JAK Ffp-Flop:

h e baie s-R NAND Frp-Ptop

ciruit hu many dvan
-tcaqu cud ua in seauuntial 19ic ciruits huet A
suffesfom tw0 basic Surtching esoblerm

A. Set 0 and Reset=0 Condtion (s= R=0) muut alay

avoided
a s e t oseset charge Stcite uDhile the enabeCEN)
L Cosect atching action may not
input s high
eoccus.

T
Tnn to oves Come 4heae+wo fundamental devg n psoblery
with 4ta SR Pip-ftop design, a k Flip ttop uwas
developed.
ta. uauou
*Luallu efsuarte e constttid by înttu conneling
gata to povide a
digital.cqstem Each ip ftop i Cona bucted
om an îteaconnecd on of g
economi eal ard eftecient ftip-ttop conutuctad Pnthi
înthi
he
T most

t h e edop-tnigeecd Dip-fop becauue xedisea

mannes

he Smattert humbes of gati

be constaudud ing e Dfüp

o t h e ypes of p-hope ean
top ard eitunal Loqic.
T suit diagvam of a TE FIiPPloP conutucid uth ttn aa
i showen in t nect page.
ipftopP and gatu
T J nput Sel t fp-flop to 1, K inputt reset

itto and when both input &enabled,H ciutptt

uCcmplemented
 c i t diagramn:

D
N

D Clk

K FliPFbP

T - f i p f t o p Punctioolity can be veified by nvestigatin

he iruit arpliecdto D npt

D T&+ka
when T=l and K=0, D= + = 4 , So the ncxt
clock edge
seti t outpt to
D= O s o t e restt clock edqe resete
when J=0 and = 1 ,

ctpt 4o 0
s h e n both J- k=o and D= the cAock edqe teave tta

output nchanged
and D=& ,te ne xc clock edgc Comple
LIhen both J - k= 1
mertttoctpLt

preiente d in te haactou tic tabe

he Same
 RFp-Flop chauadtutic Tabe. Graphic Sumbel of
att+)
at) ND charge
O Reaet
Set
&t) complemert

Te gsaphíc ymbol of TE simila to tu 8phic symbol

of 4t D #ip-floP, except ha naw inputr au

mauked T and k.

T- FifP-{of
The TC+oggle) tiptop s a complemetinq ftip-top ad

Can be cbtained from a Jk tip-ftop uhen inpit1 J and

K ae tied togethea.
Couit dliagsamn
N

T
D
dk (1)
Pdk -6

hen T-0 C=E=0), a clocK edge does not change Yk cutpt

h e n T-I CJ=t=\)» a clock edge complemernta a output.
he ccmplemerrting fip-fHop u uieful fo deslaning binau
Ccoutes
T l T p-Hop can be Contadid wth a
Dfp tlop and
an endluive -OR
gat aLShowen ih te C t diagram
 Dinpu
epresioCo fos the
D- TOS T6+T'a
n a oIp -dca
no change
,D= and thea is
ohen T=0 Complemeng
Complemerity.

T-,D=aand
tu cct f t
when

.
c h a a t u h C T o o l e s .

chauactiuhCdbley

preAented in
in ttt
Same sS
Same

Graphic umbol
J
T Flip-Flop chauatutic table
att)
t t N o changee
&Ct complement dk

LJhat i a chauactutic Tabe?

A A chaiadustic tabe defines tte tcoical pstpeates cf a

ip-top by descibirg s opesaton in tabulas form
4he nex sAits 6Ct +1) as a tion ef ta
TLy defire
and peient stota (a(t).
input
Chaodu+tiC Euuona

The logical prDpeies of a tip-ttop a deicubed în +he

inhe
chaacuutfe tabe, Can be Expseued agebr aically twith

a chuacustie equction.

For DFlip-fiop De hove 6t+1D=D

uhich ctatu that the hext stat1 of tt outputt cin be
wil be2
equal to the valua of mput D in t preucnt Stat
 cautton Pos the Te fliptlop can be deci ved
The
he ehauacteutfc
chaactutic table. t m ccuit
foom the

whtu uthe valtu of Fip-Fiop out puct pior to tta

appltation oi clocE edoe

The chauactutiC equaton fo t T fip-flop i Obtauned

m the ciscuit
ttHI)= TOQ= T&+Tg
 s i s d doured sequutial csuite

*Analysi deauibes uhat o aven ruit wi do undes cestain

peaaben9 cConditionu. The berewiouu of a cler ked deauntial isuuit
s detumined fom tte ilps, olps ard he statt of ts lip-Hop.
he asdputt ad 4he hett stat Pundion
au both o
of the inpit
ard Ahe
present stat
h e analysis ofaSequurtial cirauit Cons iste of
obtainfng
atable os a diagscam fo the +time sequne ot ps olps
and inteunal statu
* A 1ogic diogsam is togniaed a a clcked sequtiad cikut
N
itincludes flip-tops h cloce înpui
Stct EQUdion
*The beravicus e a clocked sequentia CisaS+ can be descubea

mean of statt equcitons t eauation

Statr
a e bs aicculybH
araunition eautton) spedtieshe hext gtoto as
Caiuo calltd
ohe preset Statt
ad inptt
a-function

geausnticu c o t EsCumple d uhich consists of

consde he

tD0fpftcps A înput
ard B,
and
an an cutpt y
e vale qft
Since 4he D înpt aPtip-flop detu mine
to wste a set of Stai cauatlione
het st ate , it is Possipe

fos t ciscuit
A )= At)«t) +BAx(t)

Bt+4)= At)»t) ,Y- (A 1e)x

*TTa leftside c the eauction , twnh (t+)), derotes tt net

stat of t ftp-tlopP ore ckece edge latu.

205

A
AtB
A-

B
D A

A A
clk

Clock
A+B

-y=0tB)x
-

SeQuutial tisuit:1

e al the Jadables in e bColean

fundion ot the epseLibs a a
psesent state ,ue ccun omit t dei ga-
ion 4)aftes each Vaiable fo
Convenience and can
epset t stata euttions in te mose
cempact torm
At+D = AltBa
Bt+1) = A

similasly, t present statt value ot Riout put (y)

Can be expreued al gehoaica Cu

LA+)
 Heble:

cinpitk ,cutputt
avd -Ftfp-floP state can
1he +ime ceauence
-table). Ta stata
in a Statetable. rtvcneftion
be enumesdted
is gNen belbw
tabe Exanple 1

Psesentt Next
Stdte Input Stat oud put

A B
A B

consiste of f o u Secton labelled psesent State

TLtabe
and output.
tnputr next stats
- Tu pseset statt section shous t States offp

Ftops A ard B at iny given time-t.

T fnaut sedon gives a Valtu cf for each poss ble

preaent stce .

TTte
a ne t stata cection shcuos t st dtu ofteip ftops
one clocC
cyel ctur, at+ime t+
 T output secticn gives t t value ot y at Hmet for
ach p eent Ct t a d înput codtion.

T decivation cc statable sequires lissting at Pcss)ble.

bina Ccmbimtic o preAent stcitu ard fnputi
n t h ù example , ue haie 8 bim c ombirciton fom c00

to
* T t net State Uclus aue then deteumfred from tte legte
diogram os tom 4 stciti equition tegte
TL next stat seuon 'n the statte tabe Lande column A

haths ds wheu t preset sttt c A curnd input x

au beth equcl to I or Present State oP B and inft

oth eaual to

For bett urdetandung

Substhttt t valuu o{ A, B, în Statt eQucition

case A-0, B=O =0 i s t soLw tnauthtcuble)

AH+)=AatBx

ACt =O ullue of -A in Net stat

Section
Cmiluly, ucu can detu mine tu vculuus fos cult aothes

B(t+) A
BI44 1.0 Valu ct B in Net stat
section
 8enetal a Sequwn 4ial cisuüt wth m fip-fops and ninput

mtn
hee d Ous fn the Statr table

The bira numbeu m O odugh 2 - A au isted unde

he
the psesent-Stot and input columnu.
section hau m columnu ore to each Ptpflop
the net-stat
he binay valsfox-the nevut stot au deived diseclytom

he statu eauatonu

The oudput seconhai as many

columnu he u olP
u

Tts valuu da deaivedfom the rcuit

Na ablt .

binay
in
Boolean functi on in the Sae meunner as
OY from the
a c t h Habe.

Sometmes conV enient to e p r e the

tata-tabe fn a
*IH
Secuons. preert stat
slfgty diffecent oum having cnlly hiue
nent stat ard outpud
wrdehe net -stat
u d e t h e hext -stat
Conditions Q enumecaud
The înpu
und cutput section.

Next Stti Ouchpu

Pssent =
Stat
AB AB
A B

Second tom of he Stad table.

state dcsaum
he nfomotion avalable n a siat tabe can be epiekenied
he
q1apically n the fom cf a stati diagua

*In hu tupe of diaqvam, a tatu epreseted py a Crcla

and he Ccleer-tatggeuacl) tranitions betoeen stali as Indicated

by disedtad lines Connecing the civcu.

h e Ctat dfoqram of the Sequuntial ciscuß+Ao u dLcuon
dicuwn

pelow
olD
io) S

ol1
olg

The binau umbes nide each cicle ldertifies the star of

he tip-ftops
The divedud ines a labellcd uoHh tuOo birasy numbe sepaua-
4ed h a slah.The input valu duing the pseenit stit
abelud first, ad he humbe attea clash gives he

cuput duung the poesenttati uith the giNen Ingt

e dMseetudne foom Stadu 00 to ol a labelld l0,

meaning hat Uohenthe CQuntial ciruit ui în e presen+
Stat o0 and ta nfuct I ,t i Output à 6.
At hene
tthe next cloc cyela, , the ciscutt goes to the hedstata
OL.
4he input change to 0-then u outpt heccmes A,but
he inct remcunu at 4 , t output Stayt ot 0 -

Adisectud ine connedtng a civcla with itself indicatu a t

nb chge ox stati oxcuu

Th e
The Stc dagscur givet a pctoaicd vieu of Gtat thanhion
N
and i he fom mose suttabe for hunan frteapretaton

h e Chut's copesatuon.

Fi-F Irput Eauctvon

The tqie digsarm c a
seauuntia Ciscu4 Consist o¥tip-ftops and
Qat
The nteconectiont amorg tte qatu tosm aa combinattonal ciruut
and may e specified algebraicaly wth Boolean epeuion -

The noule cdge othe tyfe o ip-ttops and a list ofhe

Boolean epreionu of the combinational c'sCit bvie he
infomation necced to dsaw the togic diogscum oFL secuun-
tial cstút
h e pout
*he paut of the combinodoral cYscuüt thad qeneiattu etu nal
cutu deawhed cugebraicalby a set of Boolean func
tions Callud output equation
he pot ote cfruutot enesatu te inpudx to-fip-
Ftopc deicaihed algebs aically a set of Boolean
funcdiona callud 1p- flop nput equation.
e wil adopt he convention ouainge lip-ttop inpt
Sumbol to denote t ingt eQuavon Uafab le and a
ubsupt to designata 4name oF R
Ftp-Hop outft
 equation specties qa
an OR
FoEample., the folowing î'ntt
with npttt and y connectud -to the
D inpct oaHipttoe
wnose Cutput labelad wHh t cumbol

De
Te sequential cixtitt* conistc cHuo Dip-flops Aand B,
an inpudtA and an
outpu .
The
he lofc
diagram of the cirudt Can be expreued algeau
-Cclly wth two ip-op input ecucdbont ad an output
equavon
Da A+Bx

De A
-A+B)

T T huue above ecaucionu psDNicde

ereces aa nfosmotUon
douwing the bgíe dioqram ot tseauuntial ircuut
*
Sumbol Dn specifiea a D Pip-{top tabelud A
De cpecifes as OpHop labeled B

Tu
Rip-tlo nput eauattons contitute a conveniet
asqe rae ormo spetyin logtec diaqran ofa
SeQLuot al ci cuut

*T mplH +Hpe of-ftp-fHop from tu lett Sumb),

and
n d
ully specity t t combinatiohal cirui t that
asves Arplops.
Anelsies
elysis with D pFlops

l e uin eummaiae the poucccdue for anmtyaingN a clocked Sequun-

tial civcuut h D tip-ftops means of a simple eLample

e chcuit ue want -to aaly3c descu bed by the nput

equatton
Da AGxOy

-The Da cumbel mplies a D Aip-ftop uith output A

he and y vauables au he inpüts to the cisauit.

NO olp eaucions au giNen, which implie 4 h t h Cuipt

Ccme& apm e outpt of-4he Hip-Htop.

Logic dogsam:

-A

pelk

ClocK

The Stai tabe hau he column Poshe psesent state of

lipFtop A two columns Fosthetwo input and one

Column fos he neat stdtr of A.

* e ebiauy numbes wnde A y as listed hom o00 thtugh

though
T l net statu valus a l obtained fom t t stali eau",
At+)= ABxO
 Stau tabe
preset Stat diaqram.
Sto nputu Nect
Statt
A A
Ol 10
O01

00, I
O

Ol,10

T T eivui+ ha one iptoP and

tw0stota Ta stat diagram
N
Consists ef tuwo Covclus One For eachstatu

T u pvesent stiti ard *octput can be ehes o o A, a

indfcattd y numbea {neide tt cdrclu
*A slauh on tte dlrecod tines is not needecd
becaue tu
no outputt R<m a combindioncl cisuit
T
T tuwo înpuitz Can haue ¥ous
poseible combinationu for
each tate
Two nput combfratio« duig each etati trcuntYtíon aee
Sepauatzd by a comna to simplity t e nottion.
 *thalysis wth JK Flfp-Fos
-

7stat Jable congists of -fouA settons esent stita, nputt

hetstatt , and outpiitu

T h e next-statt Voull ot s euntial civüt that uu Jk-or

can be deived cus tovowc

T+ye ip-Ptopc
euctton n teum of the preset
Deteunine theFip-ttopînput
Stat and input vauiable

List h e oinu valuu of each input equati on

3
chauadttistte table to deta
3 Use te coeaponding ftip-Htop
Staitit able.
mine h e neut-stdtt Valuue ih the
 he
The cieuit can be spectied by he Flipflop mpud
p eqLodbonu
eion.

JA=B FA B

kB A+A A
statu tabe fo
Seauetia cisuit with J FiP-Flop
present Stat Input
Net
stot
FipFlbp
Irputa
A B A B JA FA Je
O

Charactustfc Eudti on
GCt)=T6 +Es
Stat E uaTonu

ACt) BA'+) A A B AB+A =

Bt)=B+(AOx)8 =B'+ A81+ AB

 aysis with T FiP -Flops
he analysi's of aN sequntiat tiscit with T FiP-Fops
he
ollow the
Tollow he Same prcedue oflie d for Tk fiftops

The chasatuistic etuctbon

aCt) TOG =Ta +T

Sequuntictt Cisuit with aT-Flipflos, A and B, 1 input x

and output

hext stcte Caun be deafved

TA Bx The Valus tor he
fobmhe Stat ecuiuOna bysubstittin TA and
Te X
chauadtuistie equatrons
TB in the
- AB
ACt+1)= (B)'A +(B)A= AB+ Ax+ AB
e(t+1)= B
Stct Toable for seuunial iruitt with TEPFIOAS

PTesent
A-B
Nedt
Stat Tnput Stato lie Flop output B
Infut
- A B (ruut
A A 8 Ta e Stat)

O
1

O0
1

Stat diagsam;
T-FlipFlop cha Toble

(Oo Ct+)
t)
aCt)
*ealuy and Moose lodelk Finite State machines
The most geneal edel of a seaurtiat civuüt has fnput,
Cutputi and inteunat statu

*Tt Ctomayo distigüsh betueen two models of

Sequuntial ciscuits the mealy model and t t Moose model

T aifes only n e wy eoutputt úu geneiatd

N
In the mealy modelhe outpet is a tundon oboth he
psesemt statr and te npud

Tn t loore model t output a fun kon of only

present Stcdte

Mealy Machine

inputs Netstate
Combinational Stat output Output
Combinavona (Mealy -
Lqe Rgigle Legi
clock- tye)

MOove eLchine

Tnrut
Ne sta Stalu outpu
Combinot onol ouctput
Rogutes Combinational
Logic Logic Cmooseqpe)
dock
Tutwo Modele c a Seartial cir cuut
Commony eed aa Commonl

tO asfinite Stati machie, abbveviatadFs

Tta meculy
hodeli is vefeud to cu nealy FSH os mealy
machine
T loore model is sefeuud o tM0ose Fsn or Mioose
achie

Tu eampe hct e ducubed in stati

ditg raum
a n enample o Meay machine. Output y a fundion
ct hoth inpuct x and h e puet Staia of A and 8.

Jn a Moose modelte outputt o

t t sequntial Cisuut
Q eynchroniacd wth he cloc, beccuie t y depend

only on fip-Hop autputt that au sunchonied w +a

CLock
Tn model,
nealy the cutputu may churne 4npitu
hamc duung t elockeycl
dhau