BUILDING

COMPONENTS &
MATERIALS

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 MODULE 2

Beams, Columns, Lintels, Arch, Staircase, Lift and Escalators –

Meaning, Technical Terms and Types.

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 BEAMS

Beams are the horizontal member of structure, it bear load as it support

roofs and slab and it transfer the whole weight to the column.

R.C.C. Beam
R.C.C. beam is subjected to bending moment and shear. The strength of
the R.C.C. beams is dependent on the composite action of concrete and
steel. Main reinforcement bars are used in high tension zone so that
concrete take the compressive stresses and steel take all the tensile
stresses.

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 Types of Beams

• Simply Supported Beam

• Fixed Beam

• Cantilever Beam

• Continuous Beam

• Overhanging Beam

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 Types of Beams

• Simply Supported Beam

Two ends of the beam are kept free. This type of beam is not used
in practice due to the chance of rotation of beams as there is no
support.

The only way to support a fully stable beam without any degree of
indeterminacy is to have a pin-joint at one support and a roller at
the other support.

Pin support in a steel structure Roller support in a steel structure

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 Types of Beams

• Simply Supported Beam

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 Types of Beams

• Fixed Beam

Fixed beams are supported at both the ends by fixing it in to walls

to avoid bending.

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 Types of Beams

• Cantilever Beam

One end is fixed to the wall and other end is set free. so top side
have tension and bottom side have compression.

It is used for slab support like in balconies

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 Types of Beams

• Continuous Beam

A continuous beam is a structural component that provides

resistance to bending when a load or force is applied. These beams
are commonly used in bridges. A beam of this type has more than
two points of support along its length. These are usually in the
same horizontal plane, and the spans between the supports are in
one straight line.

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 Types of Beams

• Overhanging Beam

Overhanging Beam is combination of simply supported beam and

cantilever beam. One or both of end may be overhanging. This type
of beam is supported by roller support between two ends.

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 COLUMNS

Columns are vertical structure. It transfer lead from beams and roofs to
foundation.
Bricks, Timber, R.C.C. are commonly used as Column

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 Types of Columns

Columns can be classified into four types –

• Based on Shape

• Based on reinforcement

• Based on type of loading

• Based on slenderness ratio

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 Types of Columns

• Based on Shape

• Square or Rectangular Column

They are generally used in construction of buildings, which are common
in practice.

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 Types of Columns

• Based on Shape

• Circular Column
They are specially designed columns, they are mostly used in piling and
elevation of the buildings

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 Types of Columns

• Based on Shape

• L- Type Column
They are generally used in the corners of the boundary wall and has same
features of a rectangular or square column. These kind of columns are
very less used.

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 Types of Columns

• Based on Shape

• T- Type Column
These kind of columns are used depending on design requirements and
in the construction of bridges etc. This has same features of a rectangular
or square column,

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 Types of Columns

• Based on Shape

• V- Type Column
As the name suggest, the column is in V-shape, is used if the room is
trapezoidal or as interesting structural feature.
As it requires more amount of concrete, this column is costly to cast.

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 Types of Columns
• Based on Shape

• Hexagonal Column
These columns are generally modified columns. It has six sides and it
gives good aesthetic view, generally used for elevation. It is adopted to
give a good look to the column. It is generally provided in open
verandahs, auditoriums, cinema halls etc.

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 Types of Columns
• Based on Shape

• Arc type Column

These columns are used when the room has a shape of an arc. It is
adopted where there is no chance of building square or rectangular or
circular column, it is rarely used as it difficult to cast.

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 Types of Columns
• Based on Shape

• Y- type Column
These columns are used in construction of bridges, flyovers, etc.

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 Types of Columns
• Based on Type of Reinforcement

• Tied Column
When the main longitudinal bars of the column are confined within closely
spaced lateral ties, it is called as tied column.

• Spiral Column
When the main longitudinal bars of the column are enclosed within closely
spaced and continuously wound spiral reinforcement, it is called as a
spiral column.

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 Types of Columns
• Based on Type of Reinforcement

• Composite Column
When the longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of structural steel
section or pipe with or without longitudinal bars, it is called as a
composite column.

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 Types of Columns
• Based on Type of Loading

• Axially loaded Column

When the line of action of the compressive force coincides with the center
of gravity of the cross-section of the column, it is called axially loaded
column.

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 Types of Columns
• Based on Type of Loading

• Eccentrically loaded Column

When the line of action of the compressive force doesn’t coincide with the
center of gravity of the cross-section of the column, it is called
eccentrically loaded column.

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 Types of Columns
• Based on Slenderness Ratio
• Long Column

When the ratio of effective length of the column to the least lateral
column to the least lateral dimension exceeds 12, it is called Long
Column.

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 Types of Columns

• Based on Slenderness Ratio

• Short Column

When the ratio of effective length of the column to the least lateral
column to the least lateral dimension is less than 12, the column is
called Short Column.

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 Types of Columns

• Based on Slenderness Ratio

• Short Column

When the ratio of effective length of the column to the least lateral
column to the least lateral dimension is less than 12, the column is
called Short Column.

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 LINTELS
A lintel is defined as a horizontal structural member which is placed across
the opening to support the load from top.

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 Classification of Lintel

Lintels are classified into the following types, according to the

materials of their construction –

• Timber Lintel

• Stone Lintel

• Brick Lintel

• Reinforced Brick Lintels

• Steel Lintels

• Reinforced Cement Concrete Lintels

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 Classification of Lintel

Lintels are classified into the following types, according to the

materials of their construction –

• Timber Lintel

• Stone Lintel

• Brick Lintel

• Reinforced Brick Lintels

• Steel Lintels

• Reinforced Cement Concrete Lintels

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 Types of Lintels
• Timber Lintels

• Easily available in hilly area.

• Relatively costly, structurally weak and vulnerable to fire

• Easily decay, if not taken care of properly

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 Types of Lintels
• Stone Lintels

• Used where stones are available in abundance.

• Consists of a simple stone slab of greater thickness

• Due to high cost and its inability to stand the transverse stress
load, these lintels are rarely used

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 Types of Lintels
• Brick Lintels

• The brick must be hard, well burnt, first class bricks.

• Suitable for small span.

• The bricks having frogs are more suitable.

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 Types of Lintels
• Reinforced Brick Lintels

• For large spans and heavy loads

• They are reinforced with mild steel bars

• Very common due to durability, strength and fire resisting

properties

• Joints are filled with cement concrete

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 Types of Lintels
• Steel Lintels

• Provided at large openings and where the super-imposed loads

are heavy

• It consists of rolled steel joists

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 Types of Lintels
• Reinforced Cement Concrete Lintels

• Commonly used

• They may be pre-cast, mostly for smaller span

• Depth of lintel depends on span of opening

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 ARCHES
A curved structure, made out of wedged shaped blocks of stones or bricks
joined together, that is used to span an opening and to support loads from
above is called an Arch.

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Elements of Arches

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 Elements of Arches – Common Terminologies
The various technical terms used in arches are as follows –

• Abutment – This is the end support of an arch.

• Pier – Pier is the upright support for an arch

• Intrados – This is the inner curve or surface of an arch

• Extrados – This is the outer curve or surface of the arch

• Voussoirs – The voussoirs or arch stones are the wedge shaped units
forming the arch.

• Springing Stone – The springing stone or springer is the first voussoir

at springing level on either side of the arches.

• Springing Line – This is an imaginary line joining the two springing

points.

• Crown – This is the highest point of extrados or it is the highest part of

an arch.

• Keystone – This is the highest central wedge shaped block of an arch.

• Span – This is the clear horizontal distance between the two supports.

• Rise – This is the vertical distance between the two supports.

• Depth of Arch – This this the perpendicular distance between the

intrados and the extrados.

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 Classification of Arches

Classification of arches according to shape

• Flat Arch

• Segmental Arch

• Semi-circular Arch

• Horse shoe Arch

• Pointed Arch

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 Classification of Arches

• Flat Arch

• Intrados is apparently flat, and it acts

as a base of equilateral triangle which
is formed by 60° by the skewbacks

• Extrados is also horizontal and flat

• These flat arches are generally used

for light loads and for spans up to 1.5m

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 Classification of Arches

• Segmental Arch

• This is a basic type of arch used for

buildings in which center of arch
lies below the springing line.

• In segmental arch, the thrust

transferred in inclined direction to
the abutment

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 Classification of Arches

• Semi circular Arch

• The shape of arch curve looks like a

semi-circle and the thrust
transferred to the abutments is
perfectly vertical direction since
skewback is horizontal.

• In this type of arch, the center lies

exactly on the springing line

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 Classification of Arches

• Horse shoe Arch

• Horse shoe arch is in the

shape of horse shoe which
curves more than semi-circle

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 Classification of Arches

• Pointed Arch

• It is also known as Gothic Arch

• In this type of arch two arcs of
circles are met at the apex hence
triangle is formed.
• This may be either isosceles or
equilateral.

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 Classification of Arches

• Venetian Arch

• It is also pointed arch but its crown is

deeper than springing.

• It contains four centers, all located

on the springing line.

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 Classification of Arches

• Florentine Arch

• Intrados of arch is in the shape of

semi-circle and rest of the arch is
similar to Venetian arch.

• It has three centers, all located on

the springing line

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 Classification of Arches

• Relieving Arch

• It is constructed above flat arch or

on a wooden lintel to provide
greater strength.

• In this, we can replace the

decayed wooden lintel easily
without disturbing the stability of
the structure.

• The ends of this arch should be

carried sufficiently into the
abutments.

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 Classification of Arches

• Stilted Arch

• It consists of a semi-circular arch

with two vertical portions at the
springing.
• The center of arch lies on the
horizontal line through the tops of
vertical portions.

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 Classification of Arches

• Semi-Elliptical Arch

• This is a type of arch of semi-

ellipse shape, having three or five
centers

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 Classification of Arches

Classification of arches according to number

of centers

• One Centered Arch

• Two Centered Arch

• Three Centered Arch

• Four Centered Arch

• Five Centered Arch

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 Classification of Arches

• One Centered Arch

• Segmental, Semi-circular, Flat, Horse-shoe arches and

Stilted Arches are one centered arches.

• In some cases, perfectly circular arch is provided for circular

windows which is called as bull’s eye arch also comes under
this category.

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 Classification of Arches

• Two Centered Arch

• Pointed or Gothic or Lancet arches generally comes under

this type.

• Three Centered Arch

• Semi elliptical and Florentine arches are generally having

three number of centers.

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 Classification of Arches

• Four Centered Arch

• Venetian Arch is a typical example for four centered arch.

• Tudor arch is also having four centers

• Five Centered Arch

• A good semi-elliptical shape arch contains five centers.

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 Classification of Arches

Classification of arches according to material

used -

• Stone Arch

• Brick Arch

• Concrete Arch

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 Classification of Arches

• Stone Arch - Rubble Arch

• Rubble arches are very weak and used only for inferior work.

• These are used up to the span of 1m.

• These are made of rubble stones which are hammer

dressed, roughly to shape and size and fixed in cement
mortar.

• Sometimes these are also used as relieving arches

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 Classification of Arches

• Stone Arch - Ashlar Arch

• In this type, the stones are cut to proper shape of voussoirs (

a wedge-shaped or tapered stone used to construct an
arch) and fully dressed, joined with cement mortar.

• Ashlar stones are also used to make flat arches.

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 Classification of Arches

• Brick Arch- Rough Brick Arch

• These are constructed with ordinary bricks without cutting to

the shape voussoirs.

• The arch curve is provided by forming wedge shaped joints

with greater thickness at extrados and smaller thickness at
intrados.

• So, it looks unattractive. That’s why it is not recommended

for exposed brick works.

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 Classification of Arches

• Brick Arch- Axed Brick Arch

• The brick are cut into wedge shape with the help of brick
axe.

• So, these are roughly dressed in shape and size

• Arch formed by these axed bricks is not very pleasant.

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 Classification of Arches

• Brick Arch- Gauged Brick Arch

• The brick are cut to exact shape and size of required

voussoir with the help of wire saw.

• The bricks are finely dressed and these bricks are joined by
lime or cement putty.

• But, for gauged brick arches only soft bricks are used.

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 Classification of Arches

• Concrete arch – Precast Concrete Block Arch

• The blocks are cast in molds to the exact shape and size of
voussoirs.

• For keystone and skewbacks special molds are prepared.

• These will give good appearance because of exact shape

and size.

• Cement concrete of 1:2:4 is used.

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 Classification of Arches

• Concrete arch – Monolithic Concrete Arches

• Monolithic concrete arches are suitable for larger span.

• These are constructed from cast-in situ concrete.

• These may be either plain or reinforced, depending upon the

span and magnitude of loading

• Form work is used for casting the arch. The curing is done
for 2-4 weeks.

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 STAIRS
A stair is a system of steps by which people and objects may pass from one
level of a building to another.

A stair is to be designed to span large vertical distance by dividing it into

smaller vertical distances, called steps.

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 Location of Stairs

• It should be so located as to provide easy access to the occupants

of the building.

• It should be so located that it is well lighted and ventilated directly

from the exterior.

• It should be placed conveniently in a spacious location

• In public building it should be located near main entrance and in

residential building it should be placed centrally.

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Elements of a Stair

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 Elements of a Stair
• Step
Step is a portion of stair which permits ascent and descent from
one level to another.

• Tread
Tread is the upper horizontal portion of step upon which the feet is
placed.

• Riser
Riser is the vertical portion between each tread on the stair

• Handrail
A handrail is a rail that is designed to be grasped by the hand so
as to provide stability or support.

• Baluster
Balusters are the vertical member of wood or metal supporting the
handrail

• Newel Post
This is the vertical member which is placed at the ends of flights to
connect handrail.

• Run
It is the total length of stairs in a horizontal plane, including landing

• Nosing
It is the projecting part of the tread beyond the face of the riser. It
is rounded to give good architectural effect.

• String or Stringer
These are the sloping wooden members which support the steps
in a stair. They run along the slope of the stair.

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 Elements of a Stair

• Soffit
It is the underside of a stair.

• Scotia
It is a molding provided under the nosing to improve the elevation
of the step.

• Flight
A series of steps without any platform, break or landing in one
direction

• Landing
It is the level platform at the top or bottom of a flight between the
floors

• Headroom
It is the minimum clear vertical distance between the tread and
ceiling

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 Types of Steps in a Stairway
• Bullnose Step
It is generally provided at the bottom of the flight, projecting in
front of the newel post. It ends near the newel forms the quadrant
of a circle.

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 Types of Steps in a Stairway

• Round ended Step

A round ended step is similar to a bullnose step except that it has a
semi-circular end which projects out from the stringer.

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 Types of Steps in a Stairway

• Curved Step
Curved step has curved tread and riser

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 Types of Steps in a Stairway

• Splayed Step
This step has one or both ends splayed in plan

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 Types of Steps in a Stairway

• Winders
These are tapering steps which are provided for changing the
direction of a stair.

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 Classification of Stairs

Classification of stairs based on the type of

material used -

• Brick Stair

• Metal Stair

• RCC Stair

• Wooden / Timber Stair

• Stone Stair

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 Classification of Stair

• Brick Stairs

• Brick Stairs may be built of solid masonry construction or

arches may be provided in a lower portion

• Not frequently used in interiors.

• When arches are provided, the total masonry work is

reduced and cupboards may be provided in this hollow
space.

• Treads are generally made equal to length of 1 and a half

brick and risers with the layers of 2 brick respectively

• The treads and risers are finished with suitable flooring

material.

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 Classification of Stair

• Brick Stairs

Brick Stair with arch

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 Classification of Stair

• Metal Stairs

• The external fire-escape stairs are generally made of metal

• The common metals used are cast iron, bronze and mild
steel

• Used only as emergency stairs

• Mostly used in factories, godowns, workshops etc.

• Precast staircases are now popular in residential projects

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 Classification of Stair

• Metal Stairs

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 Classification of Stair

• RCC Stairs

• Commonly used in all types of construction for residential,

public and industrial buildings in case of framed structure
• Have very good fire resistance
• Can be easily molded to the desired shape.
• Steps can be provided with suitable finishing material such
as marble, tile, etc.
• Can be easily maintained clean and they are strong, durable
and pleasing in appearance.

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 Classification of Stair

• RCC Stairs

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 Classification of Stair

• RCC Stairs

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 Classification of Stair

• Wooden Stairs

• Cheap, light in weight, easy to construct.

• Problem occurs during fire because occupants of upper
floors cannot escape
• The joints connecting riser and treads are nailed or screwed
• Scotia blocks gives an additional finish to a wooden step
• A metal strip may be provided on the nosing of a wooden
step to increase its resistance against wear and tear

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 Classification of Stair

• Wooden Stairs

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 Classification of Stair

• Stone Stairs

• Stones should be hard and non-absorbent

• Possess enough resistance to the action of fire
• Mostly used for warehouses, workshops and other public
buildings
• Widely used where ashlar stones are easily available

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 Classification of Stairs

Classification of stairs based on its form -

• Straight Staircase

• Dogged - Legged Staircase

• Open – Newel Staircase

• Geometrical Staircase

• Circular Staircase

• Spiral Staircase

• Quarter – turn Staircase

• Bifurcated Staircase

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 Classification of Stair

• Straight Staircase

• In this stair, all the steps are arranged continuously in one

direction.

• One flight may be split into one or more than one flight by
interposing a landing.

• This stair can be used where narrow and long space is

available for a staircase such as entrance, porch etc.

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 Classification of Stair

• Straight Staircase

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 Classification of Stair

• Dogged-legged Staircase

• It is a very common and popular type of stairs and is used in

public as well as residential buildings.

• It consists of two flights running in opposite directions,

separated by a half-space landing or a quarter space
landing and a set of winders.

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 Classification of Stair

• Dogged-legged Staircase

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 Classification of Stair

• Open Newel Staircase

• This type of stair consists of two or more flights arranging a

well or opening between the backward and forward flights.

• When all the steps are difficult to arrange in to flights, a short

third flight of 3 to 6 steps may be provided along the
direction perpendicular to the hall.

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 Classification of Stair

• Open Newel Staircase

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 Classification of Stair

• Geometrical Staircase

• Geometrical stairs are generally used in high-class

residential buildings.

• The stair is in form of some curve, having all the steps as

winders, radiating from the center of curvature of the curve.

• The handrail of a geometrical stair continues without

interruption and without any regular angular turn.

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 Classification of Stair

• Geometrical Staircase

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 Classification of Stair

• Circular Staircase

• In this type of stair, all the steps radiate from a newel or well
hole, in the form of winders.

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 Classification of Stair

• Circular Staircase

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 Classification of Stair

• Spiral Staircase

• These stairs are generally constructed either of cast iron or

RCC.

• The steps which are all winders, radiate from a central

vertical shaft and are attached to it.

• The steps are generally precast and are fitted to the central
pillar.

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 Classification of Stair

• Spiral Staircase

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 Classification of Stair

• Quarter - turn Staircase

• In this type of stair, the two flights run at right angles to each
other and are separated by a quarter space landing.

• The stirs are generally provided when wall support is on one

side only, or when in a huge apartment such as an entrance
hall, stairs are to be provided,

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 Classification of Stair

• Quarter - turn Staircase

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 Classification of Stair

• Bifurcated Staircase

• These stairs are commonly used in public buildings.

• In this type of stairs, the bottom flight is wider and is

bifurcated into two narrower flights at the landing.

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 Classification of Stair

• Bifurcated Staircase

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 ELEVATORS
A lift or an elevator is an appliance designed to transport men or materials
between two or more floors in a vertical direction by means of a guided car
or platform.

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 Design Consideration

There are many variables which affect elevator system design.

However, the key ones to be specified are –

• Number of floors to be served

• Floor to floor distance

• Population of each floor

• Location of building

• Specialist services within building

• Type of building occupancy

• Maximum peak demand in passengers per five minute

period.

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 Design Consideration

To meet the elevator system specification, there are many design

features which an elevator manufacturer can vary. Of these the
principal ones are -

• Elevator speed

• Elevator car dimensions

• Load

• Number of elevators

• Elevator design characteristics

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 Location of Elevators

Normally, the most efficient method of locating elevators to serve an

individual building is to group them together.
A group has a lower average interval between car arrivals than a
single elevator.

If a building is of a design with areas which give long distances to the

central elevator group, it may be efficient to install an additional
elevator for local area inter-floor traffic.

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 Grouping of Elevators

Two Car Groups Three Car Groups

Four Car Groups

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 Types of Elevators

Classification of Elevators –

• According to Hoist Mechanism

• According to Building Height

• According to Building Types

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Hoist Mechanism

• Hydraulic Elevators

• Traction Elevator

• Climbing Elevator

• Pneumatic Elevator

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Hoist Mechanism

• Hydraulic Elevator
• Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the
bottom of the elevator that pushes the elevator up.

• They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and

travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute.

• The machine room for hydraulic elevators is located at

the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Hoist Mechanism

• Hydraulic Elevator

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Hoist Mechanism

• Traction Elevator
• Traction Elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a
wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator
shaft.
• They are used for mid and high – rise applications and
have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators.

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Hoist Mechanism

• Traction Elevator

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Hoist Mechanism

• Climbing Elevator
• They hold their own power device on them, mostly
electric or combustion engine.

• Climbing elevators are often used in work and

construction areas.

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Hoist Mechanism

• Pneumatic Elevator
• Pneumatic Elevators are raised and powered by
controlling air pressure in a chamber in which the
elevator sits.

• By simple principles of physics, the difference in air

pressure above and beneath the vacuum elevator cab
literally travels by air.

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Building Height

• Low-Rise Building (1-4 stories)

Buildings up to about 1 to 3 stories typically use
hydraulic elevators because of their lower initial
cost.

• Mid-Rise Buildings (5-11 stories)

Buildings up to about 4 to 11 stories use
Traction Elevators

• High-Rise Buildings (12+ stories)

Buildings above 12 stories typically used
Traction Elevators.

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Building Type

• Hospital Elevators

• Residential / Domestic Elevators

• Industrial Elevators

• Commercial Elevators

• Parking Building Elevators

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Building Type

• Hospital Elevators

• Hospital bed elevators generally transport patients who

are not well enough to sit up even in a wheelchair.

• One of the features of bed elevators should be its ability

to transport the patient as smoothly as possible with
minimal amount of bumping and jostling

• Many contemporary bed elevators are manufactured to

consume extremely low amounts of power and to be
durable with a number of features built in.

• Hospital bed elevators generally draw very little power so

that should be a power outage they are still operational
off the hospital’s backup power supply.

• Most often there will be a rear and a front entry to the

elevator cabin.

• Door width -100cm – 120cm

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Building Type

• Hospital Elevators

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Building Type

• Domestic Elevators

• Domestic elevators which are intended to move

passengers up and down in a multilevel residence are
quite similar to those used in large public buildings.

• Most often domestic elevators are designed for carrying

passengers in a residential setting only carry perhaps
two to four people safely and comfortably.

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Building Type

• Domestic Elevators

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Building Type

• Industrial Elevators

• This type of elevator is used in construction, warehouses

and shipyards.

• There are two types -

• Hoist Elevator – These are operated by pulley and

can be a simple platform or a cage in which humans
or heavy materials are moved up and down.

• Incline Elevators – The equipment and supplies are

placed on a form of conveyer belt that continues
turning bringing the cargo up to its destination
where it is quickly unloaded as the belt continues
turning around.

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Building Type

• Industrial Elevators

Hoist Elevators

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Building Type

• Industrial Elevators

Inclined Elevators

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Building Type

• Industrial Elevators

Inclined Elevators

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Building Type

• Commercial Elevators

• Commercial Passenger Elevators – A passenger elevator

is designed to move people between a building’s floors.
Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available
floor space.

• Freight Elevators – A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an

elevator designed to carry goods, rather than
passengers.
Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of
carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator,
generally from 2300-4500kg

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Building Type

• Commercial Elevators

Commercial Passenger Elevator

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Building Type

• Commercial Elevators

Freight Elevator

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 Classification of Elevators

• According to Building Type

• Parking Elevators

• Parking lifts are built to move vehicles to upper or lower

levels and are popular for their space saving feature

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 ESCALATORS
An Escalator is a power-driven, continuous moving stairway designed to
transport passengers up and down short vertical distances.

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Difference between Escalator and Elevator

• Elevators are closed cabins inside vertical shafts that are

used to transport people between different floors in high
rise buildings.

• Escalators are moving stairways that allow people to

move between floors in busy places such as shopping
malls, airports and railway stations.

• Escalators are slow moving whereas elevators are fast

and can move up or down at great speeds.

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Elements of an Escalator

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 Elements of an Escalator

• Landing Platforms

• An escalator consists of a top and bottom landing platforms

connected by a metal truss.

• The two platforms house the curved sections of the tracks, as

well as the gears and motors that drive the stairs.

• The top platform contains the motor assembly and the main
drive gear.

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 Elements of an Escalator

• Truss

• The truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and
the upper landings

• It is composed of two side sections joined together with cross

braces across the bottom and just below the top. The ends of
the truss are attached to the top and bottom landing platforms
via steel or concrete supports.

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 Elements of an Escalator

• Tracks

• The track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain,
which continuously pulls the steps from the bottom platform to
the top in an endless loop.

• There are actually two tracks, one for the front wheels of the
steps ( called the step wheels track) and one for the back
wheels of the steps ( called the trailer wheel track).

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 Elements of an Escalator

• Steps

• The steps are solid, one piece, die-cast aluminum or

steel. Yellow demarcation lines may be added to clearly
indicate their edges.

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 Elements of an Escalator

• Handrail

• The handrail provides a convenient handhold for

passengers while they are riding the escalator.

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 Escalator Design

• Physical Factors

• Vertical and horizontal distance to be spanned must be

considered.

• These factors will determine the pitch of the escalator

and its actual length.

• Location

• Escalators should be situated where they can be easily

seen by the general public.

• In department stores, customers should be able to view

the merchandise easily.

• Furthermore, up and down escalators traffic should be

physically separated and should not lead into confined
spaces.

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 Escalator Design

• Traffic patterns

• Traffic patterns must also be anticipated in escalator

design

• In some buildings the objective is simply to move people

from one floor to another, but in there there may be more
specific requirement, such as funneling visitors towards a
main exit or exhibit.

• The number of passengers is important because

escalators are designed o carry a certain maximum
number of people.

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Types of Escalators

• Parallel

• Criss Cross

• Multiple Parallel

• Curved Escalators

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 Types of Escalators

• Parallel Escalators

• Parallel up and down escalators, “side by side” or

separated by a distance seen often in metro stations
and public areas.

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 Types of Escalators

• Criss Cross Escalators

• Criss Cross minimizes structural space requirement s

by stacking escalators that go in one direction,
frequently used in department stores or shopping
centers.

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 Types of Escalators

• Multiple Parallel Escalators

• Multiple Parallel are the ones where two or more

escalators together that travel in one direction next to
one or two escalators in the same bank that travel in
the other direction.

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 Types of Escalators

• Curved Escalators

• These are used to enhance the aesthetics.

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END OF MODULE

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