FUNDA RLE ➢ Tighten abdominal and gluteal muscles in
REVIEWER preparation for all activities.
Body Mechanics
➢ terms used to describe as efficient,
coordinated, safe use of the body, to move
objects, and carry out the activities of daily
living.
Purpose
➢ To facilitate the safe and efficient use of
appropriate muscles group to:
➢ Maintain balance.
➢ Reduce energy required.
➢ Reduce fatigue.
➢ Decrease the risk of injury.
Alignment
➢ Refers to how the head, shoulders, spine,
hips, knees, and ankles relate and line up
with each other.
Base of support
➢ the area of which the object is at rest.
Center of gravity
➢ Point at which all the mass of an object is
centered.
Line of gravity
➢ An imaginary vertical line which passes
through the center of gravity.
Principles and Guidelines
➢ Keep weight balance above base of support.
Enlarge base of support as necessary to
increase the body's stability.
➢ Lowers center of gravity towards base of
support in the direction in which force is
applied.
➢ Enlarge base of support in the direction in
which force is applied.
➢ Faces in the direction of task and turns body
in one plane.
➢ Bend knees and hips (rather than back)
when lifting.
➢ Move objects on level surface when possible.
➢ Slide (rather than lift) objects on smooth
surface when possible.
➢ Hold objects close to body and stand close to
objects to be moved.
➢ Use body's weight to assist lifting or moving
when possible.
➢ Use smooth motions and reasonable speed
when carrying out task.
➢ When moving clients, use a pulling motion
whenever possible.
➢ Raise the working surface to waist level
when possible.
Lifting
➢ Type of assistive equipment include mobile-
powered or mechanical lifts, ceiling-mounted
lifts, sit-to-stand powered lifts, and transfer
chairs.
➢ Nurses should not lift more than 35 pounds
without assistance from proper equipment.
Pushing and Pulling
➢ A person maintains balance with east effort
when the base of support is increased in the
direction in which movement is to be
produced or opposed.
Pivoting
➢ technique which the body is turned in a way
that avoid twisting the spine.
Positioning a client
Positioning a client in good body alignment and
changing the position regularly (every 2 hours) and
symmetrically are essential aspects of nursing
practice.
Fowler’s Position Logrolling

➢ a semi-sitting position. Bed person in which
the head and trunk are raised 45 degrees to
60 degrees relative to the bed.
Semi-Fowler’s Position
➢ Technique used to turn a client whose body
must always be kept in straight alignment
(like a log).
➢ An example is the client with back surgery or
a spinal surgery.

➢ when the head and trunk are raised to 15 to

Ambulation
45 degrees.
➢ (The act of walking) is a function that most
people take for granted.
High-Fowler’s Position

➢ head and trunk are raised to 60 to 90

degrees and most often means the client is
sitting upright at a right angle to the bed.

Orthopneic Position

➢ the client sits either in bed or on the side of

the bed with an overbed table across the lap.
This position facilitates transpiration by
allowing maximum chest expansion.

Dorsal Recumbent Position

➢ the client's head and shoulders are slightly

elevated on a small pillow.

Prone Position

➢ The client lies on the abdomen with the head

turned to the one side.

Lateral Position

➢ the client lies on the one side of the body.

Sim’s Position

➢ The client assumes a posture halfway

between the lateral and the prone positions.
 FUNDA RLE o Self-help bed bath - clients confine to a
QUIZ REVIEWER bed but able to bathe themselves with
help from the nurse for washing of the
What is personal hygiene? hair, the back and perhaps the feet.
• Brush teeth at least twice a day o Partial bath - only the parts of the client's
• Use deodorant. body that may cause discomfort and odor.
• Shave daily The nurse assists self-sufficient client
confined to bed by washing their back.
• Shower daily
o Tub bath - client is immersed in a tub of
• Wash hair regularly
water and allows more thorough washing
• Wash hands regularly and rinsing than a bed bath.
o Shower - client sits or stands under a
Hygiene continuous stream of water.
• Science of health and its maintenance • Therapeutic Bath - are generally ordered by
• Personal maintenance - self-care by which physician for a special effect, such as soothing
people attend to such function as bathing, the skin or promoting healing.
toileting, general body hygiene and grooming. o Sitz bath - cleanses and reduces pain
• Personal matter determined by individual values and inflammation of perineal and anal
and practices: care of the skin, nails, oral, nasal, area.
teeth, hair, eyes, ears, perineal. o Medicated bath - aids in relief of skin
irritation and creates an antibacterial and
Hygienic Care drying effect.
• Morning Care - provides to client as they awaken
in the morning. Special considerations
o Often provided after breakfast • Avoid unnecessary exposure and chilling.
o Provided before breakfast. o Expose, wash, rinse and dry only a part
o Elimination needs of the body at one time
o Oral care o Avoid draft.
o Nail care o Use correct temperature of water.
o Hair care • Observe the patient's body skin closely such as:
o Back massage rashes, swelling, discoloration, pressure sores,
burns, discharge, body lice, lesions, etc.
• Hours of Sleep or PM care - provided to clients • Give special attention to the following areas:
before they go to sleep. behind the ears, axilla, under the breast,
o Elimination needs umbilicus, pubic region, groin, and spaces,
o Washing of the face between fingers and toes.
o Oral face • Do the bath quickly but unhurriedly and use even,
o Giving a back massage smooth but firm strokes - distal to proximal.
• Use adequate amount of water and change it if
• As needed care - provided as required by the necessary.
client.
• If possible, do these procedures such as vaginal
o Diaphoretic - (sweating profusely) may
douche, enema, shampoo, and oral care, before
need more frequent bathing and change
bath.
of clothes and linen.
Materials needed for bed bath
Bed Bath - type of bath where the nurse washes the
• Pitcher of warm water
entire body of a dependent patient in bed.
• Bath basin
Purposes of bed bath • Two face towels
• To cleanse, refresh and give comfort to the • Two towels
patient who must remain in bed. • Soap in soap dish
• To stimulate circulation and aid in elimination. • Toiletry items (powder, deodorant, cologne, lotion,
• To provide an opportunity to inspect the patient's and shampoo)
body for any sign of abnormality. • Clean hospital gown
• To help the patient have some movement and • Plastic sheet
exercise. • Fresh clean linen
• Kelly pad
CATEGORIES OF BATH
• Cleansing bath
o Complete bath - nurse washes the
entire body of a dependent client in bed.
Factors Influencing Individual Hygienic Purposes
• Culture - consider privacy is necessary in bathing.
o Communal bathing
o Shower once, twice, or thrice
o a day
o Once a week
o Body odor is offensive some cultures and
accepted as normal to others.

• Religion - ceremonial washing are practiced.

Environment
• Finances may affect the availability of facilities for
bathing and homeless people may not have warm
water available - too expensive for people who
have limited resources.

Developmental level
• Children learn hygiene at home.
• Pre-schoolers can carry most task.
• independently with encouragement

Health and energy

• Sick person may not have the motivation/energy
to attend to hygiene.
• Some have neuromuscular impairment and my
not be able to perform hygienic care.

Personal preferences
• Some prefer shower/tub bath.
• Varies time of bathing.
 FUNDA RLE • Cotton balls with alcohol
QUIZ REVIEWER • Dry cotton balls
PARENTERAL MEDICATIONS • Band aid
• Medication quickly than oral medication • Medication needed
• Given through a route.
• Intradermal- under the skin PREPARING TO ADMINISTER A DRUG:
• Intramuscular - into the muscle • Give drugs with doctor's order. Compared against
• Subcutaneous – into the skin the MAR.
• Intravenous – through the vein • Wash hands
• Patient cannot take medication orally. • Calculate the dose carefully.
• Do not leave prepared drugs unattended. Never
NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES: administer a drug that someone else has
Assessment: prepared.
• Injection site • Identify patients properly - with 2 identifiers. To
• Drug allergies ensure that you have the right patient, you can
• Patient condition - be alert to changes that can check the name and date of birth on the patient to
affect drug therapy. state his/her name and date of birth.
• Consent form • Observe the patient following and after
administration of the drug.
TECHNIQUES FOR DRUG ADMINISTRATION: • Discard any ungiven medication properly.
Subcutaneous • Report any untoward reaction and error to the
• Provides slow, sustained release and longer head nurse/physician immediately.
duration of action.
• Rotate sites SITES OF INJECTION:
Intravenous Intradermal
• Through the vein • Skin test for tuberculosis
• Not to be given by medical assistant - undergone • Typical site in the upper forearm
training Allergy skin testing
Intradermal • Small amounts of various allergens are
• Into upper layer of the skin administered to identify allergies.
• Used for skin tests. • Usually at the back
Intramuscular Intramuscular
• More rapid absorption • Deltoid site
• Less irritation of tissue • Ventrogluteal
• Larger amount of drug • Vastus Lateralis
• Dorsogluteal
PARTS OF THE NEEDLE Subcutaneous
• HUB - one end of the needle and is the part that • Outside of the upper arm
attaches to the syringe. • Top of the thigh
• SHAFT - long slender stem of the needle that is
bevel at one end to form a point. INTRAVENOUS MEDICATION
• BEVEL - slanted part at the tip of the shaft. • Large volume infusion of intravenous fluid
• LUMEN - hollow bore of the needle shaft. • Intermittent intravenous infusion
• Volume-cooled infusion (often used for children)
TYPES OF SYRINGE: • Intravenous push
• Standard - 1ml, 3ml, 5ml, 10ml, 20ml • Intermittent injection ports (device)
• Tuberculin - narrow syringe used to administer
small or precise doses such as pediatric dosages. INTRAMUSCULAR MEDICATION
Should be use for doses 0.5 ml or less. • Promote rapid drug absorption.
• Pre-filled single dose • Provide alternate route when drug is irritating to
subcutaneous tissue.
PARENTERAL DRUG PACKAGING • For unconscious patients
• Ampule - glass or plastic container that is sealed • Use to administer antibiotics, vitamins, iron, and
and sterile (open with care) vaccines.
• Vial - small bottle with rubber diaphragm and can
be punctured by needle. SUBCUTANEOUS MEDICATION
• Under the skin into the subcutaneous fat
MATERIALS NEEDED: • Often have a longer onset of action and longer
• Medicine tray duration of action
• Appropriate syringe with needle