PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC

(JJ512)
1. PRESSURE
3 ways to measure pressure which is in kPa,
Bar and Psi unit.

1 atm (atmosfera) = 100 kPa

= 14.5 psi
= 1.0132 bar
= 100 kN/m2
 What is Boyle’s Law?
 Boyle’s Law is one of the laws in physics that
concern the behaviour of gases
 When a gas is under pressure it takes up less
space:
 The higher the pressure, the smaller the volume
 Boyles Law tells us about the relationship between
the volume of a gas and its pressure at a constant
temperature
 The law states that pressure is inversely

volume
pressure
proportional to the volume
 P1V1 = P2V2
P1 = 1/V1

P= 1 , V= 1 P= 2 , V= 1/2 P= 5 , V= 1/5
 In Newton unit
F [N] = P [N/m2] x A [m2]

 forces exerted by the actuator cylinder is not

100% because of losses due to friction that
occurs at the surface of the piston and the
cylinder surface actuators. So the effective
force will be :
Feff [N] = P x D X 7
 Dew Point is the temperature at which water vapor
in the air begins to condense to form liquid water.
 Can cause problems in a pneumatic system when
the temperature of the compressed air drops to the
dew point and the vapor condenses into liquid water
 • Takat embun ialah dimana apabila
TAKAT suhu udara dikurangkan (disejukkan)
pada tekanan malar, wap air akan
terkondensasi menjadi air. Air yang
EMBUN terkondensasi dipanggil embun. Takat
embun ialah pada titik tepu.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point

• The dew point is the temperature to

DEW which a given parcel of air must be
cooled, at constant barometric pressure,
for water vapor to condense into water.
POINT The condensed water is called dew. The
dew point is a saturation point.

7
 Is basically an air pump that compresses air
into the receiver tank.
 Compress air from atmospheric pressure to a
higher pressure
 This is done by reducing the air volume
 The receiver tank acts as a pressure source
from which the system can draw as dictated
by the flow demand.
 COMPRESSOR
(PEMAMPAT)

NON-POSITIVE
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
DISPLACEMENT
(ANJAKAN POSITIVE) (DINAMIK)

CENTRIFUGAL AXIAL
RECIPROCATING ROTARY COMPRESSOR COMPRESSOR
COMPRESSOR COMPRESSOR (PEMAMPAT (PEMAMPAT
(PEMAMPAT JENIS (PEMAMPAT JENIS ALIRAN JEJARI) ALIRAN PAKSI)
SALINGAN) PUTARAN)
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
A type of compressor that delivers
a fixed volume of air at high
pressures

DYNAMIC COMPRESSOR
A type of compressor that delivers
larger volumes of air at lower
pressures
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

RECIPROCATING a. Piston Compressor

COMPRESSOR
PEMAMPAT SALINGAN b. Diaphragm Compressor

a.
JENIS OMBOH
(MECHANICAL PISTON)

JENIS
GEGENDANG
(DIAPHRAGM)
 b. Diaphragm Compressor

The compressor chamber is separated from

the piston by a diaphragm. The advantage of
this is that no oil can enter into the air flow
from the compressor. The diaphragm
compressor is therefore used where oil is to
be excluded from the air supply, for example
in the food, pharmaceutical and chemical
industries.
LP HP
 2. ROTARY COMPRESSOR

1.Sliding vane compressor 1.Screw compressor

The rotary group of compressors use

rotating elements to compress and
increase the pressure of the air. During
the compression process, the
compression chamber is continually
reduced.
 ROTARY rotor
COMPRESSOR Vane
(PEMAMPAT PUTARAN)
Inlet port
Outlet port
Volume
SLIDING VANE increase

(JENIS RAM
GELANGSAR)
Volume
increase

SCREW TYPE
(JENIS SKRU)
OUTLET INLET
 NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

1. CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
D : A type of dynamic compressor that
compresses air and expels it with a centrifugal
force from a rotating wheel with radial vanes.
Centrifugal compressors are often used for fans
and cooling units.

2.AXIAL COMPRESSOR
D: The air is accelerated in the axial direction of
flow by means of blades.
 CONCLUSION

+ ve displacement compressor are used in

fluid power application because they are capable
of producing flow against high pressures.

- ve displacement compressor are low

pressure, high flow pumps that are used in fluid
transfer
 FREE AIR DELIVERY (FAD)

1) FAD is the actual quantity of

compressed air at the discharge of the
compressor
2) FAD at atmosphere pressure is vary
depending on place
3) The standard air for free air pressure
standards is

1.010 BAR = 0OC

 AIR COMPRESSOR ACCESSORIES

For the continuing performance of control systems and working element

it is necessary to guarantee that the air supply is: at the required pressure,
dry and clean.

INPUT • Is to remove all contaminants such

STRAINER AND as dust and rust particles entering
SILENCER inlet of the air pressure
RESERVOIR
UDARA

AIR RESERVOIR • To receive and keep compressed air. INPUT

STRAINER

PRESSURE • Used to control or limit the pressure PRESSURE

in a system to ensure the system in RELIEF
RELIEF VALVE the stable condition
VALVE

• Consist of Filter, Regulator and

SERVIS
SERVICE UNIT Lubricator. Function to regulate the
UNIT
pressure and lubricate the air.
 AIR DEHYDRATION

Lowering the temperature and drying air after the compression process

DIRECTIONAL
COMPRESSOR DRYER RECEIVER UNIT SERVICE CONTROL ACTUATOR
VALVE

CONTINUO
AIR DRYER
S COOLER

AIR ABSORBANCE
COOL DRYING

WATER ADSORPTION DRYING

COOL

COOLANT DRYING

MAIN LINE FILTER

22
DINGIN UDARA DINGIN AIR
(Air cooler) (Water cooler)

• Cooling • Cooling process

process is is done by
done by using using water as
air as a medium
the medium

23
 PENGERING UDARA

ABSORBANCE ADSORPTION
COOLANT DRYING MAIN LINE FILTER
DRYING DRYING

• Chemical • Air compression • Main Line Filter

• Purely chemical methods for method at the are used for
process drying air appropriate filtration of
• Chemical methods • The water temperature (44 water, air and
to absorb water OC) chemicals.
from air
vapor from air
stick in the • Using a
• After absorbing coolant
chemicals surface
will become liquid chemical (refrigerant) as
• Chemicals - • Chemicals – the coolant
UREA,LITHIUM silica gel and • The
DAN CaCl activated resulting cold
alumina air and dry
 PENGERING UDARA

ABSORBANCE DRYING
PROCESS :
1) The moisture in the
compressed air forms a
compound with the drying
agent in the tank
2) This causes the drying agent
to break down; it is then
discharge in the form of a
fluid at the base of the tank
3) The mixture must be
regularly drained and the
fluxing agent must be
regularly replaced.
 ADSORPTION DRYING

PROCESS :

• the drying agent is a

granular material (gel)
consisting almost entirely
of silicon dioxide
•Usually two tanks are use
• when the gel in one tank
is saturated, the air flow is
switched to the dry.
• second tank and the first
tank is regenerated by hot
–air drying.
Alumina teraktif Jel silika
 PENGERING UDARA

COOLANT DRYING
PROSES :

1) Sila rujuk modul anda &

buat ringkasan…..

Sunday, 13 January, 2013 mirae/jkm/jan2010 27