EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT

ARCHITECTURE

FUNDAMENTALS OF EARTHQUAKE VIBRATIONS OF BUILDING

STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOAD

WHAT IS LOAD
Load is the external forces acting on very small area on a perpendicular
point of a supporting structural element.

SOURCES OF BUILDING LOADS:

• Man made
• Geophisical

LOAD TRANSFER
 STATIC LOAD DYNAMIC LOAD

• DEAD LOAD: (gravity/static load) • WIND LOAD: (dynamic/lateral load)

Dead load consists of self weight of structure
(beam , column, slab & struts etc.) &
equipment permanently attached to
structure such as furniture load, home
accessories etc.
The mean wind velocity is generally increases with height. Wind is
essentially the large scale horizontal movement of free air. It plays an
important role in design of tall structure because it exerts loads on
building.

• LIVE LOAD:
• Loads caused by
contents of objects
within or on a building
are called occupancy
loads.
The amount of wind load is dependent on the following:
• This loads includes
• Geographical location
allowance for the
• The height of structure
weights of people,
• Type of surrounding physical environment
furniture, moveable
• The shape of structure
partitions, mechanical
• Size of building
equipment etc.
 DYNAMIC LOAD

SEISMIC LOAD: (dynamic/lateral load)

• Earthquake is one of the destructive events in the world
• It is this wave motion that is known as earthquake., It is apparent that a fault
which has suffered from earthquakes in the past is most likely subject to
future disturbances.
• When earthquakes occur, a buildings undergoes dynamic motion. This is
because the building is subjected to inertia forces that act in opposite
direction to the acceleration of earthquake excitations. These inertia forces,
called seismic loads
NATURAL FREQUENCY AND RESONANCE

THE NATURAL FREQUENCY OF A BUILDING

The natural frequencies of vibration of a building depend on its mass and its stiffness (or how flexible it
is).
The natural frequency for each mode of vibration follows this rule:

f = natural frequency in Hertz.

K = the stiffness of the building
M = the mass of the building

• Buildings tend to have lower natural frequencies when they are:

o Either heavier (more mass)
o Or more flexible (that is less stiff).

• One of the main things that affect the stiffness of a building is its height.
• Taller buildings tend to be more flexible, so they tend to have lower natural frequencies compared to
shorter buildings.
RESONANCE

• The resonance is the oscillation (up-and-down or back-and-forth motion) caused by a seismic wave.
During an earthquake, buildings oscillate.
• If the frequency of this oscillation is close to the natural frequency of the building, resonance may
cause severe damage.
NATURAL FREQUENCY AND RESONANCE

Why do some buildings fall in earthquakes?

All buildings have a natural period, or resonance, which is the number of seconds it takes
for the building to naturally vibrate back and forth. The ground also has a specific
resonant frequency. Hard bedrock has higher frequencies softer sediments. If the period
of ground motion matches the natural resonance of a building, it will undergo the largest
oscillations possible and suffer the greatest damage.

•Frequency of a wave refers to the number of waves that pass through a point in one second

•Period is the amount of time it takes one wave cycle to pass the given point

•Resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate with greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others

•Resonant frequency of any given system is the frequency at which the maximum-amplitude oscillation occurs.

•All buildings have a natural period, or resonance, which is the number of seconds it takes for the building to naturally
vibrate back and forth.