LTE

Anabel Raissa Mendes

Leonardo Lopes Faria
Tutor: Erick Boaventura
Summary
03 Introduction 3G vs 4G

OFDM
04 4G Features VolTE & CSFB
eNodeB
Handover
11 Interface
X2 vs S1

16 KPIs Cases

21 Troubleshooting Cases

Carrier Agregation
24 LTE Advanced Pro MIMO
254-QAM & ARM
3G vs 4G
What does this mean?
3G 4G
Streaming a HD video

60-100 users (at the 300-400 users (at

USERS
same time) the same time) 300

BANDWIDHT 5 MHz 1.4/5/10/15/20MHz

Dowloading a game
(20MB)

ACCESS Wideband CDMA CDMA or OFDMA 200

LATENCY 100-500 ms 20 - 30 ms

100
Uploading a image
COMMUNICATION Radio Waves Optical Fiber
Streaming Music

AVARAGE SPEED 2Mp/s 100 Mb/s

4G time in seconds
3G time in seconds
 High speed Seamless switching
High capacity Variety of services
Lower cost per bit based on QoS

Support interactive
4G FEATURES Support for
multimedia and other both FDD and TDD com
broadband services munication systems

OFDMA for the downlink

Simplified architeture
OFDM for the uplink
 OFDM
The basic principle of
Data transmission
OFDM is the conversion
technique that uses its of a high transmission
band divided into rate serial data stream
multiple orthogonal into multiple low
carriers (subcarriers) for transmission rate
modulation parallel sub-streams

They don't interfere

with each other
because they are
orthogonal and their
frequencies don't
overlap
OFDM
The main advantage of using
OFDM over techniques that use
a single carrier is that
it can achieve the same transfer
rate, due to the parallelism of
low rate subcarriers with greater
resistance to poor conditions in
the environment

In OFDM all subcarriers of the

symbol are used for providing SC-FDMA UPLINK
data to a specific user
OFDMA DOWNLINK
In OFDMA the subcarriers of
each symbol may be divided
between multiple users
VoLTE & CSFB
VoLTE
Voice Over LTE allows voice and video calls to be
made through the 4G network using the IP protocol
and being delivered as data flows within the LTE
data bearer, with no dependency on (or ultimately,
requirement for) the circuit switched voice network
to be in the call path., greatly improving speed and
quality of the service.

CSFB
CS Fallback is when a UE or mobile phone starts a
voice call the network move the UE to a legacy
UMTS (3G) or GSM (2G) network. The UE use the
legacy network to initiate the call and complete the
call. After the call is over UE again move back to the
LTE network. The network must support the SGs
interface to support CS Fallback
Evolved NodeB
Comparing NodeB and eNodeB

Most of the main functionalities is obtained by

RNC in UTRAN network, but in E-UTRAN
network these responsibilities are under
eNodeB
There is no common controller for eNodeB in
LTE, each eNodeB is a controller for
itself
eNodeB as base stations have to manage radio
resources and mobility in the cell
eNodeB uses OFDMA (downlink) and SC-
FDMA (uplink) on radio interface
Evolved NodeB
RRU

Remote Radio Unit is

used to transmit and receive
baseband signals, modulate and
demodulate RF signals, process data,
and amplify the power of signals.

BBU CPRI

Manages the entire base station Defines a flexible interface between

system. The management involves
uplink and downlink data processing,
signaling processing, resource
management, operation and
maintenance, 
BBU and RRU. The purpose of CPRI is to
allow replacement of a copper or
coax cable connection between a
radio transceiver and a base station.
Evolved NodeB
1. eNodeB uses S1-MME interface with
MME for control plane traffic.
2. eNodeB uses S1-U interface with S-GW
for user plane traffic.
3. eNodeB uses X2 interface with other
eNodeB elements.
4. eNodeB uses Uu interface with user
equipment (UE)

MME SGW

Main control entity for the E-UTRAN, using
signaling and being responsible for
communication with an HSS for user
authentication and user profile download
while providinge UEs with EMM and ESM
functions using NAS signaling.
SGW performs the routing of packets in
the user plan, while acting as a mobility
manager during the inter-eNodeB
handover process or in the HO between
LTE access and other 3GPP networks (over
S4 interface), directing traffic from these
legacy networks to PGW
Interface
How does it all communicate? Imagine person 1 was asked to buy some
stuff from his mother from the grocery store

He writes what his mother wants in a paper,

attaches it to a stone and throws it to person 3.

Person 3 takes the note, put it in a small electric

toy car and sends it to the grocery store.

Grocery store’s worker (2) Person 2 builds a railroad

separates the stuff to cover the abyss.

The grocery store’s worker put all the shopping

stuff inside one big train car and send it to
person 1 through the railroad person 2 built.
Interface
How does it all communicate?

The Uu interface is the one that connects

The mother is the UE the UE to the eNodeB. That is the mother
telling person 1 what she wants!

The stone being thrown is the S1-MME

The person 1 is the eNodeB
interface, it signals to the MME that the UE
needs a bearer to the S-GW

The MME will signalize the S-GW, through

The person 3 is the MME
the GTP-C interface (electric toy car)

The grocery store is the Serving

Gateway The S1-U interface is created between the
EnodeB and the S-GW (That’s the railroad)
Handover
Procedure that a eNodeB uses to “let go” of
a UE and allow a neighboring eNodeB to
connect to it

REASONS TYPES PROCESS APPROACH X2

Network Controlled: QoS should be It allows all the
UE is leaving the network makes maintained all the UE sends measurement allocation of
tower’s area handover decisions. time information to network resources,
QoS is not good Mobile Evaluated : HO should not and based on those acknowledge and
enough The UE will make drain UE battery measurements network flow of reports
handover decisions UE should able to asks UE to move to a between the eNB
and inform network continue its normal target cell. necessary for the
about it services before and implementation of the
after handover handover.
X2 vs S1 X2

HO occurs when source and target eNBs are

served within the same MME pool. The
procedures relies on the presence of X2
interface between Source and Target eNB,

S1
 JOY CHEERFUL

THANKFUL UPBEAT

GLAD HAPPY ECSTATIC

SUNNY BRIGHT

DELIGHTED LIGHT HEARTED

X2 vs S1
S1
S1 handover is when If two eNodeBs are not
connected with same MME or the X2 interfaces
are not defined between eNB or when X2
procedure fails(due to unreachability/Error
response etc).
If the two eNodeBs are
connected with same MME, it is
preferred to perform X2 based
handover but there is no
restriction in using S1 based
handover even in this case. If
two eNodeBs are not connected
with same MME, you have to
perform S1 based handover
even in this case
 CS Fallback RRC success
rate

KPIs eRAB setup success rate

Handover Call drop

DL and UL Downlink and Uplink

retransmission Throughput
Packet delay
KPIs RRC
RRC setup success rate is calculated based on the
counter at the eNodeB when the eNodeB received
the RRC connection request from UE. Number of
RRC connection attempt is collected by the eNodeB
to the measurement at point A, and the number of
successful RRC connection calculated at point C.

eRAB
eRAB setup success rate: ERAB setup success rate
KPI shows the probability of success ERAB to access
all services including VoIP in a cell or radio network.
KPI is calculated based counter ERAB connection
setup attempt (point A) and successful ERAB setup
(point B)
KPIs CALL
DROP

VoIP call drop arise when VoIP ERAB release is

abnormal. Each ERAB associated with QoS
information. Here's an illustration of two procedures
being done to release ERAB namely; ERAB release
indication and the UE context release request

PACKET
DELAY
HO
It affects the user experience, since it can affect the
This KPI focus on the amount of successful performance and quality of service of the user.
handovers obtained in a determined amount There are several applications that do no
require very high data rate, but they do require low
of tries, in case of low success rates, a
latency. Voice, real time gaming and interactive
troubleshooting at the sites involved might be
applications are some examples
necessary to maintain the QoS of the
network.
KPIs Retrans-
mission

Analyzes redundancy and retransmission of

damaged or lost packages along the way to the UE.
Retransmission of packages is needed sometimes,
either because of the UE being somewhere where
there’s bad cover of the eNodeB or because the air
interface has done too much damage to the data
packages.

Downlink
& Uplink

These KPIs are responsible for measuring the

amount of data (in KBps) that’s being uploaded and
downloaded in the site. Of course, in case of
abnormal numbers some troubleshooting might be
necessary to bring them back into normality.
KPIs
Time
Advance by
sector

This is the Time Advance by Sector, this kpi shows

the connections to the eNodeB in defined space
intervals. This, data is useful to troubleshoot
some of the most common problems of the
eNodeB, low area cover due to wrong
tilt.

CSFB

It’s a measure of how many successful

fallbacks we have over the number of total
attempts.
Troubleshooting
O&M Fault

Transport  Fault
Cells fault

eNodeB Faults Service Fault Access fault

Throughput fault

Handover fault
Perfomance and
Delay fault
characteristics faults

MIMO fault
Troubleshooting
IP
DESCRIPTION PROCEDURE
The most common reasons
to Transport Faults on IP Check IP and mask
layer happen are incorrect configuration
configuration of mask or IP Check routing table
network, fault on the configuration
middle devices of the Tracerout to find
transmission network, and faults on the nearest
routing problems. devices

VSWR
DESCRIPTION PROCEDURE

Check the detected VSWR

The parameter VSWR is a value when the alarm is
measure that numerically reported.
Antenna describes how well the Check the VSWR alarm
Reflection from antenna is impedance threshold of the RF unit.
Antenna matched to the radio or Check the current VSWR
transmission line it is value (DSP VSWR, STR
BTS RF cable
connected to VSWRTEST) and compare
Troubleshooting
HO
DESCRIPTION PROCEDURE

Handover failure can Check NCELL handover

happen when there's a
too early or too late
handover, ping pong
handover or even when
intra handover doesn't
happen
failures target
Check operation log
Ceate Cell DT trace,
virtual UE trace,
S1/X2/UU interface
signaling trace

LOW
TROUGHPUT

DESCRIPTION
Throughput is closely related
to the pscket loss. Since
these data flows are
guaranteed certain data rates
for smooth and seamless
transmission, the number of
packets lost or dropped
during transmission must be
kept low.
PROCEDURE
Field Procedure:
Find the good spot to do
throughput test (FTP DL).
Ping the FTP server to
ensure the FTP server
don't have any issues
Try to DL/UL big file size
(>500MB) file
LTE Advanced Pro
How increase throughput and efficiency of the LTE?

1 2 3
256QAM modulation, MIMO (Multiple
Carrier aggregation
which allows for the Input, Multiple
up to 5 frequencies
sending of more bits Output) 4x4 (4
of 800, 1800, 2600
in the same radio transmission paths, 4
and 3500 MHz.
spectrum. reception).
Carrier Agregation
CARRIER
AGREGRATION

Band 40
2300-2320MHz Technique used to improve the throughput using
Band 40 multiple connections, basically, the UE
Band 40 Band 40 2300-2360MHz
2300-230MHz will be connected to multiple eNodeBs in different
2300-230MHz
Band 40 spectrums, improving the speed and data rate of
2300-2320MHz the system.

Band 40
Band 40
2300-2360MHz
2300-2320MHz
Band 40
Band 40 2300-230MHz
Intra band
2300-230MHz Contigius

Band 40
2300-2320MHz
Band 1 Band 2

Intra band Contigius Intra band Contigius Intra band

Non-Contigius

Band 1 Band 2
___

___

___

___

2300MHz 2320MHz 2340MHz 2360MHz Inter band

Non-Contigius

Combination not possible

Band 1 Band 2
MIMO Note that even with not ideal
conditions for MIMO (4x4), there's a 24% gain on
the air interface test for the cellphone that supports
4x4 compared to the 2x2

MIMO

The Multiple Input and Multiple Output antennas

has become essential in wireless communication
due to the possibility of multiplying the capacity of
radio links using the multipath propagation. It
consists in sending and receiving multiple data
signals simultaneously over the same radio channel
using the MP.
256-QAM & AMR
256-QAM
64-QAM (4G) 256-QAM (4.5G)

256-QAM was introduced aiming to enhance the

spectral efficiency of the system and increase the
data rate, especially in nomadic users. This was
achieved byintroducing the 256-QAM and
consequently modifying other system requirements
such as, the Transport Block Size (TBS)

AMR

Adaptive Modulation and Coding basically selects an

optimal combination of modulation and coding
scheme that would be suitable for transmission
based on the channel quality and radio conditions
in order to provide the user with optimum data
rates, providing maximal channel utilization while
guaranteeing transmission reliability.
THANK YOU!
Any questions?