TV Studios

Television studios are installations in which

video production takes place for:
• Live telecasting
• Recording – Live to tape
• Acquisition of raw footage for postproduction
Professional Television studios have several
studios each with:
• Studio Floor
• PCR or SCR – TriCaster
• MCR Controls signals from different PCR/SCR
for on-air transmission.
06-Oct-16 © Paul Bogere, Makerere University
 Audio Signal Flow in TV Studios

06-Oct-16 © Paul Bogere, Makerere University

 Video Signal Flow in TV Studios

06-Oct-16 © Paul Bogere, Makerere University

 Microwave Transmitter Unit -STL

06-Oct-16 © Paul Bogere, Makerere University

 Microwave Receiver Unit -STL

06-Oct-16 © Paul Bogere, Makerere University

 1.8 m Point-to-Point STL Antenna
820 – 960 MHz Band

NB: Satellite or Optical fiber can as well link

studios to transmitters
06-Oct-16 © Paul Bogere, Makerere University
 TV Transmitter

The driver/exciter contains the oscillator, modulator, and

sometimes the audio processor
06-Oct-16 © Paul Bogere, Makerere University
 TV Transmitter

06-Oct-16 © Paul Bogere, Makerere University

 Vertically Polarized UHF TV Panel Antenna

Front Rear

06-Oct-16 © Paul Bogere, Makerere University

 UHF TV Panel Antenna and Power Dividers

Front View Rear View

06-Oct-16 © Paul Bogere, Makerere University

 VHF TV Broadcast Antennas

06-Oct-16 © Paul Bogere, Makerere University

 VHF TV Broadcast Antennas

06-Oct-16 © Paul Bogere, Makerere University

 Using Satellite to Link Txs Stations

06-Oct-16 © Paul Bogere, Makerere University

Analog and Digital TV Comparison
 COMPRESSION
In television, much of the same information is
repeated over and over again.

Compression removes redundancy thereby

reducing the required bit rate. Consequently, the
required RF bandwidth is reduced.

Data compression is always implemented in the

“Source-Coding” section.
 COMPRESSION …/2

The international coding standard for TV purposes is

Moving Picture Expert Group (MPEG) – Compresses TV
programs from 270 Mbits/s to about 5 or 6 Mbits/s.
Please note that MPEG was preceded by the Joint
Photographic Experts Group (JPEG).
 COMPRESSION …/3
MPEG Versions
•MPEG - 1: Defines Source Coding for data rates up to 1.5 Mbit/s
•MPEG - 2: Defines Source Coding for data rates between 2 Mbit/s
and 30 Mbit/s
•MPEG - 4: Defines Source Coding for Advanced Video and Audio
coding
Please note that the so called MPEG – 3 players are based on the
MPEG – 1 audio layer 3

Other coding formats are:

H.264(MPEG-4/AVC), H.265, AVS, VC-1

Compression of data can be performed through the following

ways:
Removal of redundancies/irrelevant information: Spatial, Temporal,
and Statistical redundancy
Prediction
Clever coding
Structure of a TV Picture
 Spatial Redundancy

Coding schemes exploiting spatial redundancies are referred to as intra-

frame coding
 Temporal redundancy

Coding schemes exploiting temporal redundancies are referred to as

inter-frame coding
Statistical redundancy