VOLCANOES

OBJECTIVES:
 Identify the different parts of volcano.
 Describe why do volcanoes erupt.
 Explain what happen when volcanoes erupt.
 TERMS TO REMEMBER
• Volcanology
The study of volcanoes, magma, lava, and related topics.
• Magma
Molten rock/hot fluid in the mantle (below the earth’s crust)
• Lava
Liquid molten rock that has reached the earth’s surface. Solid rock when
cooled.
• Conduit
The channel where magma travels up the volcano.
• Vent
an opening that allows air, gas, or liquid to pass out of or into a confined
space.

• Magma Chamber
is a large pool of liquid rock beneath the surface of the Earth.

• Crater
is an approximately circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic
activity.
• Volcanic Ash
is a mixture of rock, mineral, and glass particles expelled from
a volcano during a volcanic eruption. The particles are very small—less than 2
millimeters in diameter
• Sill
is a planar sheet of magma which is parallel to the surrounding
rock. Sills store magma compared to dikes which transport magma
• Throat
The uppermost section of the main vent.
 HOW DOES VOLCANO FORMED?

Most volcanoes are formed from the movement of

tectonic plates. As one plate moves under another, it
causes the rock in the mantle to melt. It becomes magma
and gradually from the pressure it will make its way up
through the vent from the magma chamber. It becomes
lava when it reaches the surface of the earth.
PARTS OF VOLCANO
• Ash
• Conduit
• Magma Chamber
• Rock
• Lava
• Sill
• Throat
• Lava Flow
• Crater
• Vent
• Ash Cloud
• Magma
• Parasitic Cone
 Magma

Ash Cloud
• Ash
Crater
Lava Flow • Conduit
Vent Lava Flow
• Magma Chamber
Parasitic Cone Throat • Rock
Lava
• Lava
• Sill
Lava
Magma Ash • Throat
Rock Sill • Lava Flow
• Crater
Conduit • Vent
Rock • Ash Cloud
• Magma
Magma Chamber • Parasitic Cone
 WHY DO VOLCANO ERUPT?

A volcano erupts when magma and gases find a

way to escape, so they burst to the surface
through a vent. An eruption can be quite gentle or
very violent.
 REASONS WHY VOLCANO ERUPT

There are three dominating theories that explain

what cause a volcano to erupt.
Due to Density-Difference in Magma
Pressure of Released Gases
Injection of New Magma
 DUE TO DENSITY –DIFFERENCE
IN MAGMA
Due to heat and pressure in the Earth’s mantle, solid rocks
melt, to form magma. Magma has the same mass as the solid
rock, but more volume, making it lighter. So, it will attempt to
rise, if this magma continues to encounter high-density material
till it reaches the Earth’s crust, volcanic eruption occurs. It can
either be in the form of a lava-flow or may be explosive
 PRESSURE OF RELEASED GASES
Magma contains dissolved substances such as water, sulfur dioxide and
carbon dioxide. The solubility of magma decreases with the decrease in
pressure as it rises up towards the crust, the gases get released in the form
of bubbles. When the volume of the gas bubbles in magma reaches around
75%, magma disintegrates into pyro clasts, a mixture of partially molten
and solid fragments. The bursting of pyro clasts is very explosive and the
cause of some of the most violent eruptions on the surface of Earth.
 INJECTION OF NEW MAGMA
When a magma enters the chamber already overflowing with magma,
the volcano erupts due to the additional pressure exerted by the injection
of new magma. This type of eruption can be placid or violent.
 VALUES INTEGRATION
• Now that you have knowledge about volcanoes as a NACEAN you should
practice integrity especially when you conduct research about volcanoes
someday.
• You should develop your self-discipline in following the safety measures
to avoid negative impact whenever natural disaster occur.
• Practice your social responsibility in spreading awareness to the
community to reduce the negative impact of volcanic eruptions and to
explain the advantage of its benefits on people and environment.
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:
• What are the effect of volcanic eruption.
• Suggest safety tips for those people living near volcanic area.
 LIST DOWN THE EFFECTS OF
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Eruptions occurring close to human settlements may destroy lives and
property. People often have to be evacuated.
Ash discharged very high into the stratosphere can have negative
consequences on the ozone layer.
Ash and mud can mix with rain and melting snow, forming lahars.
Lahars are mudflows flowing at very fast velocity.
Landscapes and natural sceneries can be destroyed.
 SAFETY TIPS
Stay away from active volcanoes.
If you live near an active volcano, keep googles and a mask in an
emergency kit, along with a flashlight.
Know your evacuation route.
Before you leave the house, change into long-sleeved shirts and long
pants.
If you are not evacuating, close windows and doors and blocks
chimneys and other vents, to prevent ash coming into the house.