materials

Article
Study on the Permeability of Recycled Aggregate
Pervious Concrete with Fibers
Haitang Zhu 1,2 , Chengcheng Wen 2, *, Zhanqiao Wang 2 and Lan Li 3
1 School of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou 451191, China; htzhu@zzu.edu.cn
2 School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
wzqzzu@zzu.edu.cn
3 Patent Examination Cooperation (Henan) Center of the Patent Office, CNIPA, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
doraneverland@163.com
* Correspondence: wencc@gs.zzu.edu.cn; Tel.: +86-181-0384-9089




Received: 2 December 2019; Accepted: 8 January 2020; Published: 10 January 2020


Abstract: Pervious concrete is considered to be porous concrete because of its pore structure and
excellent permeability. In general, larger porosity will increase the permeability coefficient, but will
significantly decrease the compressive strength. The effects of water-cement ratio, fiber types, and
fiber content on the permeability coefficient, porosity, compressive strength, and flexural strength
were investigated. The pore tortuosity of the pervious concrete was determined by volumetric
analysis and two-dimensional cross-sectional image analysis. The concept and calculation method
of porosity tortuosity were further proposed. Results show that the permeability coefficient of the
pervious concrete is the most suitable with a water-cement ratio of 0.30; the water permeability of the
pervious concrete is influenced by fiber diameter. The permeability coefficient of pervious concrete
with polypropylene thick fiber (PPTF) is greater than that with copper coated steel fiber (CCF) and the
polypropylene fiber (PPF). The permeability coefficient is related to tortuosity and porosity, but when
porosity is the same, the permeability coefficient may be different. Finally, general relations between
the permeability coefficient and porosity tortuosity are constructed.

Keywords: recycled aggregate pervious concrete; permeability coefficient; water-cement ratio;

flexural strength; porosity tortuosity

1. Introduction
Concrete is the most widely used material in civil infrastructure systems, and low strength concrete
is usually used in earth rock dams, water-retaining walls, and other constructions [1,2]. It is especially
used in the application of pervious concrete on non-structural pavement [3]. Pervious concrete is
a porous lightweight concrete made of aggregate, cement, water, and admixture at a certain ratio.
Permeability plays an important role in the performance characteristic of pervious concrete. Recent
work has shown that the permeability coefficient of pervious concrete is mainly affected by porosity,
and the porosity also affects the compressive strength and flexural strength of the hardened concrete.
At higher porosity ratios, the permeability coefficient is increased, but the compressive strength and
flexural strength are decreased [4]; thus, it is necessary to optimize the porosity in order to gain the
desired strength and permeability coefficient.
According to Marinkovi et al. [5,6], waste concrete can be used as concrete aggregate after being
crushed, sieved, and processed. Erhan Guneyisi [7] reported that adding recycled aggregate to pervious
concrete can improve its permeability. Pervious concrete is widely used in pavement engineering, and
it has the advantages of reducing noise, reducing water accumulation, improving the environment,
and supplementing groundwater sources [8,9]. It has strong gas permeability, the porosity is usually

Materials 2020, 13, 321; doi:10.3390/ma13020321 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials

Materials 2020, 13, 321 2 of 18

in the range of 10% to 35%, the permeability ranges from 1.3 to 12.2 mm/s, and the density is 1600
to 2000 kg/m3 [10]. Because of its good drainage and osmosis system inside, pervious concrete can
infiltrate rainwater during precipitation, making soil wet, so that the water source can be replenished
downwards. In addition, the permeable rainwater can be slowly evaporated to relieve the heat island
effect [11]. Usually it is promoted as a non-load bearing structure for parking lots and road surfaces.
Generally, compared with ordinary concrete, the strength and structural performance of pervious
concrete is more variable because of the porosity [12]. A study by Haselbach [13] found that porosity
varies not only with changes in the water-cement ratio and compressive strength, but also with changes
in the pavement depth. This vertical pore distribution is caused by the surface compaction of the
pervious concrete, which causes the top of the pavement to be denser than the bottom. Since larger
porosity may lead to reduced strength, the distribution of vertical porosity may reduce the tensile
strength at the bottom of the pavement. Because pervious concrete pavement is often damaged due to
the formation of tensile cracks at the bottom, the flexural strength should be considered in the design
of pervious concrete pavements.
Fibers have the effect of delaying and hindering cracks, and they are widely used in cement-based
composite materials [14] and resin-based materials [15], which enhances the strength of the matrix.
To further enhance the strength of pervious concrete, recent work by Hesami [16] indicated that
polypropylene fibers can enhance the compressive, tensile, flexural, and abrasion strength, but they
have no considerable effect on the modulus of elasticity of these specimens. Kevern [17] investigated
the effect of synthetic fibers on the performance of pervious concrete. It was found that synthetic fibers
reduced the permeability and abrasion resistance of it and increased the durability of freeze-thaw
cycles. Wu [18] indicated that the addition of waste fibers had no significant effect on the compressive
strength of the recycled aggregate pervious concrete, but it can enhance the flexural by 43%.
Porosity is used to characterize pervious concrete, but not all porosity is effective for water to flow
through. Some pores are closed and do not connected with others. In addition, there are small pores,
like capillary pores, and they have no contribution to the transport of fluid. Nevertheless, these pores
affect the strength and permeability coefficient of pervious concrete. A new method was proposed by
Kia Alalea [19] to study the pore blockage and to determine the possibility of pore blockage. Also,
some scholars propose variable relationships between the permeability coefficient and porosity, which
can be seen in the Kozeny–Carman equation and the Katz–Thompson equation [20–22].
The natural aggregate was replaced by recycled aggregate and recycled fine aggregate, and fiber
and ultra-fine silicon powder (SP) were added in this study. The effects of fiber types, including
polypropylene thick fiber (PPTF), copper coated steel fiber (CCF) and polypropylene fiber (PPF) with
different percentages of the permeability, porosity, compressive strength, and flexural strength of
the pervious concrete, are studied. In addition, three water-cement ratios of 0.25, 0.30, and 0.35 are
evaluated. This study is an attempt to propose the concept and calculation method of tortuosity based
on the characteristics of pore structure. Also, the second degree equation of the permeability coefficient,
porosity, and tortuosity is fitted, where R2 = 0.99. This research can further promote the understanding
and application of pervious concrete.

2. Experimental Program

2.1. Materials
According to GB175-2007 [23], PO42.5 Portland cement was selected in this test, and its physical
properties and chemical composition are shown in Table 1. Ultra-fine silicon powder (SP) according to
GB/T 51003-2014 [24] was used for all the mineral admixtures, and its physical properties and chemical
composition are also shown in Table 1.
As shown in Figure 1, the laboratory waste concrete (Figure 1a) was crushed in the jaw crusher
(Figure 1b) to form 15–25 mm pieces; then, it was crushed by hammer crusher, and the recycled coarse
aggregate (Figure 1c) of 5–10 mm particle sizes and the recycled fine aggregate (Figure 1d) of particle
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coarse aggregate (Figure 1c) of 5–10 mm particle sizes and the recycled fine aggregate (Figure 1d) of
coarse
sizes aggregate
less thanless
5 mm(Figure
were 1c) of 5–10The
screened. mmphysical
particleproperties
sizes and ofthethe
recycled
recycled fine aggregate (Figureshown
1d) of
particle sizes than 5 mm were screened. The physical properties of thecoarse aggregate
recycled coarse are
aggregate
particle
in sizes less than 5 mm were screened. The physical properties of the recycled coarse aggregate
areTable
shown 2. The recycled
in Table fine
2. The aggregate
recycled finehas a particle
aggregate size
has of less than
a particle size 5ofmm
lessand
thana 5fineness
mm andmodulus of
a fineness
are
2.7, shown
whichof in Table
belongs 2. The
to mediumrecycled fine aggregate has a particle size of less than 5 mm and a fineness
modulus 2.7, which belongssand. The particle
to medium sand.size
Thedistribution
particle sizecurve of the recycled
distribution curve offine
theaggregate
recycled
modulus
is shown of Figure
in 2.7, which
2. belongs to medium sand. The particle size distribution curve of the recycled
fine aggregate is shown in Figure 2.
fine aggregate
Three types is shown
of fibersinwere
Figure 2.
were considered
considered inin the
the test.
test. Their photos and characteristics are shown in
Table Three types of fibers were considered in the test. Their photos and characteristics are shown in
Table 3.3.
Table 3.

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Preparation
Preparation of recycled aggregate.
of recycled aggregate.
Figure 1. Preparation of recycled aggregate.

Figure
Figure 2. The particle
2. The particle size
size distribution
distribution curve
curve of
of recycled
recycled fine
fine aggregate.
aggregate.
Figure 2. The particle size distribution curve of recycled fine aggregate.
Table 1. Physical properties and chemical composition of Portland cement and SP.
Table 1. Physical properties and chemical composition of Portland cement and SP.
Table 1. Physical
Physical properties and chemical composition
Properties of Portland
Chemical cement and SP.
Composition
Material Physical Properties Chemical Composition
PhysicalSurface
Density Properties
Area SiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3Chemical
CaO Composition
SO3 MgO K2 O Na2 O
Material Density
(g/cm3 ) Surface
(m2 /kg)Area (%) Al2O3 (%)
SiO2 (%) Fe2O3 (%)CaO (%)
SO3 MgO
(%) K2O
(%) Na2O
(%)
Material Density Surface Area SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO SO3 MgO K2O Na2O
(g/cm3) (m2/kg) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
3.13)
Cement (g/cm (m346
2/kg) 18.49
(%) 4.80
(%) 3.03(%) 60.5
(%) 2.43
(%) 4.12
(%) 0.38
(%) 0.11
(%)
Cement
SP 3.1
2.6 346
1200 18.49
97.05 4.80
0.36 3.03 0.26
0.58 60.5 2.43
0.11 4.12
0.55 0.38
0.11 0.11
0.33
Cement 3.1 346 18.49 4.80 3.03 60.5 2.43 4.12 0.38 0.11
SP 2.6 1200 97.05 0.36 0.58 0.26 0.11 0.55 0.11 0.33
SP 2.6 1200 97.05 0.36 0.58 0.26 0.11 0.55 0.11 0.33
Materials 2020, 13, 321 4 of 18

Table 2. Physical performance of recycled coarse aggregate.

Apparent Loose Packing Dry-Rodding Void Crush Water Absorption

Density (g/cm3 ) Density (g/cm3 ) Density (g/cm3 ) Ratio (%) Index (%) Rate (%)
Materials
Materials2020,
2020,
2.412 13,13,
x FOR
x FOR
PEER
PEER
REVIEW
REVIEW
1.264 1.429 44.17 89.5 3.896 2 of
2 of
14 14

Table
Table
3. 3.
Photos
Photos
andand
characteristics
characteristics
of of
fibers.
fibers.
Table 3. Photos and characteristics of fibers.
Fiber
Fiber
Type
Type PPTF
PPTF CCF
CCF PPF
PPF
Fiber Type PPTF CCF PPF

Fiber
Fiber
Fiber Photo
Photo
Photo

Mean Length(mm) 55 12 12
Mean
Mean
Mean Length(mm)
Length(mm)
Diameter (mm) 5555
0.8 120.18
12 12 12
0.033
Density (g/cm 3) 0.91 7.85 0.91
Mean
MeanDiameter
Diameter (mm)
(mm) 0.80.8 0.18
0.18 0.033
0.033
Density
Density(g/cm
(g/cm3) 3)
Main Characteristics 0.91 ≥
Elastic 0.91
Modulus
Flexural
7.85Strength ≥
7.85 Fracture
0.91Strength ≥
0.91
5000 MPa 3000 MPa 300 MPa
Elastic
Elastic
Modulus
Modulus
≥ ≥ Flexural
Flexural
Strength
Strength≥≥ Fracture
Fracture
Strength
Strength≥≥
Main
MainCharacteristics
Characteristics
5000
5000MPa
MPa 3000
3000MPaMPa 300300
MPaMPa
2.2. Mixture Proportion
Generally speaking, according to ACI 522R 2010, the water-cement ratio is between 0.26 and
0.45 for pervious concrete and fine aggregates ranging from 0% to 15% [25]. CCF and PPF belong to
short fibers, but CCF can effectively solve the corrosion of pervious concrete. Both PPF and PPTF are
polypropylene materials, but the elastic modulus of PPTF is higher. The obtained mixture proportions
are shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Mix proportions of pervious concrete.

Mix Water-Cement Fiber Content Sand Cement SP Target

Fiber
No. Ratio (kg/m3 ) Rate (kg/m3 ) (kg/m3 ) Porosity
1 0.25 PPTF 2 10% 304.57 15.61 0.15
2 0.25 PPTF 3 10% 302.76 15.54 0.15
3 0.25 PPTF 4 10% 300.96 15.47 0.15
4 0.30 PPTF 2 10% 280.52 14.38 0.15
5 0.30 PPTF 3 10% 278.86 14.31 0.15
6 0.30 PPTF 4 10% 277.20 14.25 0.15
7 0.30 CCF 2.75 10% 279.28 14.33 0.15
8 0.30 CCF 3.93 10% 277.32 14.25 0.15
9 0.30 CCF 5.1 10% 275.37 14.17 0.15
10 0.30 PPF 0.36 10% 283.24 14.49 0.15
11 0.30 Figure 3.PPF
Figure 3.
Schematic
Schematic 0.64
of of
permeability
permeability10%
coefficient
coefficient282.79
test
test up.up. 14.47
setset 0.15
12 0.30 PPF 0.91 10% 282.34 14.45 0.15
13 0.30 / / 10% 283.85 14.51 0.15
14 0.35 PPTF 2 10% 260.00 13.33 0.15
15 0.35 PPTF 3 10% 258.46 13.27 0.15
16 0.35 PPTF 4 10% 256.92 13.20 0.15
17 0.30 PPTF 3 10% 357.81 17.57 0.10
18 0.30 PPTF 3 10% 199.91 11.15 0.20

2.3. Sample Preparation

Firstly, the aggregate, cement, and mineral admixture were added to the mixer, and then 80%
water was added and it was stirred for 30 s to wet the cement into a cement slurry bonded to the
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aggregate surface. In the next step, the remaining water and fiber were then added together and stirred
aggregate surface. In the next step, the remaining water and fiber were then added together and
for a further 120 s to allow the cement to fully saturate and mix well with the fiber.
stirred for a further 120 s to allow the cement to fully saturate and mix well with the fiber.
The cylinder specimens with a diameter of 100 mm and height of 50 mm were cast for the
The cylinder specimens with a diameter of 100 mm and height of 50 mm were cast for the
permeability coefficient and the porosity test; the cubic specimens with side length of 100 mm were
permeability coefficient and the porosity test; the cubic specimens with side length of 100 mm were
cast for compressive strength test, and the prism specimens of 100 mm × 100 mm × 400 mm were cast
cast for compressive strength test, and the prism specimens of 100 mm × 100 mm × 400 mm were cast
for flexural strength test, in which the three specimens for each group were prepared.
for flexural strength test, in which the three specimens for each group were prepared.
The vibrating table was used firstly to vibrate the concrete, and then a trowel was applied to
The vibrating table was used firstly to vibrate the concrete, and then a trowel was applied to
smooth the casting surface. After curing for 24 h in a natural environment, the specimens were
smooth the casting surface. After curing for 24 h in a natural environment, the specimens were
transferred to a curing room at 95% RH and 20 ◦ C for 28 days under standard conditions.
transferred to a curing room at 95% RH and 20 °C for 28 days under standard conditions.
2.4. Experiment Methods
2.4. Experiment Methods
2.4.1. Permeability Coefficient
2.4.1. Permeability Coefficient
The constant head method is derived from the Japan Society of Concrete Engineering, and its
The constant
principle head method
of measuring is derivedcoefficient
the permeability from the Japan Society
is Darcy’s law.of The
Concrete Engineering,
experiment deviceand its
of the
principlehead
constant of measuring
method is the permeability
shown coefficient is Darcy’s law. The experiment device of the
in Figure 3.
constant head method is shown in Figure 3.

Figure
Figure 3. Schematic of
3. Schematic of permeability
permeability coefficient
coefficient test
test set
set up.
up.

The test specimen was sealed with a sealing material and placed on a bracket of the cylinder. After
The test specimen was sealed with a sealing material and placed on a bracket of the cylinder.
the water level difference was stabilized, the amount of overflow water Q in the time was measured
After the water level difference was stabilized, the amount of overflow water Q in the time was
again to calculate the permeability coefficient. The calculation of the permeability coefficient can be
measured again to calculate the permeability coefficient. The calculation of the permeability
derived from the Darcy formula:
coefficient can be derived from the Darcy formula:
Q = kAi (1)
𝑄 = 𝑘𝐴𝑖 (1)
i = H/L (2)
𝑖 = 𝐻/𝐿 (2)
QL
k= (3)
𝑄𝐿
AHt
𝑘= (3)
where k is the permeability coefficient, t is the time, 𝐴𝐻𝑡 Q is the amount of overflow water in the time, L is
the
wherethickness
k is theofpermeability
the test specimen, A is the
coefficient, t issurface area
the time, of the
Q is cylinder,ofHoverflow
the amount is the water level
water difference,
in the time, L
tisisthe
the thickness i is the
time, and of the test
hydraulic slope.A is the surface area of the cylinder, H is the water level
specimen,
difference, t is the time, and i is the hydraulic slope.
2.4.2. Volume Porosity
2.4.2.The
Volume Porosity was dried until it attained constant weight, and then we measured its apparent
test specimen
size. Next, the test specimen was immersed in a suitable container with water. Last, the container
The test specimen was dried until it attained constant weight, and then we measured its
apparent size. Next, the test specimen was immersed in a suitable container with water. Last, the
Materials 2020, 13, 321 6 of 18
Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 18

was shaken
container was upshaken
and down to remove
up and down to theremove
air bubbles.
the airThe calculation
bubbles. formula forformula
The calculation porosityfor
is shown
porosity in
isEquation
shown in(4):Equation (4):
V2 − V
P = 1 − 𝑉 − 𝑉1 (4)
𝑃 =1− V (4)
𝑉
where P is the porosity, V is the volume of test specimen after drying, V 1 is the volume reading of the
where P is the porosity,
test specimen immersedVin is water,
the volume
and Vof test specimen after drying, V1 is the volume reading of the
2 is the volume reading after the bubbles are discharged.
test specimen immersed in water, and V2 is the volume reading after the bubbles are discharged.
2.4.3. Two-Dimensional Porosity
2.4.3. Two-Dimensional Porosity
As shown in Figure 4, the test specimen was placed in a box with good shading performance.
As shown
In addition, in Figure
a lamp 4, the test
was placed specimen
inside the boxwas placed in
to provide a box with
lighting, and good
a holeshading
was dugperformance. In
at the top of the
addition, a lamp was placed inside the box to provide lighting, and a hole was dug
box for photography. Each of the pervious concrete specimens was photographed on the front and at the top of the
box
backfor photography.
sides, and then weEach of the pervious
conducted concrete specimens
black-and-white treatment of was photographed
them on the front
by using Photoshop and
software.
back sides, and then we conducted black-and-white treatment of them by using Photoshop
P’ means the average of two-dimensional porosity of the front and back of each test specimen. software.
P’ means the average of two-dimensional porosity of the front and back of each test specimen.

Figure 4. Collection and processing of two-dimensional image of pervious concrete.

Figure 4. Collection and processing of two-dimensional image of pervious concrete.
3. Results and Discussions
3. Results and Discussions
Based on the methods and materials in the experiment, the main results of this test are shown in
Based
Table 5. on the methods and materials in the experiment, the main results of this test are shown in
Table 5.
Table 5. Summary of results.
Table 5. Summary of results.
Porosity Permeability Compressive Strength Flexural Strength
No.
p
Porosity Coefficient k Compressive
Permeability (MPa)Strength (MPa) Strength
Flexural
No.
1 p 0.19 Coefficient6.29 k 18.19
(MPa) 2.56
(MPa)
1 2 0.190.20 6.296.82 20.79
18.19 2.932.56
3 0.17 8.12 18.90 3.03
2 4
0.200.14 6.825.84 20.79
18.80 3.32
2.93
3 5 0.170.20 8.127.64 18.90
21.43 3.423.03
4 6 0.140.21 5.847.04 18.80
20.99 3.163.32
5 7 0.200.17 7.645.71 18.78
21.43 2.863.42
8 0.13 5.74 21.38 3.38
6 0.21 7.04 20.99 3.16
9 0.18 5.85 21.48 3.5
7 10 0.170.19 5.716.01 18.78
19.54 3.042.86
8 11 0.130.16 5.744.38 21.38
21.84 3.253.38
9 0.18 5.85 21.48 3.5
10 0.19 6.01 19.54 3.04
Materials 2020, 13, 321 7 of 18

Table 5. Cont.
Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 18

Porosity Permeability Compressive Strength Flexural Strength

11 No. 0.16 p 4.38
Coefficient k 21.84
(MPa) (MPa)3.25
12 12 0.140.14 4.38
4.38 21.15
21.15 3.37 3.37
13 13 0.160.16 5.58
5.58 18.09
18.09 2.46 2.46
14 14 0.110.11 4.99
4.99 19.21
19.21 3.02 3.02
15 15 0.180.18 3.13
3.13 21.50
21.50 3.56 3.56
16 0.15 3.71 19.96 3.22
16 17 0.150.13 3.71
5.58
19.96
18.65 2.91
3.22
17 18 0.130.18 5.58
5.74 18.65
18.12 2.7 2.91
18 0.18 5.74 18.12 2.7
3.1. Effect of Water-Cement Ratio on Permeability
3.1. Effect of Water-Cement Ratio on Permeability
The effect of PPTF content on the water permeability of the pervious concrete at different
The effect of PPTF content on the water permeability of the pervious concrete at different
water-cement ratios is shown in Figure 5. When the PPTF was 2 kg/m3 , the permeability coefficient
water-cement ratios is shown in Figure 5. When the PPTF was 2 kg/m3, the permeability coefficient
and porosity gradually reduced with the rise of water-cement ratio. When PPTF was 3 kg/m3 , with
and porosity gradually reduced with the rise of water-cement ratio. When PPTF was 3 kg/m3, with
the increase of the water-cement ratio, the permeability coefficient first increased by 12.02%, and then
the increase of the water-cement ratio, the permeability coefficient first increased by 12.02%, and
it decreased. The porosity decreased gradually, and the decreasing was minor. When the PPTF was
then it decreased. The porosity decreased gradually, and the decreasing was minor. When the PPTF
4 kg/m3 , the permeability coefficient fell off gradually, while the porosity had a different trend: the
was 4 kg/m3, the permeability coefficient fell off gradually, while the porosity had a different trend:
figure for it climbed before dropping dramatically. The water-cement ratio of 0.30 was higher than the
the figure for it climbed before dropping dramatically. The water-cement ratio of 0.30 was higher
water-cement ratio by 0.25, with the number at 23.53%.
than the water-cement ratio by 0.25, with the number at 23.53%.
In general, the variation of porosity is slight while the range of permeability coefficients is pretty
In general, the variation of porosity is slight while the range of permeability coefficients is
large. As the water-cement ratio raises, the permeability gradually reduces [26]. In fact, the influence of
pretty large. As the water-cement ratio raises, the permeability gradually reduces [26]. In fact, the
water-cement ratio on permeability is mainly achieved by changing the work performance of pervious
influence of water-cement ratio on permeability is mainly achieved by changing the work
concrete. When the water-cement ratio is low, the fluidity is weak, and it is difficult for cement slurry
performance of pervious concrete. When the water-cement ratio is low, the fluidity is weak, and it is
to be evenly wrapped on the surface of coarse aggregate. When the water-cement ratio is high, the
difficult for cement slurry to be evenly wrapped on the surface of coarse aggregate. When the
fluidity is better. Under the action of gravity, the slurry stays at the bottom, improving the number of
water-cement ratio is high, the fluidity is better. Under the action of gravity, the slurry stays at the
closed pores, which reduces the permeability of pervious concrete.
bottom, improving the number of closed pores, which reduces the permeability of pervious concrete.

(a) Influence of water-cement ratio on permeability coefficient.

Figure 5. Cont.
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Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 18

(b) Influence of water-cement ratio on porosity.

Figure 5. Influence of water-cement ratio on permeability of pervious concrete.

Figure 5. Influence of water-cement ratio on permeability of pervious concrete.
3.2. Effect of Fiber Types and Contents on Permeability
3.2. Effect of Fiber Types and Contents on Permeability
It can be seen from the Figure 6 that in a water-cement ratio of 0.30, as was used for the permeability
It can the
coefficient, be pervious
seen from the Figure
concrete with 6PPTFthatenjoyed
in a water-cement
the best quality, ratiowhile
of 0.30, as was used
the pervious for the
concrete for
permeability coefficient, the pervious
CCF ranked second, which is better than that for PPF. concrete with PPTF enjoyed the best quality, while the
pervious concrete
As shown for CCF
in Figure 6, ranked
with the second,
raise ofwhich
PPTFiscontent,
better than that for PPF. coefficient was boosted
the permeability
As shown in Figure 6, with the raise of PPTF
at first, and later the date of it dropped. However, a reverse trend content, the permeability
was shown coefficient was boosted
in the porosity, and
at first, and later the date of it dropped. However, a reverse trend was
its overall variation range was not obvious. As CCF content increased, the permeability coefficient shown in the porosity, and its
overall variation
inflated gradually range
and the was not obvious.
amplitude As CCF
was slight. When content
the fiberincreased,
content the waspermeability
3.93kg/m3 , the coefficient
porosity
inflated gradually and the amplitude was slight. When the fiber content
decreased rapidly. With the increase of PPF content, the porosity dropped after boosting. As for the was 3.93kg/m 3, the porosity

decreased rapidly.
permeability With there
coefficient, the increase
was an of PPF content,
increase the porosity
in the initial stage, but dropped afteraboosting.
it suffered reductionAs forand
later the
permeability
finally stabilized.coefficient, there was
Ali A. Aliabdo andan H.increase
Toutanjiin the initial
[27,28] also gotstage, but results.
similar it suffered a reduction later
and finally
Because the porosity of the recycled aggregate pervious concrete is mainly results.
stabilized. Ali A. Aliabdo and H. Toutanji [27,28] also got similar composed of connected
porosity and semi-connected pores, as fiber content increases, PPTF and CCFmainly
Because the porosity of the recycled aggregate pervious concrete is occupycomposed
a part of theof
connected porosity and semi-connected pores, as fiber content increases,
volume of the pervious concrete connected pores, resulting in a decrease in connected porosity. PPTF and CCF occupy a
part of the volume of the pervious concrete connected pores, resulting
However, the adhesion between fiber and cement substrate is relatively poor. Under the action of in a decrease in connected
porosity. water
pressure, However, the adhesion
can easily enter the between
interfacefiber and cement
between fiber and substrate is relatively
substrate, causing the poor. Under the
interfaces to
communicate with each other, so the connected porosity has an increase. In general, fiber contentthe
action of pressure, water can easily enter the interface between fiber and substrate, causing is
interfaces
low, and the to water
communicate
permeability withcoefficient
each other, so the
varies connected
little with the porosity
change inhas ancontent.
fiber increase. In general,
fiberPPF
content is low,
has good and the in
dispersion water permeability
concrete, due to the coefficient
incorporationvariesoflittle
fibers,withandthethechange
fluidityinoffiber
the
content.
concrete is changed. As a result, the thickness distribution of the cement slurry between the aggregates
PPF has
is uneven, hencegoodaffecting
dispersion the in concrete,
porosity of due to the incorporation
the recycled of fibers, It
aggregate concrete. andcanthe
befluidity
known of the
from
concrete is changed. As a result, the thickness distribution of the cement
physical properties of fiber that the diameter of PPF is the finest, CCF is the second, and the diameter slurry between the
aggregates is uneven, hence affecting the porosity of the recycled aggregate
of PPTF is the thickest. Therefore, it is apparent that the fiber diameter has a significant influence on concrete. It can be
known
the from physical
permeability properties
of pervious of fiber that the diameter of PPF is the finest, CCF is the second, and
concrete.
the diameter of PPTF is the thickest. Therefore, it is apparent that the fiber diameter has a significant
influence on the permeability of pervious concrete.
Materials 2020, 13, 321 9 of 18
Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 18

(a) Influence of PPTF content on permeability.

(b) Influence of CCF content on permeability.

Figure 6. Cont.
Materials 2020, 13, 321 10 of 18
Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 18

(c) Influence of PPF content on permeability.

Figure 6.
Figure Influence of
6. Influence of fiber
fiber type
type and
and content
content on
on permeability
permeability of
of pervious
pervious concrete.
concrete.
3.3. Effect of Water-Cement Ratio on Compressive Strength
3.3. Effect of Water-Cement Ratio on Compressive Strength
The effect of the water-cement ratio on the compressive strength is shown in Figure 7. In the range
The effect of the water-cement ratio on the compressive strength is shown in Figure 7. In the
of 0.25 to 0.35, the compressive strength rose first with the increase of the water-cement ratio, but then
range of 0.25 to 0.35, the compressive strength rose first with the increase of the water-cement ratio,
it reduced slightly. When the fiber content was 4 kg/m3 , the compressive strength increased from 18.90
but then it reduced slightly. When the fiber content was 4 kg/m3, the compressive strength increased
MPa to 20.99 MPa, and finally, reached 19.96 MPa, with a decrease of 8.94%. When the fiber content
from 18.90 MPa to 20.99 MPa, and finally, reached 19.96 MPa, with a decrease of 8.94%. When the
was 2 kg/m3 , the compressive strength climbed slowly as the water ratio increased. For instance, as the
fiber content was 2 kg/m3, the compressive strength climbed slowly as the water ratio increased. For
water-cement ratio increased from 0.25 to 0.35, the compressive strength rose approximately 5.61%.
instance, as the water-cement ratio increased from 0.25 to 0.35, the compressive strength rose
In general, the compressive strength changes insignificantly as the water-cement ratio varies. This
approximately 5.61%. In general, the compressive strength changes insignificantly as the
result is consistent with the test results of Saeid Hesami [29,30].
water-cement ratio varies. This result is consistent with the test results of Saeid Hesami [29,30].
In the mix ratio, as the water-cement ratio increased, the amount of water increased and the
In the mix ratio, as the water-cement ratio increased, the amount of water increased and the
amount of cement decreased. In the water-cement ratio of 0.25, the content of cement mortar was
amount of cement decreased. In the water-cement ratio of 0.25, the content of cement mortar was
relatively low, and the aggregate could not be wrapped well, resulting in loose filling. Also, the
relatively low, and the aggregate could not be wrapped well, resulting in loose filling. Also, the
hydration was insufficient, so the compressive strength of pervious concrete was eventually reduced.
hydration was insufficient, so the compressive strength of pervious concrete was eventually
In the water-cement ratio of 0.30, it had a certain fluidity, which improved the strength and
reduced.
bonding ability between the aggregates and the concrete saturate. The hydration was more sufficient,
In the water-cement ratio of 0.30, it had a certain fluidity, which improved the strength and
and the strength was higher than that of the pervious concrete with a water-cement ratio of 0.25. In the
bonding ability between the aggregates and the concrete saturate. The hydration was more
water-cement ratio of 0.35, the fluidity of mixture was so large that it could easily lead to a slurry. The
sufficient, and the strength was higher than that of the pervious concrete with a water-cement ratio
strength of concrete structure was increased, but the lifting range was small. It can also be seen from
of 0.25. In the water-cement ratio of 0.35, the fluidity of mixture was so large that it could easily lead
the influence of water-cement ratio on porosity in Figure 5 that as the water-cement ratio rose, the
to a slurry. The strength of concrete structure was increased, but the lifting range was small. It can
porosity was gradually reduced, thus increasing the compressive strength, but the increasing scope
also be seen from the influence of water-cement ratio on porosity in Figure 5 that as the
was very small.
water-cement ratio rose, the porosity was gradually reduced, thus increasing the compressive
strength,
3.4. Effect but the increasing
of Fiber scope was
Types and Contents very small. Strength
on Compressive
As shown in Figure 8, when no fiber was added, the compressive strength was 18.09 MPa. When
the amount of fibers added increased, the compressive strength increased inconspicuously before a
huge rise. When the number of PPTF content was 3 kg/m3 , the compressive strength was the highest at
21.43 MPa. After that, there was a slight decrease. Generally speaking, CCF and PPF all contributed to
Materials 2020, 13, 321 11 of 18

raising the compressive strength. This finding agrees with the test results of Ali A. Aliabdo et al. [27]
and Habulat et al. [31]. When the proper amount of fiber was added, the best compressive strength
Materials
was 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW
gained. 11 of 18

Figure 7. Influence of water-cement ratio on compressive strength.

3.4. Effect of Fiber Types and Contents on Compressive Strength

As shown in Figure 8, when no fiber was added, the compressive strength was 18.09 MPa.
When the amount of fibers added increased, the compressive strength increased inconspicuously
before a huge rise. When the number of PPTF content was 3 kg/m3, the compressive strength was the
highest at 21.43 MPa. After that, there was a slight decrease. Generally speaking, CCF and PPF all
contributed to raising the compressive strength. This finding agrees with the test results of Ali A.
Aliabdo et al. [27] and Habulat et al. [31]. When the proper amount of fiber was added, the best
compressive strength was gained.
PPF and PPTF have the same performance except for aspect ratio. However, the volume of PPF
is significantly larger than that of PPTF, and the distribution is more random. CCF belongs to steel
fiber, its compressive strength can reach 200 MPa, and it tends to go upward with the increase of
fiber content. When the fiber content is too much, the dispersion is poor, and the interface between
fiber and substrate Figure
is weak,Influence
which results in a decreaseonincompressive
the compressive strength of pervious
7. Influence of
Figure 7. of water-cement
water-cement ratio
ratio on compressive strength.
strength.
concrete.
3.4. Effect of Fiber Types and Contents on Compressive Strength
As shown in Figure 8, when no fiber was added, the compressive strength was 18.09 MPa.
When the amount of fibers added increased, the compressive strength increased inconspicuously
before a huge rise. When the number of PPTF content was 3 kg/m3, the compressive strength was the
highest at 21.43 MPa. After that, there was a slight decrease. Generally speaking, CCF and PPF all
contributed to raising the compressive strength. This finding agrees with the test results of Ali A.
Aliabdo et al. [27] and Habulat et al. [31]. When the proper amount of fiber was added, the best
compressive strength was gained.
PPF and PPTF have the same performance except for aspect ratio. However, the volume of PPF
is significantly larger than that of PPTF, and the distribution is more random. CCF belongs to steel
fiber, its compressive strength can reach 200 MPa, and it tends to go upward with the increase of
fiber content. When the fiber content is too much, the dispersion is poor, and the interface between
fiber and substrate is weak, which results in a decrease in the compressive strength of pervious
concrete.

Figure
Figure 8. Influence of
8. Influence of fiber
fiber types
types and
and content
content on
on compressive
compressive strength.
strength.

PPF and PPTF have the same performance except for aspect ratio. However, the volume of PPF
is significantly larger than that of PPTF, and the distribution is more random. CCF belongs to steel
fiber, its compressive strength can reach 200 MPa, and it tends to go upward with the increase of fiber
content. When the fiber content is too much, the dispersion is poor, and the interface between fiber
and substrate is weak, which results in a decrease in the compressive strength of pervious concrete.

3.5. Effect of Fiber Types and Contents on Flexural Strength

The influence of fiber types and content on flexural strength as shown in Figure 9, the incorporation
of fibers had a high efficiency in improving the flexural strength of pervious concrete. PPTF had the

Figure 8. Influence of fiber types and content on compressive strength.

 The influence of fiber types and content on flexural strength as shown in Figure 9, the
incorporation of fibers had a high efficiency in improving the flexural strength of pervious concrete.
PPTF had the highest flexural strength at 3.42 MPa, and compared with no fibers, the efficiency was
32.05%; the efficiency of CCF and PPF was 35.14% and 30.12%, respectively.
Three
Materials 2020,types
13, 321 of fibers all have contributed to improving flexural strength [32]. CCF and PPF had
12 of 18
shorter lengths and fewer fibers at cracked sections. When they increase, they effectively participate
in the flexural strength raised, which makes the improvement efficiency increase. PPTF is longer,
highest flexural strength at 3.42 MPa, and compared with no fibers, the efficiency was 32.05%; the
and cement pastes cannot cover the PPTF fibers well. When too much PPTF is added, the efficiency
efficiency of CCF and PPF was 35.14% and 30.12%, respectively.
of improving the flexural strength of permeable concrete shows a downward trend.

Figure 9. Influence of fiber types and content on flexural strength.

Figure 9. Influence of fiber types and content on flexural strength.
Three types of fibers all have contributed to improving flexural strength [32]. CCF and PPF had
3.6. Permeability Calculation Model
shorter lengths and fewer fibers at cracked sections. When they increase, they effectively participate in
the flexural strength raised, which makes the improvement efficiency increase. PPTF is longer, and
3.6.1. Pore Structure on Permeability
cement pastes cannot cover the PPTF fibers well. When too much PPTF is added, the efficiency of
The permeability
improving coefficient
the flexural strength is an indicator
of permeable concretethat reflects
shows the permeability
a downward trend. of the pervious
concrete. When designing the mix ratio of pervious concrete, the design porosity can be controlled to
3.6. Permeability
ensure Calculationcoefficient.
the permeability Model However, due to differences in raw material properties and
differences between the concrete forming process and the pouring quality, the actual porosity of
3.6.1. Pore Structure on Permeability
pervious concrete cannot be guaranteed to be the same as the designed porosity [33]. Moreover, the
designTheporosity
permeability coefficient
can only reflectisthe
an volume
indicatorofthat reflects
pores thepervious
in the permeability of the Even
concrete. pervious concrete.
if the actual
When designing
porosity the mix
of different ratio of
pervious pervious
concrete concrete,
is the the design
same, their porositycoefficients
permeability can be controlled
may vary to ensure
greatly
the
[20].permeability coefficient.
The permeability However,
coefficient due to
depends ondifferences
the volumeinof raw material
pores and theproperties
curvature andshape
differences
of the
between
channels. the concrete forming process and the pouring quality, the actual porosity of pervious concrete
cannot Asbeshown
guaranteed to be 10,
in Figure the pores
same as in the designed
pervious porosity
concrete are[33]. Moreover,
randomly the designThere
distributed. porosity
are
can only reflect
connected poresthe volume
forming of poressemi-closed
channels, in the pervious concrete.
pores, and even Eventheifpores
the actual porosity
that are closedof different
and do not
pervious concrete
connect with is the
others. Onlysame,the their permeability
connected pores are coefficients
permeable, mayand vary
thegreatly [20]. The
semi-closed porespermeability
and closed
coefficient
pores do not depends on the
contribute to volume
concreteofpermeability
pores and the curvature
[34]. shape ofevaluation
In the existing the channels.system, the porosity
and As shown in Figure
permeability 10, pores
coefficients canin pervious
reflect the concrete
volume areand
randomly distributed.
overcurrent There
velocity of are
theconnected
pervious
pores forming
concrete. channels,
Tortuosity semi-closed
is introduced pores, the
to reflect anddegree
even the porespassage
of flow that arebending,
closed andanddo thenot connect
evaluation
with
systemothers. Only the connected
for permeability poressupplement.
is a favorable are permeable, and the semi-closed pores and closed pores
do not contribute to concrete permeability [34]. In the existing evaluation system, the porosity and
permeability coefficients can reflect the volume and overcurrent velocity of the pervious concrete.
Tortuosity is introduced to reflect the degree of flow passage bending, and the evaluation system for
permeability is a favorable supplement.
Materials 2020, 13, 321 13 of 18
Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 18

Semi-closed pore

Connected pore Closed pore

Figure 10. Pervious

Figure 10. Pervious concrete
concrete pore
pore types.
types.

3.6.2. Tortuosity
3.6.2. Tortuosity
The percolation channels in pervious concrete are influenced by pore structure, mixture ratio,
The percolation channels in pervious concrete are influenced by pore structure, mixture ratio,
and the aggregate size. Ideal percolation channels are shown in Figure 11a, which shows the shortest
and the aggregate size. Ideal percolation channels are shown in Figure 11a, which shows the shortest
process inside a pervious concrete specimen. Actually, there are various percolation channels, as
process inside a pervious concrete specimen. Actually, there are various percolation channels, as
shown in Figure 11b. Figure 11c is the simplified percolation channels of pervious concrete, showing
shown in Figure 11b. Figure 11c is the simplified percolation channels of pervious concrete, showing
the equivalent flow inside the pervious concrete specimen. The tortuosity is defined as the ratio R
the equivalent flow inside the pervious concrete specimen. The tortuosity is defined as the ratio R of
of the shortest flow length to the equivalent flow length. Intuitively, the geometrical meaning of the
the shortest flow length to the equivalent flow length. Intuitively, the geometrical meaning of the
ratio of the shortest flow length to the equivalent flow length R is the cosine of the angle between the
ratio of the shortest flow length to the equivalent flow length R is the cosine of the angle between the
equivalent flow and the axis of the test piece.
equivalent flow and the axis of the test piece.

Figure 11. Pervious concrete percolation channels.

Figure 11. Pervious concrete percolation channels.
In Figure 11c, the simplified triangle means the schematic diagram of the calculation of tortuosity
where:In hFigure 11c, theof simplified
is the height triangle specimen
pervious concrete means the schematic
(here 50 mm);diagram of the calculation
d is the diameter of pervious of
tortuosity
concrete where: (here
specimen h is the
100height
mm); α ofispervious
the angleconcrete
betweenspecimen (here
the pervious 50 mm);
concrete axisd and
is the
thediameter
equivalent of
pervious concrete specimen (here 100 mm); α is the angle between the pervious concrete
flow length. In the ideal state, the percolation channels of the permeable concrete are all connected axis and the
equivalent
pores flow length.
with vertical In the ideal
distribution, state,
h is the the percolation
shortest percolation channels
channels, of
andthe
at permeable
this time α concrete
equals 0. are all
In the
connected pores
0 with vertical distribution, h is the shortest percolation channels, and
extreme state, l means the longest percolation channels in extreme state, and at this time α equals at this time α
equals 0.
1 In the extreme state, l’ means the longest
arc cos √ , so the value of cosα ranges from [ √ ,1]. 1 percolation channels in extreme state, and at this
5 5
timeThe
α equals arccos
equivalent flow, length
so the value of cosα
l and the rangesRfrom
tortuosity [ calculated
can be ,1]. by Formulas (5) and (6):
√ √
The equivalent flow length l and the tortuosity 2R can be calculated by Formulas (5) and (6):
PV πr hP hP
l = 0 = 22 0 = 0 (5)
PPVA πr πr PℎP PℎP
𝑙= = = ′ (5)
P′A πr2 P′ porosity,
where P is the porosity, P’ is the average of two-dimensional P A is the cross-sectional area, V is
the volume
where of pervious
P is the porosity,concrete
P’ is the specimen,
average ofand h is the heightporosity,
two-dimensional of pervious
A isconcrete specimen. area,
the cross-sectional
V is the volume of pervious concrete specimen, and hhis theP0 height of pervious concrete specimen.
cos a = R = = (6)
l
ℎ PP
cos a = R =
where R is the tortuosity. The tortuosity calculation = is shown in Table 6.
method (6)
𝑙 P
where R is the tortuosity. The tortuosity calculation method is shown in Table 6.
Materials 2020, 13, 321 14 of 18

Table 6. Tortuosity calculation method.

Two-Dimensional Two-Dimensional Actual Permeability Theoretical Permeability

Porosity Average Porosity Tortuosity
No. Porosity Porosity Coefficient Coefficient
P 0 0 p0 R
p1 p2 k k0
5-1 0.28 19.46 19.63 19.55 0.70 9.62 9.70
5-2 0.21 14.45 13.76 14.11 0.65 7.40 7.04
5-3 0.24 16.82 17.16 16.99 0.71 8.59 8.80
5-4 0.20 13.25 13.35 13.30 0.66 7.02 6.93
5-5 0.22 15.88 16.16 16.02 0.72 8.52 8.43
5-6 0.15 9.85 9.87 9.86 0.65 4.96 5.44
5-7 0.13 7.02 6.94 6.98 0.52 2.92 2.77
5-8 0.15 10.64 10.47 10.56 0.71 6.28 6.41
5-9 0.17 11.03 10.76 10.90 0.62 5.73 5.48
5-10 0.13 7.92 7.65 7.79 0.60 4.08 4.08
5-11 0.13 6.78 6.81 6.80 0.51 2.78 2.61
5-12 0.19 10.35 9.97 10.16 0.52 4.51 4.41
5-13 0.07 5.15 5.03 5.09 0.77 5.11 5.29
5-14 0.08 5.12 5.26 5.19 0.65 3.53 3.56
5-15 0.20 11.54 11.23 11.39 0.57 5.45 5.48
17-1 0.22 13.11 12.26 12.69 0.55 6.13 5.70
17-2 0.22 12.85 14.03 13.44 0.63 6.63 6.99
17-3 0.22 12.02 11.53 11.78 0.52 5.25 5.22
17-4 0.17 12.82 13.05 12.94 0.76 7.63 7.76
17-5 0.11 9.20 9.20 9.20 0.85 7.36 7.66
17-6 0.17 13.62 12.94 13.28 0.75 8.19 7.59
17-7 0.13 7.47 8.05 7.76 0.60 3.73 4.08
17-8 0.12 10.98 11.08 11.03 0.92 9.44 9.06
17-9 0.21 20.08 20.31 20.20 0.97 12.02 12.19
17-10 0.20 10.68 11.13 10.91 0.56 4.99 5.32
17-11 0.27 20.77 21.47 21.12 0.78 10.64 10.71
17-12 0.24 10.98 10.86 10.92 0.46 4.63 4.81
17-13 0.17 12.68 12.22 12.45 0.71 7.34 6.94
17-14 0.07 5.79 5.86 5.83 0.84 6.63 6.45
Materials 2020, 13, 321 15 of 18

Table 6. Cont.

Two-Dimensional Two-Dimensional Actual Permeability Theoretical Permeability

Porosity Average Porosity Tortuosity
No. Porosity Porosity Coefficient Coefficient
P 0 0 p0 R
p1 p2 k k0
17-15 0.08 7.60 7.20 7.40 0.87 7.16 7.21
18-1 0.26 18.50 19.11 18.81 0.74 9.49 9.81
18-2 0.28 24.75 24.10 24.43 0.85 12.26 12.08
18-3 0.24 18.15 17.33 17.74 0.73 9.25 9.12
18-4 0.27 20.36 19.68 20.02 0.72 9.88 9.75
18-5 0.27 23.62 24.03 23.83 0.88 12.38 12.29
18-6 0.27 20.77 20.88 20.83 0.76 10.73 10.39
18-7 0.24 18.91 19.50 19.21 0.83 10.31 10.72
18-8 0.26 15.06 14.58 14.82 0.57 7.17 7.10
18-9 0.23 19.00 18.49 18.75 0.79 10.27 9.82
18-10 0.20 14.79 15.01 14.90 0.74 7.97 8.22
18-11 0.22 20.05 19.97 20.01 0.89 11.20 11.16
18-12 0.22 17.97 18.22 18.10 0.82 10.24 10.04
18-13 0.27 17.36 17.99 17.68 0.67 8.64 8.96
18-14 0.21 17.27 17.72 17.50 0.86 9.96 10.42
18-15 0.26 20.48 20.26 20.37 0.79 10.57 10.60
Materials 2020, 13,
Materials 2020, 13, 321
x FOR PEER REVIEW 16
16 of
of 18
18

Figure
Figure 12
12 shows
shows the
the influence
influence of of porosity
porosity and
and tortuosity
tortuosity on on the
the permeability
permeability coefficient.
coefficient. From
From
Figure 12, the permeability coefficient k = 29.08x 1 + 16.84x 2 − 3.61x 1 x 2 − 9.52, R 2 = 0.99, where k is
Figure 12, the permeability coefficient k = 29.08x1 + 16.84x2 – 3.61x1x2 – 9.52, R = 0.99, where k is the
2
the permeability
permeability coefficient, x1 isx1the
coefficient, is the porosity,
porosity, andandx2 xis
2 is thetortuosity.
the tortuosity.Table
Table66 shows
shows the
the theoretical
theoretical
permeability
permeability coefficient and the actual permeability coefficient, and the results show that
coefficient and the actual permeability coefficient, and the results show that the
the error
error
between the two is very tiny.
between the two is very tiny.

Figure 12. Influence of porosity and tortuosity on permeability coefficient.

Figure 12. Influence of porosity and tortuosity on permeability coefficient.
4. Conclusions
4. Conclusions
Based on the materials and measurement methods used in this test, the following conclusions can
Based on the materials and measurement methods used in this test, the following conclusions
be drawn:
can be1. drawn:
In a water-cement ratio of 0.30, the permeability of the recycled pervious concrete with fiber is
1. Inappropriate.
the most a water-cement In a ratio
ratio of of 0.25,
0.30, the
the hydration
permeability of the recycled
is insufficient, whilepervious concrete with
in the water-cement fiber
ratio of
is the most appropriate. In a ratio of 0.25, the hydration is insufficient,
0.35, excess cement slurry is easy to deposit at the bottom and seals the bottom pore. while in the water-cement
ratio 2.
of 0.35, excess cement
For pervious concrete slurry
withis easy to deposit
different types at of the bottom
fibers, andwater-cement
in the seals the bottomratiopore.
of 0.30, the
2. For pervious concrete with different types of fibers, in the
permeability coefficient of the recycled aggregate pervious concrete with PPTF is 7.64 mm/s, water-cement ratio of 0.30,
whichthe is
permeability coefficient of the recycled aggregate pervious
better than that of CCF and PPF at 5.74 mm/s and 6.01 mm/s, respectively. concrete with PPTF is 7.64 mm/s, which
is better
3. Inthan
thisthat of CCF
paper, whenandthe PPFamount
at 5.74 mm/s
of PPTFandcontent
6.01 mm/s, is 3 respectively.
kg/m3 , the permeability coefficient
3. In thishave
and strength paper, when the
relatively amountresults.
balanced of PPTFThe content is 3strength
flexural kg/m3, the permeability
is the highest atcoefficient
3.42 MPa, andthe
strength have relatively balanced results. The flexural strength
compressive strength is 21.43 MPa, and the permeability coefficient is 7.64 mm/s. is the highest at 3.42 MPa, the
compressive
4. The strength
permeabilityis 21.43 MPa, andofthe
coefficient permeability
pervious concretecoefficient is 7.64
is linearly mm/s.to porosity, but the
related
4. The permeability coefficient of pervious
permeability coefficient may be different at the same porosity. concrete is linearly related to porosity, but the
permeability coefficient may be different at the same porosity.
5. Fiber can significantly improve the flexural strength of pervious concrete. The flexural strength
5. Fiber
of pervious can significantly
concrete is 2.46 MPa. improve
When PPTF, theCCF,
flexural
and PPFstrength of pervious
were added, concrete.
the flexural Theincreased
strength flexural
strength of pervious concrete is
by 32.05%, 35.14%, and 30.12%, respectively. 2.46 MPa. When PPTF, CCF, and PPF were added, the flexural
strength increased by 32.05%, 35.14%, and 30.12%, respectively.
6. The concept of tortuosity is proposed and a method for calculating tortuosity is provided. The
6. The
equation concept of tortuosity
of permeability coefficient, is proposed
porosity, and andtortuosity
a methodisfor calculating
fitted, where R2tortuosity
= 0.99. is provided.
The equation of permeability coefficient, porosity, and tortuosity is fitted, where R2 = 0.99.
Author Contributions: Methodology, H.Z.; Validation, C.W. and L.L.; Data curation, C.W.; Writing—original
draft
Authorpreparation, C.W.; Writing—review
Contributions: and Validation,
Methodology, H.Z.; editing, H.Z.C.W.
and and
Z.W.;L.L.;
Funding
Data acquisition, H.Z.Writing—original
curation, CW; All authors have
read
draftand agreed to C.W.;
preparation, the published version ofand
Writing—review the manuscript.
editing, H.Z. and Z.W.; Funding acquisition, H.Z. All authors
Thisagreed
have read and
Funding: research waspublished
to the funded by the National
version Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.
of the manuscript.
51779231, the Key Research Project of Higher Education of Henan Provincial under Grant No.17A560011.
Funding: This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.
51779231, the Key Research Project of Higher Education of Henan Provincial under Grant No.17A560011.
Materials 2020, 13, 321 17 of 18

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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