Pearlite + Proeutectoid Phase Slow Cool

Material Thickness Reduced

Strain Hardening %CW = ((Ao-Ad)/Ao)*100
Bainite Medium Cool Austenite Phase Strengthening

Tempered Martensite if REHEAT Martensite Fast Cool

Grain Boundary Strengthening
Sy=So + kd^(-1/2) The finer of grain the higher the strength will be
(Hall Patch Equation)
Plain Carbon
Composite Strengthening Low-Carbon
Material Strengthening
HSLA
Intersitial
Increase Strength by induced stress
Solid Solution Strengthening Plain
from inside material
To rise the Tnr ( Minimun Temperature to recyrstalize) Subtitional Low Alloy Med-Carbon
Steel added Niobium
and decrease the Ar3(Austenite temp transformation)
Heat Treatable

Slab Reheating Temperature TMCP

Plain Weldability depend on CE
Precipitation Strengthening (Graville Diagram)
High-Carbon
Interpass Holding Temperature Process
Tool
Final Phase Matrix Transformation
Tool Steel
Austenite Carbon, Nickle, Mangan Steel Sensitization(weld decay) Addition of Ti,Nb,Ta
due heating to long in 850-500o C to reduce sensitization
Manganese SS 200 Series
Al,Ti,V,Cr,Mo,Ni Nitride Forming Element
Austenitic SS
Nickel SS 300 Series
Forming Elements Ferrite Cr,Si,Mo,W,Al Pre Heat

Ferrite SS 430 Series

Carbide, Nitride Grain Refiner
Stainless Steel
High Alloy Martensitic SS 410 Series
Commercial pure & low alloy Titanium alloys Carbide Forming Element Cr,Mo,W,V,Ta,Ti,Nb,Zr

Duplex SS 2xxx Series

contain up to 7% alumunium Titanium alpha and near alpha alloys Ferrous
Titanium is versy sensitive when welded Titanium PH SS 630 Series / 17-4 PH
must use 99,9999% Ar (ultra pure gas) contain 6% Al and beta forming
Titanium alpha-beta alloys
such as V,Cr,Mo,W,Ta,Si
High Manganese Steel Hadfield

Contain beta forming

Titanium beta alloys Maraging Steel Martensite Transformation without carbon
such as V,Cr,Mo,W,Ta,Si
Weld in Titanium Factor to be consider Gray Iron

Commercial Ductile Iron Add Mg 0,04-0,08% as grain modifier

Cast Iron
Brasses (Cu+Zn) White Iron Malleable Iron
Weld Metal Porostiy Embrittlement Contamination Cracking Main Problem Copper
Bronzes (Cu+Sn)
Chapter 2 - Metallurgy Behaviour Compacted Graphite Iron
Silicon act as Graphite Stabilizer
Cr, Mn act as Carbide Stabilizer
Other
Material surface must be cleaned no moisture, Iron causing cracking due brittleness
Low Heat Input
Zn will vapor lead to metal porosity

Titanium is material that easy to react, Oxygen,Nitrogen,Hydrogen affinity will affect High Expansion lead to High Distortion
the titanium colour Melting Point = 660o C
such small impurty will affect embrittlement Pre Heat

1/3 Density of Steel

Characteristic Prevent Crack in Weld
Low Expansion Alloys 5x thermal conductivity of steel
Slow Cooling
contain 99% Nickel Commercial
Electrical Resistance Alloy Alumunium
2,4x thermal expansion of steel
Wrought
Market name "Monel" Contain 29-33% Cu Ni-Cu Alloy
Soft Magnetic Alloys Type of Process Classified
Classification Nickel Cast Use Ni-Cu Electrode
Inconel, Incoloy, Hastelloy 15-22% Cr & 50% Fe Non HT Ni-Cr-Fe due to no sensitif
NITINOL Shape Memory Alloys
Strain Hardening of carbon pickup
15-22% Cr & 33% Fe
Heat Resistant Strengthening Method Alloying
Nimonic,Udimet,Waspalloy,Rene 41,Astroloy, Inconel X-750 HT Ni-Cr-Fe
Temper Designation
Addition of Al,Si,Be,Ti for HT Precipitation
Corrosion Resistant Precipitation Hardening

Weld Problem

Floating node
Porosity Oxide Inclusion PWHT Crack

Air Entrapment Lack of Fusion due to Strain-Age Cracking

Metal Inclusion