EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

Philosophy of
Earthquake
Design

RISHA BASIMA K- 19122053

RITUSHA RATHORE -19122054
Introduction to Seismic Zonation may be termed as the geographic delineation of

Seismic zones areas having different potentials for hazardous effects from future
earthquakes. Seismic zonation can be done at any scale, national,
regional, local, or site.

The term Zoning implies that the parameter or parameters that

characterize the hazard have a constant value in each zone. If, for
example, for practical reasons, the number of zones is reduced
(from five as is the case in large majority of national codes), we
obtain a rather simplified representation of the hazard, which in
reality has continuous variation.

A seismic zone is a region in which the rate of seismic activity

remains fairly consistent. This may mean that seismic activity is
incredibly rare, or that it is extremely common.
Global Seismic Hazard Map
Some people often use the term "seismic zone" to talk about an are
with an increased risk of seismic activity, while others prefer to talk
about "seismic hazard zones" when discussing areas where seismic
activity is more frequent.
SEISMIC ZONES
Many nations have government agencies concerned with seismic activity.

These agencies use the data they collect about seismic activity to divide the nation into various seismic zones
indicating progressive levels of expected seismic intensity or peak ground acceleration for different return periods
based on historic and predicted intensity of ground motion.

A number of different zoning systems are used, from numerical zones to colored zones, with each number or color
representing a different level of seismic activity.

A seismic zoning map for engineering use is a map that specifies the levels of force or ground motions for earthquake
resistant design, and thus it differs from a seismicity map, which provides only the occurrence of earthquake
information.

The task of seismic zoning is multidisciplinary and involves the best of input from geologist, seismologist, geotechnical,
earthquake and structural engineers.
TYPES OF ZONATION
Macrozonation-macro level

- For larger area like zonation of country or continent macro level is adopted. Macrozonation are carried out considering the
seismicity, geology in lager scales without considering geotechnical aspects.

Microzonation-micro level

- Smaller scale by considering regional seismicity, geology, geotechnical and local site conditions.

Nano zonation-Nano level

- Very smaller scale to map hazard, vulnerability and risk of particular site/campus.

Microzonation is defined as the zonation with respect to ground motion characteristics taking into account source and
site conditions. (as per ISSMGE/TC4 , 1999)
SEISMIC
MICROZONATION
Seismic micro zonation is subdividing a region into smaller areas having different potential for hazardous earthquake
effects .
The earthquake effects depend on ground geomorphological attributes consisting of geological, geomorphology and
geotechnical information.
The parameters of geology and geomorphology, soil coverage/thickness, and rock outcrop/depth are some of the
important geomorphological attributes.
Other attributes are the earthquake parameters, which are estimated by hazard analysis and effects of local soil for a
hazard (local site response for an earthquake).
The Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) [from deterministic or probabilistic approach], amplification/ site response,
predominant frequency, liquefaction and landslide due to earthquakes are some of the important seismological
attributes.
The first attempt of seismic micro zonation of any urban area i.e. an industrial as well as population center was carried
out in city of Yokohama, Japan in 1954 considering various zones, corresponding soil conditions and design seismic
coefficients for different types of structures located in that different zones.
NEED FOR SEISMIC MICROZONATION
Seismic microzonation is the first step in earthquake risk mitigation study and requires multidisciplinary approach with
major contributions from the fields of geology, seismology, geophysics, geotechnical and structural engineering.
This is very important to identify the tectonic and geological formations in the study area which is essential for
determining the seismic sources and also for establishing a realistic earthquake hazard models for the investigation.
Microzonation studies are also very useful to save the heritage and important structures from future major earthquakes.
Seismic zonation map of a country is a guide to the seismic status of a region and its susceptibility to earthquakes.
City and regional planning considering different earthquake hazards
Locate important facility-Hospitals &Army camp
Selection of seismically Hazardous sites
Help to plan for detailed study.
Guideline for smaller building designs
Such maps are small scale maps covering a large territory.
Seismic microzoning provides detailed information on earthquake hazard on a much larger scale.
It therefore consists of mapping in detail all possible earthquake and earthquake- induced hazards.
It necessarily involves seismological, geological, geotechnical and hydro-geological mapping and their integration to
provide a picture of levels of hazard distribution comprehensible to urban planners, engineers and architects.
LEVELS OF SEISMIC MICROZONATION
Levels of Seismic Microzonation generally float with the choice of scale of mapping as also with the degree and scope of
scientific investigation fashioned to minimize uncertainties in seismic hazard evaluation for a specific set of objectives.
The quantum and quality of basic maps and information required for making a head tart with the mapping work are rarely
available.
Since seismic microzonation work cannot wait for all the required information, a first cut microzonation map is prepared
based on a minimum programme of investigation.
Choosing an appropriate mapping scale and thinking to scale while mapping are the two challenges common to every
such programme.
What is to be included and what is to be left out for future investigation will have to be decided on a case to case basis.
Degree of detailing and scrutiny expands with increase of mapping scale.
Three levels of Seismic Microzonation expressed as,
1. Grade1: General Zonation
2. Grade 2: Detailed Zonation
3. Grade 3: Rigorous Zonation
The recommendation essentially meant making a beginning with relatively small scale mapping and move on to higher
levels of microzonation by obtaining added quality inputs that could justify large scale mapping.
THREE GRADES OF SEISMIC MICRO ZONATION RECOMMENDED BY THE
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SOIL
MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING (ISSMFE)
MICROZONATION FRAMEWORK
Seismic microzonation process is initiated with rudimentary assessments based on existing regional level hazard
estimation, seismotectonic and macro-seismic studies. Several local specific hazard factors are, thereafter, evaluated
and mapped on a Geographical Information System (GIS) platform with a uniform and consistent geo-referencing
scheme. A general methodology in doing the seismic microzonation of a region can be divided into the following four
major heads:
1. Estimation of the ground motion parameters using the historical seismicity and recorded earthquake motion data which
includes the location of potential sources, magnitude, mechanism, epicentral distances.
2. Site characterization using geological, geomorphological, geophysical and geotechnical data.
3. Assessment of the local site effects which includes site amplification, predominant frequency, liquefaction hazard,
landslides, tsunami etc.
4. Preparation of the seismic microzonation maps
A GENERAL
FRAMEWORK FOR
SEISMIC MICRO
ZONATION
STUDIES
BASE ISOLATION FOR EARTHQUAKE-
RESISTANT DESIGN
The performances of the intended ductile structures during major earthquake, however, have been proved
to be unsatisfactory, and indeed far below expectation. High uncertainty of the ductility design strategy is
primarily attributed to:

The desired strong-column weak-beam mechanism may not form in reality, due to existence of walls.
Shear failure of columns due to inappropriate geometrical proportions of short-column effect.
Construction difficulty in grouting, especially at beam-column joints, due to complexity of steel
reinforcement required by ductility design.

Thus, it necessitates finding a method that is devoid of the shortcomings of the ductility approach.
BASE ISOLATION
Base Isolation is one of the most important concepts for earthquake engineering which can
be defined as separating or decoupling the superstructure of the building from its
foundation.
The objective of base isolation technique is to prevent or minimize damage to building during
an earthquake by absorbing the earthquake energy.
The principle is to introduce flexibility at the base of a structure in the horizontal plane, while
at the same time introducing damping elements to restrict the amplitude of the motion
caused by the earthquake.
One of the most widely implemented seismic protection system is base isolation.
The terms isolation refers to reduced interaction between structure and the ground.
Concept of base
isolation system
Base isolation is explained through an example of
building resisting on frictionless rollers.
When the ground shakes, the roller freely roll, but
the building is not move.
Thus, no force transferred to the building due to
shaking the ground. Because roller is absorbed
whole shock. So building does not experience the
earthquake.
High rise buildings or building rested on soft soil
are not suitable for base isolators
Most suitable structures for base isolation are low
or medium rise building
PRINCIPLES OF BASE ISOLATION SYSTEM
The fundamental principle of
base isolation to modify the
response of building so that the
ground can move below the
building without transmitting
these motion into the building
and other structure.
The structure and ground moves
the same amount.
So in flexible structure the
structure will not move with the
ground.
The structure is perfectly rigid
will have zero period.
Structures with base isolator is
severe shaking with the ground
Structure with base isolator is
moving horizontally slow with
isolators
Base isolation, as a strategy to protect structure from earthquake, revolves around a
few basic elements of understanding:

Period-shifting of structure: Base isolator is a more flexible device compared to the flexibility of the
structure. Thus, coupling both an isolator and the superstructure together increases the flexibility of the
total isolated structural system. In this way, this technique lengthens the structures natural time period
away from the predominant frequency of the ground motions, thus evading disastrous responses caused
due to resonance.
Mode of vibration: The fundamental mode of vibration (first mode shape) is altered from continuous
cantilever type structure to an almost rigid superstructure with deformations concentrated at the isolation
level.
Damping and cutting of load transmission path: A damper or energy dissipater is used to absorb the energy
of the force to reduce the relative deflection of the structure with respect to the ground.
Minimum rigidity: It provides minimum rigidity to low level service loads such as wind or minor earthquake
loads.
WHEN BASE ISOLATION SYSTEM IS SUITABLE?
The sub soil does not produce a long period ground motion.
When the structure is jointed sufficiently with high column load. Lateral load due to wind are
less than approximately 10% of the structure weight.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FIXED AND ISOLATED BASE

STRUCTURE
When the earthquake is affected on fixed base structure at that time structure is not defending
against earthquake.
But in base isolated structure the when earthquake is affected on the structure building is
defending against earthquake very well.
In fixed structure, structure is moves with ground motion
In isolated structure, structure is not moves with ground motion. But isolation bearing is moves
with ground motion. So we can say the structure is safe.
 DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN FIXED AND
ISOLATED BASE
STRUCTURE

The whole building is isolated from the

ground, so all the floors from the first to the
top have the same superior level of safety
and a good living environment. With
earthquakes exerting tensile forces on
buildings, buildings that have many stories
or irregular shapes may not be suitable for
base isolation.
TYPES OF BASE ISOLATORS
ELASTROMERIC BASE ISOLATORS
These are formed of horizontal layers of natural oy synthetic rubber in thin layers bonded between
steel plates.
The steel plate prevent the rubber layers, so the bearing is able to support higher vertical loads with
only small deformation.
Plain elastomeric bearing provides flexibility and will move under service loads.
A)LOW DAMPING NATURAL RUBBER BEARING
Damping ratio = 2% to 3%
Manufacturing is easy. Response not strongly sensitive temperature, rate of loading and aging
Shear strain is exceed up to 100%.

B)HIGH DAMPING NATURAL RUBBER BEARING

Damping is increased by adding extra-fine carbon black, oils or resins and other fillers.
Maximum shear strain = 200 to 350%
Damping ratio = 10 to 20% at 100% shear strain
Effective damping depends on: velocity, load history, temperature.
C)LEAD RUBBER BEARING
Damping properties can be improve by plugging a lead core into bearing.
Damping of the lead-plug bearing varies from 15% to 35%.
The performance depends on the lateral force.
Maximum shear strain=125 to 200%
LEAD RUBBER BEARING

Lead-rubber bearings are the

frequentlyused types of base isolation
bearings. A lead rubber bearing is made
from layers of rubber sandwiched together
with layers of steel. In the middle of the
solid lead "plug". On top and bottom, the
bearing is fitted with steel plates which
are used to attach the bearing to the
building and foundation. The bearing is
very stiff and strong in the vertical
direction, but flexible in the horizontal
direction.

SLIDING ISOLATOR
The building is supported by bearing pads that have a curved
surface and low friction. During an earthquake the building is
free to slide on the bearings. Since the bearings have a curved
surface, the building slides both horizontally and vertically.
The forces needed to move the building upwards limits the
horizontal or lateral forces which would otherwise cause building
deformations. Also by adjusting the radius of the bearings curved
surface, this property can be used to design bearings that also
lengthen the buildings period of vibration.
A)FLAT SLIDING ISOLATOR(RESILIENT FRICTION SYS.)
Two types of sliding isolators
with recentering capacity
without recentering capacity
B)SPHERICAL SLIDING ISOLATOR(ROLLERS)
the friction pendulum system is sliding isolation system where in the
weight of the structure is supported on spherical sliding surfaces that
slide relative to each other when the ground motion exceed a threshold
level.
Advantages
Reduced the seismic demand of structure, thereby reducing the cost of structure.
Less displacement during the earthquake.
Improves safety of structure.
Reduced damages caused during the structure.

Disadvantages
Challenging to implement in an efficient manner.
Allowance for building displacements.
Inefficient for high rise buildings
Not suitable for buildings rested on soft soil.

Applications
Bridges
Buildings
Historic structure
REFERENCES
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105/108/105108204/
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105/108/105108204/
https://nidm.gov.in/easindia2014/err/pdf/earthquake/seismic_microzo
nation.pdf
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105/101/105101004/