Prepared By: Dr. Ma. Gertrudes S. Serrano: Email Address

Module
in
National Service Training

Program (NSTP) – Civic Welfare
Training Service 2
NSTP (CWTS 2)
Prepared by:
Dr. Ma. Gertrudes S. Serrano

Email Address: serranogertrude@gmail.com
Kabihasnan corner Coastal Road., Brgy. San Dionisio Parañaque City, 1700
Tel. No: (02) 962-6958 • E-mail: pccinfo.educ@yahoo.com
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MODULE 3
FIRST AID & BANDAGING
Training Objectives
1. Define first aid and bandaging
2. Identify the role of first aider.
3. Enumerate the objectives of first aid.
4. Apply proper bandaging
Overview/ Discussion
First Aid – is the immediate care given to a person/victim who has suddenly
become ill or injured
Role of First Aider:

1. Bridge the gap between the time of the accident and the time of the arrival of
the physician.
2. Ends when the medical assistance begins.
3. Doesn’t intend to compete with the physician.
Objectives of the First Aid

1. To prolong life
2. To alleviate Suffering
3. To prevent further or added injury
Characteristics of a good first Aider

1. Observant – notice all signs
2. Resourceful – make best of all things
3. Gentle – shouldn’t cause pain
4. Tactful – shouldn’t be alarming
5. Sympathetic – should be comforting
Why Basic First Aid Knowledge is Important
1. First Aid Saves Lives – Millions of people are hurt or killed from injuries due to
inadequate response or lack of timely assistance. The biggest difference
between victims who survive and those who don’t is the bystander’s willingness
to help. Performing any sort of basic life support on victims while the ambulance
is on the way doubles the person’s chance of survival.
2. First Aid Relieves Pain - Pain-relieving care is important as the pain itself can
cause physiological changes in blood pressure, breathing, and pulse. Simple
procedures such as applying an ice pack or a quick rub can help relieve and
mitigate the pain before medical emergency services arrive.
3. First Aid Creates Confidence - Confidence that comes from significant first aid
training reduces or replace the fear of helping other victims during emergencies.
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Trained people are more than willing to step in and provide prompt aid to the
victims.
4. First Aid Increases Safety - First aid training can automate the safety shield that
keeps the danger away. The training teaches everyone to accurately assess the
situation, act appropriately, and be more conscious of safety in their own home,
workplace, or community.
5. First Aid Prevents the Situation from Becoming Worse - Having some basic
knowledge to handle critical situations can keep things from going from bad to
worse. Temporary yet immediate treatment will keep the victim’s condition from
deteriorating until the emergency response is ready to take over.
6. First Aid Improves Standard of Living - With proper training in administering first
aid, people can live without further fear, danger or injury. Having enough
knowledge of health and safety makes one person more aware of their lifestyle
habits and choices to avoid the risk of developing problems.
FIRST AID KIT – contains the following
Most Common emergency signs, symptoms, and interventions:

Medical Ailment
A. Fever -Your normal body temperature ranges from 97°F to 99°F (36.1°C to
37.2°C). You may have a fever if your temperature rises above this…A fever
is normally a short-term rise in temperature that helps your body get rid of the
illness. A fever begins when your immune system makes more white blood
cells to fight infection. The increase in white blood cells triggers your brain to
heat your body up.
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Adults typically have a fever if their body temperature increases to
100.4°F (38°C). This is called a low-grade fever. A high-grade fever
happens when your body temperature is 103°F (39.4°C) or above.
Common fever symptoms in adults include:
Sweating, chills (shivering), headaches, muscle pain
loss of appetite, fatigue, and weakness
When is a fever serious?
Call your doctor immediately if you have a high-grade fever — when your
temperature is 103°F (39.4°C) or higher. Get medical help if
you have had any kind of fever for more than three days. Let your doctor know if
your symptoms get worse or if you have any new
symptoms.
A fever may be a sign of serious illness if you have:
a severe headache, dizziness, sensitivity to bright light, stiff neck or neck pain,
skin rash
difficulty breathing, frequent vomiting, dehydration, stomach pain, muscle
cramps, confusion & seizures
Treatments
A. fever is not normally harmful on its own. Most fevers go away within a few hours to
days as your body defeats an infection.
Help yourself feel better with these at-home flu remedies:
stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids, such as:
water
juice
soup
broth
eat light foods that are easy on the stomach
rest
use a cool compress, like a damp towel
take a warm sponge bath
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dress in light, comfortable clothing
turn down the temperature in your room
You may need treatment from your doctor for more serious causes of a fever.
The treatment depends on the cause.
B.Headache / vertigo. Headaches are a very common condition that most people will
experience many times during their lives. The main symptom of a headache is pain in
your head or face. This can be throbbing, constant, sharp, or dull.
There are two main categories: primary and secondary headaches.
Primary headaches are those that aren’t due to another medical condition.
The category includes:
Cluster headaches.
Migraine.
New daily persistent headaches (NDPH).
Tension headaches.
Secondary headaches. Secondary headaches are related to another medical
condition, such as:
The disease of blood vessels in the brain.
Head injury.
High blood pressure (hypertension).
Infection.
Medication overuse.
congestion.
Trauma.
Tumor.
Headaches can also be triggered by environmental factors shared in a family’s
household, such as:
Eating certain foods or ingredients, like caffeine, alcohol, fermented foods,
chocolate, and cheese.
Exposure to allergens.
Secondhand smoke.
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Strong odors from household chemicals or perfumes
What causes headaches?
Headache pain results from signals interacting among the brain, blood vessels,
and surrounding nerves. During a headache, an
unknown mechanism activates specific nerves that affect muscles and blood
vessels. These nerves send pain signals to the brain.
MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT
1. Stress management.
Stress management teaches you ways to cope with stressful
situations. Relaxation techniques are helpful in managing stress. You
use deep breathing, muscle relaxation, mental images, and music to
ease your tension.
2. Biofeedback. Biofeedback teaches you to recognize when tension is
building in your body. You learn how your body responds to stressful
situations and ways to settle them down. During biofeedback, sensors
are connected to your body. They monitor your involuntary physical
responses to headaches, which include increases in:
Breathing rate.
Pulse.
Heart rate.
Temperature.
Muscle tension.
Brain activity.
3. Medications . Occasional tension headaches usually respond well to
over-the-counter pain relievers. But be aware that using these
medications too often can lead to a long-term daily headache.
For frequent or severe headaches, your provider may recommend prescription
headache medications.
Drugs for high blood pressure, seizures, and depression can sometimes prevent
migraines. Your healthcare provider may recommend trying one of these medications to
reduce headache frequency. You can treat the occasional, mild headache at home with
over-the-counter pain relievers. Other self-care treatments for headaches include:
Applying heat or cold packs to your head.
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Doing stretching exercises.
Massaging your head, neck, or back.
Resting in a dark and quiet room.
Take a walk.
B. Dizziness.Chest pains.
Chest pain is not something to ignore. But you should know that it has many
possible causes. In many cases, it's related to the heart. Angina is a type of chest pain
that happens when your heart is not getting enough oxygen-rich blood.
Angina is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscles. It's not
usually life-threatening, but it's a warning sign that you could be at risk of a heart attack
or stroke. With treatment and healthy lifestyle changes, it's possible to control angina
and reduce the risk of these more serious problems. Angina is a symptom of a heart
problem. Chest pain may be caused by angina or a heart attack. ·
Chest pain caused by angina usually:
feels tight, dull or heavy – it may spread to your arms, neck, jaw or back
is triggered by physical exertion or stress
stops within a few minutes of resting
Sometimes there might be other symptoms, like feeling sick or breathless.
One of the most important things you'll need to do in angina is to make healthy lifestyle
changes, such as:
having a balanced diet
cutting down on alcohol
stopping smoking if you smoke
losing weight if you're overweight
exercising regularly – gentle exercises are usually safe
This can help reduce your risk of heart attacks and strokes.
Chest pain and heart problems
Other causes of chest pain can include indigestion, reflux, muscle strain,
inflammation in the rib joints
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Most chest pain is not a sign of anything serious but you should get medical
advice just in case. Get immediate medical help if you think you're having a heart attack.
Call 999 if:
You have sudden chest pain that:
spreads to your arms, back, neck or jaw
makes your chest feel tight or heavy
also started with shortness of breath, sweating and feeling or being sick
lasts more than 15 minutes
You could be having a heart attack. Call 999 immediately as you need
immediate treatment in the hospital.
See a GP if:
you have chest pain that comes and goes
you have chest pain that goes away quickly but you're still worried
It's important to get medical advice to make sure it's nothing serious..
Common causes of chest pain

Chest pain has many different causes. In most cases, chest pain is not caused by a
heart problem.
Your symptoms might give you an idea of the cause. Don't self-diagnose – see a GP if
you're worried.
Possible causes
Possible cause
Starts after eating, bringing up food or bitter tasting fluids, heartburn or
feeling full and bloated indigestion
Starts after chest injury or chest exercise, feels better when chest sprain or
resting the muscle strain
Triggered by worries or a stressful situation, heartbeat gets anxiety or panic
faster, sweating, dizziness attack
Gets worse when you breathe in and out, coughing up yellow chest infection or
or green mucus, high temperature pneumonia
Tingling feeling on skin, skin rash appears that turns into shingles
blisters
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Chest pain and heart problems
The most common heart problems that cause chest pain include:
1. Heart attach, which is a blockage of blood flow to the heart
2. pericarditis – which usually causes a sudden, sharp, stabbing pain that gets
worse when you breathe deeply or lie down
3. angina or a heart attack – which is chest pain caused by blockages in the blood
vessels leading to your heart but a heart attack is life-threatening
4. myocarditis, which is an inflammation of the heart muscle
5. cardiomyopathy, which is a disease of the heart muscle
6. aortic dissection, which is a rare condition involving a tear of the aorta, the large
vessel that comes off of the heart
You're more likely to have heart problems if you're older or know you're at risk of
coronary heart disease.
For example, if you
:smoke
are very overweight (obese)
have high blood pressure, diabetes or high cholesterol
have a history of heart attacks or angina in family members under 60 years old
Treatments for heart-related causes of chest pain include :

1. medications, which may include nitroglycerin and other medications that open
partially closed arteries, clot-busting drugs, or blood thinners
2. cardiac catheterization, which may involve using balloons or stents to open
blocked arteries
3. surgical repair of the arteries, which is also known as coronary artery bypass
grafting or bypass surgery
D Dizziness - is a term used to describe a range of sensations, such as feeling faint,

woozy, weak or unsteady. Dizziness that creates the false sense that you or your
surroundings are spinning or moving is called vertigo.
Symptoms
People experiencing dizziness may describe it as any of a number of sensations, such
as:
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A false sense of motion or spinning (vertigo)
Lightheadedness or feeling faint
Unsteadiness or a loss of balance
A feeling of floating, wooziness or heavy-headedness
These feelings may be triggered or worsened by walking, standing up, or moving your
head. Your dizziness may be accompanied by nausea or be so sudden or severe that
you need to sit or lie down. The episode may last seconds or days and may recur.
Generally, see your doctor if you experience any recurrent, sudden, severe, prolonged
or unexplained dizziness or vertigo.
2.INJURIES.
A. Sprain
A sprain is a stretching or tearing of ligaments — the tough bands of fibrous tissue that
connect two bones together in your joints. The most common location for a sprain is in
your ankle. Initial treatment includes rest, ice, compression, and elevation. Mild sprains
can be successfully treated at home.
Ankle sprain
Treatment
Rest.. Resting the ankle is key for healing, and wearing a brace can help stabilize
the injured area. ......
Ice. Even if you're seeking medical help,. Using an ice pack may reduce blood
flow to the injury and help ease pain and swelling. ....
Compression. Compression helps stabilize the injured joint and may reduce
swelling. .... ...
Elevation. Elevate the affected area to decrease swelling
B.Strain.
A strain is when a muscle is stretched too much and tears. It is also called a pulled
muscle. A strain is a painful injury. It can be caused by an accident, overusing a muscle,
or using a muscle in the wrong way
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The difference between a sprain and a strain is that a sprain injures the bands of tissue
that connect two bones together, while a strain involves an injury to a muscle or to the
band of tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone.
Signs and Symptoms

pain in the joint or muscle
swelling and bruising
warmth and redness of the injured area
trouble moving the injured part
What to do with strains

approach — rest, ice, compression, elevation:
Think R.I.C.E. for the first 48 hours after the injury:
Rest: Rest the injured part until it's less painful.
Ice: Wrap an icepack or cold compress in a towel and place it over
the injured part immediately. Continue for no more than 20 minutes at a
time, four to eight times a day.
Compression: Support the injured part with an elastic compression
bandage for at least 2 days.
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Elevation: Raise the injured part above heart level to decrease
swelling.
Give your child ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain and swelling.
Get Emergency Medical Care if Your Child Has:
severe pain when the injured part is touched or moved
continued trouble bearing weight
more bruising
numbness or a feeling of "pins and needles" in the injured area
a limb that looks "bent" or misshapen
signs of infection (increased warmth, redness, streaks, swelling, and pain)
a strain or sprain that doesn't seem to be improving after 5 to 7 days
.
C.Dislocation
A dislocation is an injury in which the ends of your bones are forced from their normal
positions. The cause is usually trauma resulting from a fall, an auto accident, or a
collision during contact or high-speed sports. Dislocation usually involves the body's
larger joints. The injury will temporarily deform and immobilize your joint and may result
in sudden and severe pain and swelling. A dislocation requires prompt medical attention
to return your bones to their proper positions.
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What to Do with Dislocations
Leave the joint alone. Attempting to move or jam a dislocated bone back in can
damage blood vessels, muscles, ligaments, and nerves.
Put an ice pack covered in a cloth on the area around the joint. Ice can ease
swelling and pain in and around the joint.
Use ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain.
D.Fractures
A fracture is a break, usually in a bone. If the broken bone punctures the skin, it is called
an open or compound fracture. Fractures commonly happen because of car accidents,
falls, or sports injuries. Other causes are low bone density and osteoporosis, which
cause weakening of the bones.
Fractures most often happen when more force is applied to the bone than the bone can
take. Bones are weakest when they are twisted. Bone fractures can be caused by falls,
injury, or as a result of a direct hit or kick to the body. Overuse or repetitive motions can
tire muscles and put more pressure on the bone.
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Open fracture (also called compound fracture): The bone pokes through the skin and
can be seen, or a deep wound exposes the bone through the skin.
Closed fracture (also called simple fracture). The bone is broken, but the skin is intact.
Fractures have a variety of names. Here is a listing of the common types that may
happen:
Greenstick. This is an incomplete fracture. A portion of the bone is broken,
causing the other side to bend.
Transverse. The break is in a straight line across the bone.
Spiral. The break spirals around the bone; common in a twisting injury.
Oblique. The break is diagonal across the bone
Compression. The bone is crushed. This causes the broken bone to be wider or
flatter in appearance.
Comminuted. The bone has broken into three or more pieces and fragments are
present at the fracture site.
Segmental. The same bone is fractured in two places, so there is a "floating"
piece of bone.
First aid of fractures:

Cool the affected area by applying and ice pack or ice cubes wrapped in a clean cloth.
Treat the patient's shock: help them get into a comfortable position, encourage them to
rest, and reassure them. Cover them with a blanket or clothing to keep them warm
. Take these actions immediately while waiting for medical help:
Stop any bleeding. Apply pressure to the wound with a sterile bandage, a clean
cloth or a clean piece of clothing.
Immobilize the injured area. ...
Apply ice packs to limit swelling and help relieve pain. ...
Treat for shock.
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Conditions that Require First Aid
A. Fainting - cause by a sudden fall in the supply of blood to their brain that results
to the temporary loss of consciousness.
Sings & Symptoms
 Sweating
 Dizziness
 Nausea
 Weakness
 Paleness
 Ringing in the ears
 Blurred Vision
First Aid
1. Lay the person flat on the ground. Elevate the legs to coax more blood into
the air.
2. If person Is on chair, push his head down between his knees.
3. Loosen tight clothing
4. Avoid crowding the patient.
5. Call a doctor if necessary
B. Nose Bleed – occurs when a blood vessel in the lining of the nose burst. It is very
common in children and often result from harmless activities such as your child
picking their nose, blowing it too hard or often or from getting knocked on the
nose during the play.
FIRST AID
1. Sit down and lean forward slightly.
2. Pinch the lower part of the nostrils just below the bony part of the nose
for 10 minutes while breathing through the mouth.
3. Release nostrils slowly, repeat procedure if bleeding continue.
4. Do not touch the or blow the nose for 24 hours. Do not pact the
affected nostrils with cotton.
5. Bring patient to hospital if necessary.
C. OPEN WOUND
1. Abrasions (grazes) – Superficial wound in which the topmost layer of the skin
the epidermis is Scraped off.
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2. Lacerations- are jagged, irregular or blunt breaks or tears in the soft tissues.
3. Avulsion – is forcible separation or tearing of tissue from the victim’s body.
4. Incised wound – wounds or cuts in the body tissues caused by knives, metal
edges, broken glass or other sharp objects commonly cause incise wounds,
or cuts, in the body tissues.
5. Puncture Wound – wounds are caused by a sharp object that penetrates the
skin.
FIRST AID
The major Principle of Open – Wound Treatment are to:
- Control bleeding (direct pressure and elevation)
- Prevent further contamination of wound (wound process and
bandaging)
- Imobilized the injured part.
- Stabilized any impaled object.
BANDAGING
Bandages have three key uses
- applying pressure to the bleeding wounds
- covering wounds and burns
- providing support and imobilization to the broken bones, sprains and
strains.
These includes gauze, traingular, elastic and tubular bandage.
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Number 3 – Assessment Task
Make a video of how to use Cravat bandage. (Choose only one)
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Prepared By: Dr. Ma. Gertrudes S. Serrano: Email Address

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Module

National Service Training

Dr. Ma. Gertrudes S. Serrano

Role of First Aider:

Objectives of the First Aid

Characteristics of a good first Aider

Why Basic First Aid Knowledge is Important

FIRST AID KIT – contains the following

Most Common emergency signs, symptoms, and interventions:

Common causes of chest pain

Treatments for heart-related causes of chest pain include :

D Dizziness - is a term used to describe a range of sensations, such as feeling faint,

Signs and Symptoms

What to do with strains

First aid of fractures:

3. Avulsion – is forcible separation or tearing of tissue from the victim’s body.

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