BEAM

STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

GENERAL

Basic Procedure of Structural Design

1. Design Code, Standards & Design Criteria

2. Load Considerations and Calculation
3. Propose a Framing System
4. Structural Modeling and Manual Design
5. Design the Structural Members
6. Produce a Structural Drawing
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

GENERAL

• Beams are structural elements that resists loads applied laterally to their axis.
• They typically transfer loads imposed (Vertical Load, Shear Load, Bending Moment) along their
length to their end points where the loads are transferred to walls, columns, foundations, and so on.

• The cross-sectional dimensions are generally

designed based on the requirements, and the
width is fixed depending upon the wall thickness.
The depth of the beam will be designed to resist
the deflections within the safe permissible limits.

• The horizontal beam carries an only transverse

load, and the sloping beams carry both
transverse and axial load.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

1. Based on Support Conditions

2. Based on Geometry
3. Based on Shape of Cross Section
4. Based on Equilibrium Conditions
5. Based on Construction Material
6. Based on Construction Methods
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

1) Based on support or boundary condition:

• Simply supported – a beam supported on the ends which are free to rotate and have
no moment resistance.
• Fixed – a beam supported on both ends and restrained from rotation.
• Over hanging – a simple beam extending beyond its support on one end.
• Double overhanging – a simple beam with both ends extending beyond its supports on
both ends.
• Continuous – a beam extending over more than two supports.
• Cantilever – a projecting beam fixed only at one end.
• Trussed – a beam strengthened by adding a cable or rod to form a truss.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

1) Based on support or boundary condition:

• Simply supported

It is the simplest beam type in structure. It contains one end roller

support, and another end provides pinned support. So the simple
beam contains support at both ends, but it is free to rotate.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

1) Based on support or boundary condition:

• Fixed

The beam has support at both ends, and it resists the rotation. Both ends
of the beam resits on either wall or column.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

1) Based on support or boundary condition:

• Over hanging

When the beam end extends beyond the support, it

is called an overhanging beam.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

1) Based on support or boundary condition:

• Double overhanging

When both ends of the beam extend beyond the

support is called a double overhanging beam.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

1) Based on support or boundary condition:

• Continuous

The continuous beams are commonly used in multi-story

buildings of several bays in perpendicular directions.
This type of beam has more than two supports. One end
of the beam is fixed, and the other one will continue.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

1) Based on support or boundary condition:

• Cantilever

The cantilever beam is fixed at one end, and the other end is free
from the support.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

1) Based on support or boundary condition:

• Trussed

Beam reinforced by truss rods or cambered pieces joined

together is known as a trussed beam
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

2. Based on Geometry
• Straight Beam

Typical beam that you see in the construction

site. Supported at two ends and carries bending
moment and shear force.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

2. Based on Geometry
• Curved Beam

Curved beam supported at two ends and carries

bending moment, shear force and torsional force.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

2. Based on Geometry
• Tapered Beam

the cross-section of one side will be bigger than the

other. It is more like an I-Beam
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

3. Based on Shape of Cross Section

• Tapered Beam

Rectangular beams carry tension at the bottom and

compression at the top.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

3. Based on Shape of Cross Section

• T- section Beam

Mostly constructed monolithically with slab. Constructed

to increase the compression strength of concrete.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

3. Based on Shape of Cross Section

• L- section Beam

The edge beams which are cast monolithically with slabs on one side
of the rib only are designated as L- beams. The torsional & hogging
bending moments are maximum at the support sections.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

3. Based on Shape of Cross Section

• Steel cross sectional shapes includes
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM If the forces acting on a beam can be determined

by the equilibrium equations alone, it is known as
CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS a statically determinate beam. If not, then it is
statically indeterminate.
• R=3n Determinate
4. Based on Equilibrium Conditions • R=3n Indeterminate
• Statically determinate beam • R=3n Unstable
• Statically indeterminate beam
R- No. Reactions and n- No. segments
• Unstable
Example of Statically indeterminate structures
Example of Statically determinate structures • Continuous beam,
• Simply supported beam, • U beams,
• Overhanging beams • Fixed beans
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

5. Based on Construction Material

• Reinforced Concrete Beam
• Steel beam
• Timber beam
• Composite beam
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

6. Based on Construction Methods

• Cast In-situ Concrete Beam

Cast In-situ means pouring concrete after placing the molds (slab,
beam formwork, and reinforcement) correctly. It is opposite to the
precast.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

6. Based on Construction Methods

• Precast Concrete Beam

precast concrete beams are mould somewhere else and then lifted and
placed with the use of lifting machinery
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

6. Based on Construction Methods

• Prestressed Concrete Beam
In a prestressed concrete beam, the beam will be
provided with some precompression on the
concrete by tensioned steel wires or cables. So that
it won’t develop minor cracks after placing.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

6. Based on Construction Methods

• Prestressed Concrete Beam
In a prestressed concrete beam, the beam will be
provided with some precompression on the
concrete by tensioned steel wires or cables. So that
it won’t develop minor cracks after placing.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

2) Based on location and construction

• Grade beam
• Intermediate beam
• Top tie beam
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM

STRUCTRUAL BEAM LAYOUT

Grade beam
Intermediate beam

Top tie beam

It’s the plan view of beams.

Showing the arrangement, size,
spacing and marks of each in a given
floor level.
It includes
- Basic dimensions such as span or
c/c dimension of columns, sizes of
beams, overall length of beams.
- Structural grid.
- Plan view of columns and their
marks.
- Details, notes and schedule.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

BEAM DEPENDS ON

• Loading
• Support condition
STRUCTRUAL BEAM DETAIL • Material type
• Design consideration

• It shows beam in elevation and cross sections.

• In addition it shows detail of Links and
arrangement of reinforcement bars.
• Dimensions for beam lengths and spacing, REINFORCEMENT BARS
column, size and lap lengths will be given. ARRENGMENT DEPENDS ON

?
• Information such as grid identification, bar • MOMENT
• SHEAR
marks, quantity of bars, notes, stirrup
development with proper dimensions, bar
schedule and special joint details (If any)
should be given.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING
GRADE BEAM DETAIL
BEAM
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING
INTERMEDIATE BEAM DETAIL
BEAM
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING
TOP TIE BEAM DETAIL
BEAM
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

STRUCTURAL R.C COLUMNS

Defines vertical load bearing members which transmit load to the foundation

Columns may be classified based on the following criteria:

• Geometry • Lateral stability

 rectangular,  braced columns
 square,  unbraced columns.
 circular, • Sensitivity to second order effect due to lateral displacements
 L-shaped,  sway columns
 T-shaped, etc.  non-sway columns.
• Composition • Degree of slenderness
 composite columns,  short column
 infilled columns, etc.  slender column.
• Lateral reinforcement • Loading
 tied columns,  axially loaded column
 spiral columns.  columns under uni-axial bending
 columns under biaxial bending.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING
A B C
STRUCTURAL R.C COLUMNS 1300
600 600
COLUMN LAYOUT DRAWING 490 490
20 25 20
PROCEDURE C1
C2 C1
1

20
• From the architect’s drawings,
determine the center line of column
dimensions, select an appropriate
scale and layout construction lines

600

490
or the center of columns.
• Determine the depth and width of
the columns and drawn the plan 30
view of each column locating it on C2 C3 C2
the proper center line. 2

30
25
• Write numbers and letters
designation for the grid.
• Assign mark numbers to each
490
600

column.
• Give the necessary dimensions and
notes. C1 C2 C1
3
20

• Prepare column schedule.

STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING
INCLUDES
STRUCTURAL R.C COLUMNS -Plan view, sectional view & details.
-General dimensions,
COLUMN DETAIL DRAWING  Column height
 Floor levels
SHOWS  Beam sizes
• How the bars are to be placed in  Lap length
 Kickers height
the form.  Elevations of structural
• Height and size of the columns.  Floor (levels)
-Bar identifications (bar marks)
• The amount, size & length of -Size, number and length of bars.
-Grid identification
bars.  -column identification
• Detail references.  Column mark
 Number of pieces
-Necessary notes
-Details
 Columns cross-section
 Stirrups development
 Construction joint details
-Bar schedule
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

STRUCTURAL R.C COLUMNS

COLUMN DETAIL DRAWING

PROCEDURE
1. Column length, width and depth dimensions are determined from the layout
plan and with these dimensions draw the concrete column profile.
2. Show the layout of reinforcing bars in it with heavy lines.
3. Give all necessary dimensions including:-
-Column width, depth and length.
- Reinforcing bar lengths
- Reinforcing bar numbers and size.
- Reinforcing bar spacing along the column length.
4. Give bar mark (designation) for each reinforcing bar.
5. Prepare details for specific cross-section, splice joints and stirrups
development.
-Put detail reinforces such as bubbles or cutting planes.
6. Finally, put all necessary notes.
STRUCTURAL WORKING DRAWING

STRUCTURAL R.C COLUMNS

COLUMN DETAIL DRAWING