INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

1. If f(x) and g(x) are two functions such that f′(x) = g(x) then f(x) is called antiderivative of g(x)
with respect to x.
2. If f(x) is an antiderivative of g(x) then f(x) + c is also an antiderivative of g(x) for all c ∈ R.
3. If F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x) then F(x) + c, c∈R is called indefinite integral of f(x) with
respect to x. It is denoted by ∫ f (x) dx. The real number c is called constant of integration.
4. The integral of a function need not exists. If a function f(x) has integral then f(x) is called an
integrable function.
5. The process of finding the integral of a function is known as Integration.
6. The integration is the reverse process of differentiation.
x n +1
7. If n ≠ –1, then ∫ x n dx =
n +1
+c.

8. ∫ dx = x + c
1
9. ∫ x
dx = 2 x +c.

1
10. ∫ x dx = log | x | +c
∫ e dx = e +c
x x
11.

ax
12. a > 0, a ≠ 1, then ∫ a x dx = +c
log a

13. ∫ cos xdx = sin x + c

14. ∫ sin xdx = − cos x + c
∫ sec x dx = tan x + c
2
15.

∫ cos ec x dx = − cot x + c
2
16.

17. ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + c

18. ∫ cos ecx cot x dx = − cos ecx + c
1
19. ∫ 1− x 2
dx = sin −1 x + c = − cos −1 x + c

1
20. ∫ 1+ x 2
dx = tan −1 x + c = − cot −1 x + c
 Indefinite Integration
1
21. If x > 1, then ∫x x −1
2
dx = sec −1 x + c =

1
– cosec–1x + c and if x < –1 then ∫x x −1
dx = − sec −1 x + c = cos ec −1x + c .
2

22. ∫ sinhx dx = cos h x + c

23. ∫ cosh xdx = sinh x + c
∫ sec h x dx = tanh x + c
2
24.

∫ cos ech x dx = − coth x + c

2
25.

26. ∫ sec hx tanh x dx = − sec hx + c

27. ∫ cos echx coth x dx = − cos echx + c
1
28. ∫ x −1
2
dx = sinh −1 x + c

1
29. ∫ 1− x 2
dx = cosh −1 x + c

30. If f(x) is an integrable function and k is a real number then ∫ (kf )( x ) dx = k ∫ f ( x ) dx .

31. f(x), g(x) are two integrable functions then ∫ ( f + g)( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ g( x ) dx .

32. If f(x), g(x) are two integrable functions then ∫ ( f − g)( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx − ∫ g( x ) dx .

33. If f1( x ), f2 ( x ),...fn ( x ) are integrable functions then ∫ (f

1 + f 2 + ... + fn )( x ) dx =

∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx + ... + ∫ f ( x)dx .

1 2 n

34. If f(x), g(x) are two inegrable functions and k, l are two real numbers then
∫ (kf + lg)(x) dx = k ∫ f ( x) dx = l ∫ g( x) dx
1
35. If ∫ f ( x ) dx = g( x ) then ∫ f (ax + b) dx = g(ax + b) + c .
a
f '(x)
36. If f(x) is a differentiable function then ∫ f ( x) dx = log |f(x)| + c.

37. ∫ tan x dx = log |sec x| + c.

38. ∫ cot x dx = log |sin x| + c.

39. ∫ sec x dx=log |secx+tanx|+c = log |tan(π/4+x/2)|+c

40. ∫ cos ecx dx = log |cosecx – cot x| + c =
log |tan x/2| + c
 Indefinite Integration
[ f ( x )]n + 1
41. If f(x) is differentiable function and n ≠ –1, then ∫ [f(x)]n f ' ( x )dx = + c.
n+1
f '(x)
42. If n = –1, then ∫ [f ( x )]n f ' ( x )dx = ∫ dx = log | f ( x ) | +c .
f (x)
f ' ( x)
43. ∫ f ( x)
dx = 2 f ( x ) + c

1 ⎛x⎞
44. ∫ a2 − x 2
dx = sin −1⎜ ⎟ + c
⎝a⎠

1 ⎛x⎞
45. ∫ a +x2 2
dx = sinh −1⎜ ⎟ + c
⎝a⎠

1 ⎛x⎞
46. ∫ x −a2 2
dx = cosh −1⎜ ⎟ + c
⎝a⎠

1 1 ⎛x⎞
47. ∫a 2
+x 2
dx =
a
tan −1⎜ ⎟ + c
⎝a⎠

1 1 a+x
48. ∫a 2
− x2
dx =
2a
log
a−x
+c

1 1 x−a
49. ∫x 2
−a 2
dx =
2a
log
x+a
+c

x a2 ⎛x⎞
50. ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx =
2
a2 − x 2 +
2
sin −1⎜ ⎟ + c
⎝a⎠

x a2 ⎛x⎞
51. ∫ a 2 + x 2 dx =
2
a2 + x 2 +
2
sinh −1 ⎜ ⎟ + c
⎝a⎠

x a2 ⎛x⎞
52. ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx =
2
x 2 − a2 −
2
cosh −1⎜ ⎟ + c
⎝a⎠
px + q d
53. If the given integral is of the form ∫ ax 2
+ bx + c
dx then take px + q = A
dx
(ax 2 + bx + c ) + B .

px + q d
54. If the given integral is of the form ∫ ax + bx + c
2
dx then take px + q = A
dx
(ax 2 + bx + c ) + B .

55. If the given integral is of the form ∫ (px + q) ax 2 + bx + c dx then take px + q =

d
A (ax 2 + bx + c ) + B .
dx
1 1
56. If the given integral is of the form ∫ (px + q) ax 2 + bx + c
dx , then put px + q =
t
.

1 1
57. If the given integral is of the form ∫ (ax 2
+ b) cx + d
2
dx then put x =
t
.
 Indefinite Integration
px + q ax + b
58. If the given integral is of the form ∫ ax + b
dx or ∫ px + q
dx or ∫ (px + q) ax + b dx or
1 1
∫ (px + q) ax + b
dx then put ax + b = t2 and hence dx =
a
2t dt.

dx dx
59. If the integral is of the form ∫a 2
cos x + b sin x
2 2 2
or ∫ a cos 2
x + b sin x cos x + c sin 2 x
then multiply
both numerator and denominator with sec2x and take tan x = t.
dx dx dx x
60. If the integral is of the form ∫ a + b cos x or ∫ a + b sin x or ∫ a cos x + b sin x + c , take tan 2 =t ⇒
1 x
sec 2 dx = dt ⇒ (1 + tan 2 x / 2)dx = 2dt ⇒
2 2
2dt
(1 + t2) dx = 2 dt ⇒ dx = .
1+ t2
2 tan x / 2 2t
Sin x = = ,
1 + tan x / 2
2
1+ t2

1 − tan 2 x / 2 1− t2
cos x = = .
1 + tan 2 x / 2 1+ t2
a cos x + b sin x d
61. If the integral is of the form ∫ c cos x + d sin x dx , take acos x + b sin x = A dx (c cos x + d sin x) +
B(c cos x + d sin x).
62. Integration by Parts : If f(x) and g(x) are two integrable functions then
∫ f ( x).g( x) dx = f ( x)∫ g( x) dx − ∫ f ' ( x)⋅ [∫ g( x) dx] dx .
63. If u and v are two functions of x then ∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du .

64. If u and v are two functions of x; u′, u′′, u′′′ … denote the successive derivatives of u and v 1, v2,
v3, … denote the successive integrals of v then the extension of Integration by parts is ∫ u v dx =
uv1 – u′v2 + u′′ v3 – u′′′v4+…….
65. In integration by parts, the first function will be taken as in the following order. Inverse functions,
logarithmic functions, Algebraic functions, Trigonometric functions and exponential functions.
(To remember this a phrase ILATE).
e ax
∫e cos bx dx =
ax
66. (a cos bx + b sin bx) + c.
a + b2
2

e ax
67. ∫ e ax sin bx dx =
a2 + b2
(a sin bx – b cos bx)

∫e [ f ( x ) + f ' ( x )]dx = e x f ( x ) + c .
x
68.

∫e
−x
69. [ f ( x ) − f ' ( x )] dx = −e − x f ( x ) + c

− sinn −1 x cos x n + 1
70. If In = ∫ sinn x dx then In = + In − 2 , where n is the +ve integer.
n n
 Indefinite Integration
cos n −1 x sin x n − 1
71. If In = ∫ cosn x dx then In = + In − 2 .
n n
tann −1 x
72. If In = ∫ tann x dx then In = − In − 2 .
n −1
− cot n −1 x
73. If In = ∫ cot n x dx then In = − In − 2 .
n −1
sec n − 2 x tan x n − 2
74. If In = ∫ sec n x dx then In = + In − 2 .
n −1 n −1
− cos ec n − 2 x cot x n − 2
75. If In = ∫ cos ec n x dx then I n = + In − 2 .
n −1 n −1

76. If In = ∫ (log x )n dx then In = x(log x )n − nIn −1 .

77. If Im,n = ∫ sinm x cosn x dx , then

sinm + 1 x cos n −1 x n − 1 sinm −1 x cos n + 1 x m − 1

I m,n = + I m,n − 2 = − + I m − 2,n
m+n m+n m+n m+n
1
78. ∫ f (ax + b)dx = a ∫ f (t ) dt + c , where t = ax + b.
f ' ( x)
79. ∫ f ( x) dx = log | f ( x) | +c
[ f ( x )]n + 1
80. ∫ [ f ( x )]n f ' ( x ) dx =
n +1
+c.

1
∫ f(x )x n −1dx = ∫ where t = xn.
n
81. f ( t ) dt,
n
a cos x + b sin x ac + bd ad − bc
82. ∫ c cos x + d sin x dx = c 2
+ d2
x+
c 2 + d2
log | c cos x + d sin x | +c .

dx 2 ⎡ a−b x⎤
83. If a > b then ∫ a + b cos x = a2 − b2
tan −1 ⎢
⎢⎣ a + b
tan ⎥ + c .
2 ⎥⎦

∫e [ f ( x ) + f ' ( x )] dx = e x f ( x ) + c
x
84.

ax ⎡ f '(x) ⎤ e ax f ( x )
85. ∫e ⎢f ( x ) +
⎣ a ⎦ ⎥ dx =
a
+c

86. ∫ [xf ' ( x) + f ( x)]dx = xf( x) + c .

e ax
87. ∫ e ax sin(bx + c )dx =
a2 + b2
[a sin (bx + c) –
b cos (bx + c)] + k.
e ax
88. ∫ e ax cos(bx + c )dx =
a2 + b2
[a cos (bx + c) +
b sin (bx + c)] + k.
 Indefinite Integration
xe ax
89. ∫ xe ax sin(bx + c )dx =
a2 + b2
[a sin (bx + c) –

e ax
b cos (bx + c)] – [(a 2 − b 2 ) sin bx – 2ab cos bx ] + k .
(a + b )
2 2 2

xeax
90. ∫ xeax cos(bx + c )dx =
a2 + b2
[a cos (bx + c) +

e ax
b sin (bx + c)] – [(a 2 − b 2 ) cos(bx + c ) + 2ab sin(bx + c )] + k .
(a 2 + b 2 ) 2