Inorganic Chemistry

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SrNo. Contents Pages

1. Introduction 2
1.1 The difference between organic and inorganic 2
chemistry

2. Law of multiple proportions 2

2.1. The various states of matter 3

3. The effect of sulfuric acid on organic material 3

4. Usage of silicon dioxide in solar cells 4

5. Causes of salty in sodium chloride 5

6. Formation of sapphire 5

7. Discussing lewis structures and electrons dot models 6

8. Dalton’s law of partial pressure 6

9. References 7

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1. Introduction

Inorganic chemistry historically meant the chemistry of "non-living". There were

non-carbon based molecules and ions. Inorganic is something unrelated to organic matter or
organic life, not animal or vegetable, or a chemical compound that does not contain carbon.
Inorganic chemistry is used to study and develop catalysts, coatings, fuels, surfactants, materials,
superconductors and drugs. Important chemical reactions in inorganic chemistry include double
displacement reactions, acid-base reactions and redox reactions. Inorganic chemistry deals with
synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds. This field covers chemical
compounds that are not carbon-based, which are the subjects of organic chemistry. The
distinction between the two disciplines is far from absolute, as there is much overlap in the
subdiscipline of organometallic chemistry. It has application in every aspect of the chemical
industry, including catalysis, materials science, pigments, surfactants, coatings, medications,
fuels and agriculture. Inorganic chemistry is the study of the production of the chemical
compounds that do not require a carbon-hydrogen bond, reactions and properties. Inorganic
compounds can be classified as oxides, acids, bases, and salts.

1.1. The difference between organic and inorganic chemistry

The primary difference that lies between these organic compounds and inorganic
compounds is that organic compounds always have a carbon atom while most of the inorganic
compounds do not contain the carbon atom in them. Almost all organic compounds contain
carbon-hydrogen or a simple C-H bond in them. The term organic compound is also called
organic chemistry and the other term, inorganic is also termed as Inorganic chemistry. The very
basic difference is that organic compounds contain carbon atoms while on the other hand;
inorganic doesn't contain the carbon atoms. One thing to be noted here is that the more presence
of carbon in the compound does not indicate that the compound is organic. The most common
fact that differentiates organic compounds from inorganic compounds is that the organic
compounds mainly result from activities of a living being. Inorganic chemicals include acids and
bases (the most important are sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid,
caustic soda and ammonia), metals, salts and minerals. Various inorganic transformations are
also related to the formation of gases.

2. Law of multiple proportions

The law of multiple proportions was given by British scientist John Dalton in 1803.When
two elements combine to form a compound, then the different weights of one element combining
with a fixed weight of the other elements are in simple numerical ratio with each other. The law

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is applicable to pairs of elements which can form more than one compound. For example, the
carbon element forms two oxides by combining them with oxygen atoms in various proportions.
A fixed mass of carbon compound, 100 grams, can react with 266 grams of oxygen to form one
oxide atom or with 133 grams of oxygen to form the other. The ratio of the oxygen masses that
can react with the 100 grams of carbon is given as 266:133 = 2:1.

2.1. The various states of matter

There are 5 natural states of matter: solids, liquids, gases, plasma and Bose-Einstein
condensate. Although there are 5 natural states, there are only 3 common states in matter. They
are solid, liquid and gas.

Solids

In a solid, particles are packed tightly together so they don't move much. The electrons of
each atom are constantly in motion, so the atoms have a small vibration, but they are fixed in
their position. Because of this, particles in a solid have very low kinetic energy. Solids have a
definite shape, as well as mass and volume. Solids also have high density.

Liquids

In a liquid, the particles are more loosely packed than in a solid and are able to flow
around each other, giving the liquid an indefinite shape. Liquids can have a definite volume and
some liquids have colours.
Example: water,oil

Gases

In a gas , the particles have a great deal of space between them and have high kinetic
energy. A gas has no definite shape or volume. If unconfined the particles of a gas will spread
out indefinitely, if confined, the gas will expand to fill its container. Gases can have different
properties. Some gases have colours while others are colourless.
Example of gases: hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water vapour.

3. The effect of sulfuric acid on organic material

Sulfuric acid (American spelling) or sulphuric acid (Commonwealth spelling) also known
as oil of vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen, with

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the molecular formula H2SO4 . It is a colourless, odorless and viscous liquid that is miscible with
water. Sulfuric acid is a very important commodity chemical, and a nation's sulfuric acid
production is a good indicator of its industrial strength. It is widely produced with different
methods such as contact process, wet sulfuric acid process, lead chamber process and some other
methods. Sulfuric acid is also a key substance in the chemical industry. It is mostly commonly
used in fertilizer manufacture, but is also important in mineral processing, and chemical
synthesis. It has a wide range of end applications including in domestic acidic drain cleaners, as
an electrolyte in lead-acid batteries, in dehydrating a compound, and in various cleaning agents.
Sulfuric acid can be obtained by dissolving sulfur trioxide in water.
Most of the effects of sulfuric acid result from its strong acidity and its great affinity for
water. Corrosion of metals by sulfuric acid is caused by its acidity. The effects of sulfuric acid on
organic materials, including human tissue are largely the result of its dehydrating properties.
Materials such as wood, paper and cotton cloth are rapidly charred on contact with the acid. The
effect of sulfuric acid on metals is typical of a strong acid: it will react with those metals that are
more reactive than hydrogen to form a metal that are more reactive than hydrogen to form a
metal sulfate salt and release hydrogen gas. It will react in this way with many common metals,
including iron, zinc and aluminum. Sulfuric acid is a very powerful dehydrating agent and a
great deal of heat is released when the concentrated acid comes into contact with water. If the
water is added to an excess of the acid, the heat produced causes the water to boil immediately,
which results in the acid being sprayed over a wide area. For this reason, concentrated sulfuric
acid should always be diluted by adding it-slowly-to water, the process should never be reversed.
The effects of sulfuric acid on skin are well documented, and are again due to the acid's
dehydrating properties rather than its acidity. Skin contact with the concentrated acid results in
pain and swelling of tissue within a few seconds. Due to the swelling caused, sulfuric acid burns
often result in permanent scarring.

4. Usage of silicon dioxide in solar cells

Silicon dioxide, or silica, is a combination of silicon and oxygen, two very

abundant, naturally occurring materials.There are many forms of silica. They all have the
same makeup but may have a different name, depending on how the particles arrange
themselves. In general, there are two groups of silica: crystalline silica and amorphous
silica.
SiO 2 is an oxide of silicon with a chemical name Silicon Dioxide. It is also called
Silica or Kalii bromidum or Silicic oxide or silicic acid. It is widely found in nature as
quartz. It is obtained as a transparent to grey, in its crystalline or amorphous powdered
form. It is odourless and tasteless.

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 Silicon dioxide is a native oxide of silicon and it is more widely used compared to
other semiconductors like Gallium arsenide or Indium phosphide. Silicon dioxide could
be grown on a silicon semiconductor surface. Silicon oxide layers could protect silicon
surfaces during diffusion processes, and could be used for diffusion masking.
Silicon is one of the highest quality semiconductors that is ideal for solar cell
production. The superior quality of silicon’s electronic, optical, thermal, and
environmental properties are best for producing solar cells
It can prevent up to 35 percent of sunlight reflection and increase the amount of
sunlight for generating electricity. Besides, the color of a crystalline silicon solar cell is
blue. This blue color is produced because of the pattern and the purifying process of the
silicon.
Inorganic chemicals include acids and bases (the most important are sulfuric acid,
hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, caustic soda and ammonia), metals, salts
and minerals. Various inorganic transformations are also related to the formation of gases.

5. Causes of salty in sodium chloride

Sodium chloride, commonly known as salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical
formula NaCl representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ion. Sodium is what gives it that
salty taste, when you combine sodium and chloride you come up with that unique taste. Sodium
chloride is an inorganic chloride salt having sodium (1+) as the counterion. It is an Inorganic
chloride and inorganic sodium salt. The structure of NaCl is formed by repeating the face
centered cubic unit cell. NaCl is formed by the HCl and NaOH and NaOH reaction. Both the
acid and the base are strong in this reaction. When a strong acid and a strong base react together,
salt and water are formed as a result. Thus, sodium chloride is a salt.

6. Formation of sapphire

Sapphires are a rare gemstone that can take millions of years to form. Like rubies,
sapphires are also formed out of the mineral corundum. In scientific terms, the mineral is known
as aluminum oxide. Corundum acquires color when there are other minerals that become present
as it is forming. Sapphires are typically found in recrystallized limestone and metamorphic rocks
that have less silica and a lot of aluminum. Sapphire is a precious gemstone, a variety of the
mineral corundum, consisting of aluminum oxide (Al203) with trace amounts of elements such
as iron, titanium, chromium, vanadium or magnesium. It is typically blue, but natural "fancy"
sapphires also occur in yellow, purple, orange, and green color. Some sapphires show two or
more colors. Red corundum stones also occur but are called rubies not sapphires. Pink-colored

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corundum may be classified either as ruby or sapphire depending on location. Structurally, the
sapphire is formed in a hexagonal bipyramid. When mind, sapphires are typically found in a
barrel shape due to the way that they form. Almost all sapphires have inclusions. During the
formation of a sapphire rutile inclusions can form. (Sapphires formed on the Earth). Sapphires
form when molten rock deep underground starts to cool down after an episode of volcanism or
tectonic deformation (metamorphism).

7. Discussing lewis structures and electron dot models

Lewis structures, also known as lewis dot formulas, lewis dot structures, or lewis
electron dot structures (LEDS), are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a
molecule, as well as the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. A lewis structure
can be drawn for any covalently bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds. The
Lewis structure was named after Gilbert N.Lewis, who invented it in his 1916 article The Atom
and the Molecule.
Lewis structures extend the concept of the electron dot diagram by adding lines between
atoms to represent shared pairs in a chemical bond. To determine the shapes of molecules, we
must become acquainted with the lewis electron dot structure. Although the lewis electron theory
does not determine the shapes of molecules. The lewis structure helps us identify the bond pairs
and the lone pairs. As an example, an oxygen atom has six electrons in its outer shell. In a lewis
structure, these six dots are arranged so that an atom has two lane pairs and two single electrons.
The two pairs would be opposite each other around the O symbol and the two single electrons
would be on the other sides of the atom, opposite each other.
In general, single electrons are written on the side of an element symbol. An incorrect
placement would be (for example), four electrons on the side of the atom and two on the opposite
side. When oxygen bonds to two hydrogen atoms to form water, each hydrogen atom has one dot
for it's lane electron. The electrons dot structure for water shows the single electrons from
hydrogen. All eight spots for dots around oxygen are filled, so the molecule has a stable octet.

8. Dalton’s law of partial pressure

According to Dalton's law of partial pressure, the total pressure by a mixture of gases is
equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each of the constituent gases. The partial pressure is
defined as the pressure each gas would exert if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the
same temperature. This empirical law was observed by John Dalton in 1801 and published in
1802.
Dalton's law, the statement that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum
of the partial pressure of the individual component gases. For example, the total pressure exerted

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 by a mixture of two gases A and B is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures exerted
by gas A and B (as illustrated).

9. References

(1) https://thefactfactor.com/facts/pure_science/chemistry/physical-chemistry/law-of-multiple-proportions/1238
6/
(2) https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/three-states-of-matter/
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(7) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_structure
(8) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/daltons-law-of-partial-pressure