PARADIGM SHIFT

A PARADIGM SHIFT IS A PHENOMENON CONCEPTUALIZED AND

EXPLORED BY THOMAS KUHN AND IS NOT JUST A SMALL
MODIFICATION TO AN EXISTING SCIENTIFIC THEORY. INSTEAD, IT
WHOLLY CHANGES THE SCIENTIFIC THEORY ITSELF AND RADICALLY
MODIFIED HOW IT SEEKS TO UNDERSTAND REALITY.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE 16TH CENTURY, COPERNICUS BRAVELY CHALLENGED THE PTOLEMAIC
MODEL OF HEAVENS – GEOCENTRIC. IT DESCRIBED THE COSMOS AS HAVING THE EARTH
STATIONARY AT THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE, AND EVERYTHING REVOLVES AROUND IT.
COPERNICUS PROPOSED A NEW MODEL, HELIOCENTRIC, SHOWING THE SUN AS THE CENTER OF
THE SOLAR SYSTEM. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH WAS AGAINST HIM, SO HIS IDEAS DID NOT PROSPER
AT ONCE. HIS BOOKS AND HE, HIMSELF, WERE DENIED BY SOCIETY. FEW CENTURIES HAD PASSED
BEFORE THE WORLD STARTED TO ACKNOWLEDGE HIS GREATNESS THROUGH GALILEO GALILEI –
THE MAN WHO PICKED UP ALL COPERNICUS HAD LEFT. UNTIL THEN, THE SUN STANDS OUT IN THE
CENTER OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
CHARLES DARWIN
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
ACCORDING TO THE BIBLE, GOD HAD CREATED THE WORLD AND EVERYTHING ON IT. ALL THE
SPECIES OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS NOW IN EXISTENCE WERE THOUGHT TO HAVE BEEN CREATED
IN THEIR FINAL FORM AT THE CREATION TIME. THEN ONE MIND QUESTIONED IT ALL – CHARLES
DARWIN. INTEREST IN FOSSILS FUELED THE INCREASE IN SCIENTIFIC AWARENESS DURING HIS
TIME. HE FOCUSED ON GEOLOGICAL CHANGE AND PRESENTED A CLASSIC EXPLANATION OF
DEVELOPMENT OVER MILLIONS OF YEARS. HE HAD PERSUADED MOST PEOPLE THAT
‘TRANSMUTATION’ WAS AN ACCEPTABLE SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION OF THE GEOLOGICAL PAST.
HOWEVER, HE HAD NOT NECESSARILY PERSUADED THEM THAT NATURAL SELECTION WAS THE
CAUSE OF IT.
SIGMUND FREUD
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
FREUD’S REVOLUTION MAY BE VIEWED AS DISCOVERING A WAY OF LOCATING IN THE MIND
OBJECTIVE ENTITIES THAT CAN BE STUDIED LIKE MATERIAL THINGS. WHEN FREUD INTRODUCED
THE UNCONSCIOUS REALM CONCEPT, THE MIND’S MODE OF OPERATION HAD BEEN A SUBJECT OF
CONFUSION AND DEBATE IN THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY. ACCORDING TO, FREUD WAS MOSTLY
RESPONSIBLE FOR ELEVATING OUR INTERPRETATIONS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR TO THE RATIONAL
IDEAS OF REASON AND SCIENCE. AFTER YEARS OF ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH, FREUD REACHED A
SIMPLE CONCLUSION THAT CHANGED THE FACE OF INTELLECTUAL HISTORY AND PROVED TO BE
AMONGST HIS MOST SIGNIFICANT GIFTS TO THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. UNCONSCIOUSNESS IS
HELD RESPONSIBLE IF THE SYMPTOMS WERE NOT CONSCIOUSLY CREATED WITH A PHYSICAL BASIS.
HISTORY OF S&T IN THE PHILIPPINES

• IT INITIALLY SURVEYS THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF FILIPINO SCIENTISTS

TO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
PRE-COLONIAL TIMES
➢ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES HAD THEIR BEGINNINGS DURING PRE-
COLONIAL TIMES.
➢PEOPLE USED HERBAL MEDICINE TO TREAT ILLNESSES.
➢ FILIPINOS USED WRITING, NUMERICAL TREATMENT, MEASUREMENT, AND CALENDAR SYSTEMS
TO FACILITATE TRADING.
➢-FARMING, FISHING, MINING, AND WEAVING WAS DEVELOPED BY FILIPINOS DURING THIS
PERIOD ( THE BANAUE RICE TERRACES WAS BUILT DURING THIS PERIOD)
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
➢SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY WAS DEVELOPED THROUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF FORMAL EDUCATION
INSTITUTIONS AND THE LAUNCHING OF SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS.
➢ SCHOOLS WERE MANDATED TO TEACH RELIGION, READING AND WRITING, MUSIC AND ARTS, AND
HEALTH AND SANITATION.
➢ MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY WERE TAUGHT IN DIFFERENT EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING INSTITUTIONS. –
➢THE NATIVES WERE TRAINED TO USE INNOVATIVE APPROACH IN FARMING; ENGINEERING WAS ALSO
INTRODUCED FOR CONSTRUCTING BUILDINGS, CHURCHES, BRIDGES, ROADS, AND FORTS.
➢ RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES INFLUENCED BY WESTERN CULTURE DURING THE
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD WAS SHORT-CHANGED. –
➢TRADE WAS MORE PRIORITIZED COMPARED TO AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BECAUSE
ITS POTENTIAL TO GAIN LARGE PROFITS.
AMERICAN PERIOD
➢REORGANIZED INSTITUTIONS FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY WERE
REORGANIZED.
oLABORATORIO MUNICIPAL → BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES (UNDER US
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR).
oTHE BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES WAS ESTABLISHED FOR THE PURPOSE OF
STUDYING TROPICAL DISEASES AND PURSUING OTHER RELATED RESEARCH PROJECTS;
EVENTUALLY BECAME BUREAU OF SCIENCE WHICH BECAME THE MAIN RESEARCH CENTER
OF THE PHILIPPINES
FERDINAND E.
MARCOS
➢DURING THE TIME OF THE FORMER PRESIDENT FERDINAND E. MARCOS, THE ROLE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT WAS EMPHASIZED.
➢ MANDATED THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE, NOW KNOWN AS THE
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (DEPED), TO PROMOTE SCIENCE COURSES IN PUBLIC
HIGH SCHOOLS. –
➢ADDITIONAL BUDGET FOR RESEARCH PROJECTS IN APPLIED SCIENCES AND SCIENCE
WAS GRANTED. –
➢N 1968, TAGUIG WAS PROCLAIMED AS THE PHILIPPINE SCIENCE COMMUNITY, NOW
THE SITE OF DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
➢THE PHILIPPINE COCONUT INSTITUTE (PHILCORIN) WAS TASKED TO PROMOTE
MODERNIZATION OF THE COCONUT INDUSTRY.
SEVERAL INSTITUTIONS WERE ALSO ESTABLISHED. THE FOLLOWING WERE:
1. PHILIPPINE TEXTILE RESEARCH CENTER 5. PHILIPPINE ATMOSPHERIC,
2. PHILIPPINE ATOMIC ENERGY GEOPHYSICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL
COMMISSION →PHILIPPINE NUCLEAR SERVICES ADMINISTRATION (PAGASA)
INSTITUTE 6. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL OIL COMPANY
3. NATIONAL GRAINS AUTHORITY → 7. PLANT BREEDING INSTITUTE
NATIONAL FOOD AUTHORITY 8. INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH
4. PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR INSTITUTE (IRRI)
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH PHILIPPINE 9. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY
COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, AQUATIC, 10. BUREAU OF FOREST PRODUCTS
AND NATURAL RESOURCES RESEARCH 11. NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON
AND DEVELOPMENT (PCAARRD) GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES
➢THE NATIONAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD WAS
REORGANIZED AS THE NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
AUTHORITY (NSTA) –
➢IN 1976, THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE (NAST) WAS
ESTABLISHED TO BE THE RESERVOIR OF SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNOLOGICAL EXPERTISE IN THE COUNTRY.
CORAZON
AQUINO
➢NSTA WAS RENAMED AS DOST IN 1986 UNDER PRESIDENT
CORAZON AQUINO.
➢THIS WAS DONE IN ORDER FOR THE S&T SECTOR TO BE
REPRESENTED IN THE CABINET.
➢THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN BY THE DOST
AIMED TO UPDATE THE PRODUCTION SECTOR, IMPROVE RESEARCH
ACTIVITIES, AND DEVELOP INFRASTRUCTURES FOR THE SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY SECTOR.
FIDEL V. RAMOS
➢DURING THE TIME OF PRESIDENT FIDEL V. RAMOS, THE PHILIPPINES HAD
APPROXIMATELY 3000 COMPETENT SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS.
➢THE DOCTORS TO THE BARRIO PROGRAM MADE HEALTH CARE ACCESSIBLE
EVEN IN FAR-FLUNG AREAS.
➢THE NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR GIFTED FILIPINO CHILDREN IN SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY WAS CREATED FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS WHO WANTED TO
MAJOR IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING IN COLLEGE.
SEVERAL LAWS AND STATUTES RELATED TO THE
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SECTOR WERE
MANDATED:
1. R.A. 8439 ( MAGNA CARTA FOR SCIENTIST, ENGINEERS, RESEARCHERS AND
OTHER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PERSONNEL IN GOVERNMENT)
2. R.A. 7687 (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SCHOLARSHIP ACT OF 1994)
3. R.A. 7559 (INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS INCENTIVE ACT)
4. R.A. 8293 (THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES)
JOSEPH EJERCITO
ESTRADA
➢R.A. 8749 (CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999) AND R.A. 8792 (ELECTRONIC
COMMERCE ACT OF 2000) WERE BOTH SIGNED AND MANDATED
DURING THE TERM OF PRESIDENT JOSEPH ESTRADA. –
➢RESPONSIBLE FOR IMPLEMENTING COST-EFFECTIVE IRRIGATION
TECHNOLOGIES AND PROVIDING HEALTH CARE SERVICES FOR THOSE
WHO COULD NOT AFFORD THEM.
GLORIA
MACAPAGAL-
ARROYO
➢FILIPINNOVATION WAS COINED TO REFER TO THE PHILIPPINES AS AN
INNOVATION HUB IN ASIA.
➢PROMULGATION OF R.A. 9367 (BIOFUELS ACT) TO UTILIZE INDIGENOUS
MATERIALS AS SOURCES OF ENERGY; WAS NOT SUCCESSFUL DUE TO THE LACK
OF TECHNOLOGY TO SOURCE RAW MATERIALS.
➢R.A. 10601 (AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES MECHANIZATION LAW) WAS PASSED
TO MODERNIZE AGRICULTURAL AND FISHERIES MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT.
BENIGNO
AQUINO III
NEW NATIONAL SCIENTISTS WERE NAMED IN 2014.
THE FOLLOWING WERE:

1. GAVINO C. TRONO (MARINE BIOLOGY)

2. ANGEL C. ALCALA (BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE)
3. RAMON C. BARBA (HORTICULTURE) 4. EDGARDO D. GOMEZ (MARINE BIOLOGY)
RODRIGO
DUTERTE
➢SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SECTOR IS SEEN TO BE A PRIORITY BASED ON THE
BUDGET FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D) THAT GREW BY NEARLY SIX
TIMES OVER THE SAME PERIOD.
➢DOST FOCUS WAS SET TO PUT RESULTS OF R&D INTO COMMERCIALIZATION IN
ORDER TO GAIN NEW INTELLECTUAL PROPERTIES.
➢PHILIPPINE SPACE TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM → LAUNCHED DIWATA- 2 IN 2018
AFTER THE LAUNCH OF DIWATA-1 IN 2016 THAT DISPLAYED THE PHILIPPINE FLAG
IN SPACE.
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
1. MECHANIZATION OF FARMING - TOOLS SUCH AS PUMPS AND SPRINKLERS HELP
IN MANAGING THE DAMAGING EFFECTS OF HEAT BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE
CHANGING CLIMATE PATTERNS
2. GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS - GROW FASTER AND ARE RESISTANT TO PESTS
3. FERTILIZERS - INCREASE NUTRIENTS IN THE SOIL; ENHANCES GROWTH AND
YIELD OF CROPS