Minimization of Noise and Vibration
Significant impacts on the acoustic environment will be mitigated as described in Section 8.2.2.

9.0 CHAPTER NINE: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT/MONITORING PLAN
9.1 Introduction
The aim of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to detail the actions required to
effectively implement the mitigation measures identified and recommended in the EIA. These
actions are required to minimize negative impacts and enhance positive impacts associated with
the project. The EMP actions present the commitments to be made by the proponent for
addressing the impacts of the proposed project. It is important to note that an EMP is a living
document in that it is to be updated and amended as new information (e.g. environmental
data), policies, authority guidelines and technologies develop.
The EMP is a plan incorporating all the environmental, social and monitoring items which shall
be addressed. The responsible persons/organs have been indicated and the estimated cost
reflected. The costs indicated are however not accurate but will require to be based or designed
on the scope of work and the bill of quantities.

November, 2015
Table 10: Environmental Management/Monitoring Plan

Negative Impacts Mitigation Responsibility Timeframe Monitoring Cost
Measures Frequency (Kshs)
Bio-diversity degradation  Replanting of trees along the Contractor, Construction Regularly 30,000
(clearing of vegetation) edges of the Power plant site. Proponent Phase
Soil erosion  Adopt an appropriate Contractor, Construction Daily, Weekly, 50,000
landscaping programme to Proponent Phase Monthly
curb soil erosion within the
project area
Air pollution by dust  Appropriate PPEs given to Contractor, Construction Continuous 40,000
workers Proponent Phase
 Enforcement of accepted air
quality standards
Noise pollution from site  Appropriate PPEs given to Contractor, Construction Continuous 40,000
activities workers Proponent Phase
Daily -
 Enforcement of air accepted
quality standards
Daily 20,000
 Use of properly maintained

equipment
Poor health and sanitation  Provide adequate toilets and Contractor, Throughout Daily 40,000
as a result of the project maintain them for use by site Proponent Construction
activities workers phase
 Workers to use toilets for local Daily 50,000

community on consent.
 Create awareness Prevention

on HIV/AIDS and other related Continuous 40,000
diseases
 Project wastes to be Collected

by licensed waste handlers Daily 10,000
Security Concerns  Employ trained security Proponent Throughout Continuous 50,000
personnel project cycle
 Fencing off the power plant

site and limiting movement
and attraction of unwanted
characters.
Occupational Health and  Electrical fittings and wiring to Proponent Throughout Continuous 30,000
Safety be done using quality materials project cycle

by qualified personnel.
 The construction site shall be

cordoned off from the general
public and warning signs
against potential dangers
appropriately placed
 Entry to plant site shall be
limited to authorised workers
only
 The project manager should
ensure provision of
appropriate Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE) for
workers
 The contractor should provide
a fully equipped first aid kit for
use in case of an emergency.
 All works which may pose a
hazard to humans and
domestic animals are to be
protected, fenced, demarcated
or cordoned off as instructed

by the contractor.
 Firefighting equipment should
be kept on site and workers
trained on fire safety measures
to be taken in case of an
emergency.
015

10.0CHAPTER TEN: MONITORING PLAN
10.1 Introduction
An Environmental Monitoring Plan is vital for any Environmental Impact Assessment of a
development project. The monitoring plan helps in assessing the effectiveness of proposed
mitigation measures, in assessing changes in environmental conditions and to provide warning of
significant deterioration in environmental quality for further preventive action. The activities and
frequency of monitoring is as presented in the proposed EMP
Environmental monitoring will be carried out to ensure that all the proposed project activities
comply and adhere to environmental provisions and standard specifications, so that all mitigation
measures are implemented. The Contractor in liaison with the Proponent will engage a
responsible person for implementation of social/environmental requirements. The contractor
and the proponent have the responsibility to ensure that the proposed mitigation measures are
properly implemented during all the project phases.
The principle elements of a monitoring plan are:
 A clear statement of aims and objectives,
 Proposed frequency of monitoring,
 An estimate of the resources required for project implementation,
 Delineation of responsibility to implement the monitoring plan,
 Clear project demarcation to avoid encroachment into protected and sensitive areas,
 Occupational Health and Safety aspects to ensure the site is safe,
Specific attention has been made to ensure that the monitoring plan conforms to the following
criteria, it is auditable in that it:
 Identifies specific quantifiable monitoring regimes,
 Delineates key lines of accountability,
 Associates mitigation and monitoring tasks to specific impacts,
 Gives guiding costs of implementation,
 Ensures flexibility to enable incorporation of additional monitoring and mitigation

techniques as deemed necessary throughout the life of the project,
 Conforms to all best practice principles by acknowledging the existence of both long time
and immediate impacts and the resulting mitigation measures necessary to deal with such
and,
10.2 Monitoring Requirements

To ensure that the Environmental Impact Assessment is effective, environmental monitoring is
mandatory. Factors to be monitored should include:
 Solid waste management systems effectiveness in all the project phases,
 Effects of the proposed project impacts to the environmental resources (soil, water and air)
in the project area,
 Effects of the proposed project on the Socio-economic status of the community living in the
project area.
10.3 Monitoring Responsibilities

The law requires that the Proponent of any proposed project ensure that no segment of the
environment is threatened by the activities of the proposed project. Therefore, CBO
management will be required to conduct regular monitoring of the project to comply with the
laws of the land. However, it is recommended that the monitoring responsibility for the
construction phase only be vested on the contractor through a written agreement with
proponent who legally ought to be the responsible party. Otherwise overall monitoring through
all the other project phases rests on the proponent in liaison with the other parties as
presented in the EMP.

11.0CHAPTER ELEVEN: CONCLUSION AND RECCOMMENDATION
11.1 Conclusion
The EIA findings showed that the project design is the most suitable for the area based on the
current state of environment and the available technology as established in the baseline survey.
The overall benefits of the proposed development are far higher than the potential cost of the
negative environmental changes which are likely to occur. The proposed project is desirable
because it will improve the socio-economic status for the tea farmers in the area who will reap a
higher pay of their tea as the electricity cost will go down significantly when this project is
implemented. It will create employment and deliver a wide range of other socio-economic
benefits. The project will also help significantly in the realization of the goals for the Kenya
Vision 2030 by contributing in the economic pillar as well as the social and political pillars.
The result of this study report has indicated that there are no significant negative impacts likely
to be generated by the activities of the proposed project. Most of the potential negative
impacts to be generated have been rated as moderate and low and those rated high are of
positive nature to all the affected stakeholders and Kenya at large.
It is therefore concluded that the proposed project be approved by NEMA subject to the
recommendations being adhered.
11.2 Recommendation
The EIA experts recommend that the proposed project be approved subject to the
implementation of the proposed environmental management plan to avoid environmental and
health surprises during construction and operations.
Conditions for approval should include adherence to the Environmental Management Plan to
ensure the environment is adequately and sustainably managed.
The following are also recommended with respect to the proposed Project.
 That strict adherence to the Environmental Management Plan should be observed;

 That any unforeseen impacts shall be immediately notified to the environmental
assessor to ensure that they are immediately addressed and mitigated; and
 No construction works should commence until the review process is completed and
license issued.

12.0References
1. Assessment of energy and industry projects) by, World Bank, Washington, 1991
2. Dharani N. 2002. Field guide to common Tree & Shrubs of East Africa. Struck
Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa
3. Environmental Assessment Sourcebook Volume I (Policies, procedures, and cross-
sectoral issues), Volume II (sectoral guidelines) Volume III (guidelines for
Environmental
4. Kiambu County CIDP, 2018-2022.
5. Kenya gazette supplement Acts 2000, Environmental Management and
Coordination Act Number 8 of 1999. Government Printer, Nairobi
6. Kenya gazette supplement Acts, Building Code 1968. Government Printer, Nairobi
7. Kenya gazette supplement Acts, Land Planning Act (Cap. 303). Government
Printer, Nairobi
8. Kenya gazette supplement Acts, Physical Planning Act, 1996. Government Printer,
Nairobi
9. Kenya gazette supplement Acts, Public Health Act (Cap. 242). Government
Printer, Nairobi
10. Kenya gazette supplement Acts, Water Act, 2002. Government Printer, Nairobi
11. Kenya gazette supplement Acts, The Land Titles Act (Cap 282), Government
Printers, Nairobi.
12. Kenya gazette supplement, Environmental Management and Co-ordination
(Waste Management) Regulations, 2006, Government Printer, Nairobi
13. Kenya gazette supplement No. 111 (Acts No. 15), The Occupational Safety and
Health Act, 2007, Government Printer, Nairobi
14. Kenya gazette supplement No. 68, Environmental Management and Co-
ordination (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006, Government Printer, Nairobi
15. Kenya gazette supplement No. 74, Environmental Management and Co-
ordination (Fossil Fuel Emission Control) Regulations, 2006, Government Printer,
Nairobi.

16. Kenya gazette supplement number 56, 2003. Environmental (Impact Assessment
and Audit) Regulations. Government Printer, Nairobi .
17. The Making of a Framework Environmental Law in Kenya, by ACTS press, UNEP-
ACTS, 2001
18. Pollution prevention and abatement handbook – Part III, (September, 2001
19. Sanitation Engineering, volume I and II; by R.S. Deshpan
20. Central Bureau of Statistics (Kenya); Geographic Dimensions of Well-Being of
Kenya.
21. Christopher Wood. A comparative Review of Environmental Impact Assessment.
22. Electoral Commission of Kenya; Registration Centres by electoral area and
Constituency.
23. Engineer James Murithi: Developing Small-Hydropower Infrastructure in Kenya.
Paper at 2ndConference on Small-Hydropower For Today IN-SHIP, Hangzhon,
China.
24. GOK (1999) Population and Housing Census Vol. 1: Population Distribution by
Administrative areas and Urban Centers. CBS – Ministry of Finance and Planni ng.
Government Printers; Nairobi, Kenya.
25. GOK (2003). State of Environment Report 2003, Kenya. NEMA – Ministry of
Environment and Natural Resources.
26. Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts, Factory and other places of work Act (Cap 514)
27. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Land Planning Act (Cap. 303) government printer,
Nairobi
28. National Environment Management Authority, Department of Law enforcement
and Compliance.
29. Nairobi Province Development plan (2004-2008). Ministry of Planning and
National Development.
30. Government printers, Nairobi Policy Paper on Environment and Development
(Sessional Paper No. 6 of 1999

13.0Appendices
13.1 Annex 1: Household Socio-Economic Questionnaire

Questionnaire No.
SECTION A INTRODUCTION
Hello. My name is Charles Gitonga. I am working with Development Training and Research
Africa. We have been subcontracted by the Power Research and Development consultants-
India (PRDC) who have been contracted by Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA) to conduct
an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study for proposed KTDA Power Company
Power transmission lines network Extension from the Small Hydro Plants in Murang’a, Nyeri
and Kiambu Counties This study will help us obtain Information that will be used to identify
potential socioeconomic impacts of the proposed project.
(NOTE: This questionnaire shall be administered only to the household head or any other
responsible adult person in the household at the time of the survey)
Name of Respondent County……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Respondent Contact ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. .
Respondent ID No. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Sub-county………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
Division …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Location …………………………………………………………………………………………………………...................
Sub Location …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Name of Interviewer ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Supervisor Village …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Date of Interview ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

.
SECTION B DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
A. Sex of respondent
1. Male
2. Female
B. How old are you (yrs)?
C. What is your marital status?

D. Do you have any children under the age of 18 yrs?
1. Yes
2. No
If yes, how many?
E. What is the highest level of education you attained?
1. Pre-primary
2. Primary
3. Secondary
4. College
5. University
6. Never Attended
(99) Others (Specify)
F. What type of house you dwell in?
1. Permanent
2. Semi-Permanent
3. Temporary
SECTION C HEALTH AND VULNERABILITY
A. How long does it take to get to the nearest health center?
1. < 20 mins
2. 21 – 40 mins
3. 41 – 60 mins
4. Over 1 hour
B. Do you have any member of your household who is disabled?
1. Yes
2. No
C. What is the nature of disability?
D. Has any member of your household been ill within the last four months?
1. Yes
2. No
E. If yes, what is/was the member suffering from?
1. Malaria
2. Flu/Cough
3. Stomach disorders
4. Diarrhoea
5. Cholera
6. Headaches
7. Chronic Illness
8. Other (Specify)
NB:-Chronic illnesses include Ulcers, Sickle Cells, Cancer, Diabetes, Asthma, High Blood Pressure,
Tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS.
SECTION D WATER & SANITATION
A. What is your main source of water for domestic use?
B. How long does it take to get to the nearest water source from your homestead?
1. < 20 mins
2. 21 – 40 mins
3. 41 – 60 mins
4. Over 1 hour
C. How do you ensure water for household use is safe?
1. Boiling
2. Filtering
3. Decanting
4. Use of Chemicals
5. Others
D. Do you have a toilet within your compound?
1. Yes
2. No

E. If Yes in D4 above, what type is it?
1. VIP latrine
2. Simple latrine
3. Flush toilet
99. Others
If No how do you dispose of human waste?
1. Neighbor’s Toilet
2. Bush
3. Burying within compound
99 Others
SECTION E INCOME & LIVELIHOOD
A. Do you own any land?
1. Yes
2. No
If Yes, what is the size?
B. What is your main source of income?

C. Name any other income generating activities practiced.
D. Do you practice crop farming?
1. Yes
2. No
If yes, which crops do you cultivate?
How much do you get per acre/annum?
Do you practice animal farming?

13.2 Annex 2: Minutes of public participation meeting for the proposed Theta Tea Factory
Solar PV Minigrid
Participants
1. Sociologist,
2. E.I.A Experts,
3. Design Engineer,
4. Members of the public.
5. Business community
6. NGOs,CB0s,
7. Farmers and their representatives
8.
NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS
33 total
12farmers
21 Factory workers
INTRODUCTION
The meeting began at 10.30 AM.
(a) Introduction by EIA/A Expert Mr Gitonga
(b) Design Engineer introduced the project design.
(c) Social aspects covered
The ESIA (Environmental and Social Impact Assessment) expert enlightened the
community on the importance of conducting an ESIA (Environmental and Social
Impact Assessment) and why the public should participate in it.
He quoted the Kenyan constitution and EMCA as the main laws that support the
idea of public participation. Residents were further informed that The ESIA team
will identify impacts that are likely to occur during project implementation phase
and come up with appropriate ways of mitigating the impacts.
POTENTIAL POSITIVE IMPACTS IDENTIFIED

vii) Employment and generation of income
viii) A source of Clean Energy to the factory, no emission of pollutants.
ix) A reliable, cheaper and adequate energy to run production machines at the
factory.
x) Energy source that has little maintenance
xi) No dependence on the import of fossil fuel and fluctuating energy prices
xii) Non-renewable resource of energy reduced deforestation and carbon
emissions as dependence on wood and coal decreases
NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND THEIR MITIGATION IDENTIFIED
S/No. Negative Impact Suggested Mitigation Measure
Displacement of  Adequate notice and compensation to

businesses people affected parties
 Minimal interference with adjoining
property and in the case of Destruction
of lawns/gardens, replant vegetation
after project completion.
 Designs to minimize displacement
 Contractor to help in fencing off
property whose fence has been
Demolished.
 Make use of existing road reserve
 Look for alternative business locations
for the residents.
Dust  Watering of dusty excavated areas
 Carry out construction in the shortest
time possible
 Reduce dust emissions/dust sources
Destruction/cutting of Ensure new trees are replanted after project
trees completion/landscaping
Sewer/power lines Ensure that sewer lines are not

interruption destroyed/electricity lines to be interfered
with must be reconnected immediately
Oil spills and vegetation  Proper disposal of used oils

destruction  Tree replanting & beautification of
affected areas
Pollution/smoke Divert trucks and other heavy vehicles to
other routes

Speeding Put up speed sign indicators during and
after construction
Noise by construction – Use machines with tolerable noise levels

Machinery, Vehicles
Dumping of waste Create proper dumping sites
Minutes Authentication
SIGN…………………………….
session chairman

13.3 Annex 3. Samples of Questionnaires Administered

13.4 Annex 4: Participant list

13.5 Annex 5: Schedule of meetings in the project area

13.6 Annex 6: EIA certificate for the Lead Expert

13.7 Annex 7: Annex Certificate of registration as a NEMA Lead Expert

13.8 Annex 8: EIA certificate for the Lead firm

13.9 Annex 9: Certificate of membership to the Environment Institute of Kenya

13.10 Annex 10: Letter for movement permit to the Tea factories

13.11 Annex 11: Diagram showing proposed layout of the solar PV Plant

13.12 Annex 12: Summary of project budget

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ENVI

RONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED

THE LEAD FIRM DETRA-AFRICA LTD NEMA REG NO 10742

+254780300301 info@detra-africa.org http://www.detra-africa.org

1 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

Location: Gatundu South

Sites GPS Coordinates: Theta Tea Factory

PROPONENT: LEAD EXPERT:

2 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

Signed at NAIROBI on ……. day of July, 2020

Designation: EIA/Audit Lead Expert Reg. No. 1765

Signed at Nairobi on this ……. Day of July, 2020

3 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

KWS Kenya Wildlife Services

IPPS Independent power producers

4 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

5 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

6 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

7 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

8 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

9 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

Background and EIA Rationale

Scope, Objective and Criteria of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

10 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

11 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

12 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

Site assessment and public participation

13 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

The EMP provides a specific description of institutional arrangements--who is responsible for

Anticipated Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Operation and Maintenance

14 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

Table 1: Impacts and Mitigation Measures

15 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

16 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

17 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

18 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

1.1 Introduction and Background

Fig 1: The Theta Tea factory premises.

19 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

1.2 The Energy Sector in Kenya

1.3 Rational of the EIA

20 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

1.4 Objective, Scope and Terms of Reference

1.4.1 Objective of the study

21 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

1.4.3 Terms of Reference (TOR) for the EIA Process

22 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

1.4.4.1 Environmental screening

1.4.4.2 Environmental scoping

23 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

Figure 2: Plate showing Part of Theta Market center

24 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

2.1 Project Site Location and neighbourhood

Figure 3: Plate showing tea drying in the project site at Theta

2.2 Objectives of the proposed Solar Power Minigrid Project

25 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

2.2.1 Effects on the environment:

2.3 Project description

2.4 The PV Power Plant Concept

26 Theta TF Solar PV Minigrid EIA

Figure 4: System Design for the Solar Minigrid Project

The technology to be employed is Solar PV with a proposal to generate a maximum of 40