DELM113- METHODS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. How can you differentiate quantitative research from qualitative research? Cite evidence to see
their similarities and differences.
Answer: Research methodology can be significantly defined by choosing how the
difference between qualitative and quantitative research will impact your studies.
Qualitative research can offer more varying techniques for data development. Questions,
interviews, group participation, and even task-oriented observations are just a few examples of
the optional methods frequently used in studies. Qualitative research mainly relies on the
collection of qualitative data. This research is supported by the interpretive paradigm which
describes a world in which reality is socially constructed, complex and ever changing.
 Qualitative research focuses on smaller groups.
 Qualitative research devotes more time to subject selection and study.
 Quantitative research does not allow an intensive selection process for subjects.
 The research is mainly inductive. The researcher mainly comes up with new
hypotheses and grounded theory from the data collected during fieldwork.
 In qualitative research, human behavior is mainly fluid, dynamic, situational,
contextual, and personal.
 Most common research objectives in qualitative research are descriptive,
exploratory, and discovery.
 Its area of focus is wide angle. It examines the breadth and depth of phenomena
to learn more about them.
 The nature of observation in qualitative research is through studying behaviors in
natural environments. They study the context through which behaviors occurs.
 The nature of data is mainly images categories and words.
 Form of final report in qualitative research is narrative report with contextual
description and direct quotations from research participants
On the other hand, quantitative research is focused more on data that can be gathered
through large scale inventorying of information. Surveys of specific types of individuals can
create this data without the same time investment that qualitative research requires. The screening
of candidates is usually faster process as well because disqualifying questions can ensure the
integrity of the study.
 Quantitative research focuses on larger groups.
 Quantitative research spends more time on processing data.
 Quantitative research does not allow an intensive selection process for subjects.
 It is mainly deductive or “top down”. The researcher mainly uses data to test
hypotheses and theories.
 In quantitative research, the human behavior is more regular and predictable.
 In quantitative research the most common research objectives are descriptive,
explanatory, and predictable.
 Quantitative research methodology focuses on testing specific hypotheses i.e.,
narrow-angle lens.
 Quantitative research attempts to study behavior through observation under
controlled conditions.
 Quantitative research in nature of reality proposes that different observers agree
on what is observed.
  Form of data collected in quantitative research is based on precise measurement
using structured and validated data collection instruments like rating scales.
 Form of final report in quantitative research is mainly statistical report which
contains correlations, comparisons of means and reporting of statistical
significance of findings.

2. Identify at least five (5) parts or sub-parts of a quantitative research and try to discuss
comprehensively.
Answer:
I. Introduction
This introduction portion let the reader know the background of your research first
and primarily consist of the following three sections.
 1st section of the introduction portion must state the background knowledge i.e.,
why this study was undertaken.
 2nd portion of the introduction must state the nature of work being performed in
your whole research. It must include the investigated variables as well as the
methods utilized.
 3rd portion of introduction, which is usually the last portion, must state the
problem’s condition at the end of the research.
There is a different point of views of the people regarding introduction writing. Lots
of people consider writing first two points in this section and consider the third one
unnecessary. But it is highly recommended for you to include the third portion as well. It
let the reader evaluate your paper more accurately.
II. Review of Related Literature and studies
It is the critical as well as the detailed section of the research paper that includes
the in-depth evaluation of previous research. It allows the reader to understand the reason
why you took this particular research project, and a good research paper must entail all
the details behind why you took this question for research.
III. Methodology
There are basically two functions these methods section.

1. The first one is that the reader must be able to evaluate your performed work i.e., you must
describe all the aspects of methodology you utilized in your study.
2. The second function is that you must allow the reader to replicate the study if they desire to do so.
In this regard, all of your methodologies must be described clearly so that someone could
replicate your work, if desired, without referring to any other publication. This is the reason
people also refer this section as ‘Method and Materials’.
These are definitely written in past tense. If there are different procedures to describe,
you can make separate heading for each to make it readable.
IV. Discussion of Findings
This is usually the variable section of your research paper, and it entirely depends
on your results as well as your goals.
A plausible interpretation of the reported data must be presented here, and you
have to relate these findings to the other investigator’s findings.
Most of the time, the results and discussion sections are mixed up by the authors.
You must try your level best only to state the observations of your findings. You may
choose to reserve the interpretations for the next section i.e., discussion section.
As you are going to state your own results so it must be written in the past tense,
as you are already done with everything. All other general statements must be in present
 tense. If more than one result from different experiments has to be stated here, you can
divide this section, as per your requirements. There is no fixed length for this section too,
but it is usually the short one.
V. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
There are a few things which are considered important to include in this section,
which are the following:
 Conclusion summary – The conclusion of data by the author i.e., the trend
between variables etc.
 The relation of the author’s findings to the previously done work.
 Implications – Practical or theoretical implication of your work.
 The grand summary must be there at the end i.e., all the conclusions and results
of the paper.
 Recommendations- is based on the significance of the study. It includes the
recommended actions after further assessing the subject, focusing on other
factors

3. Studies should be valid and reliable. What are the ways on how to maintain the integrity of any
research undertaking?
Answer: Research integrity may be defined as active adherence to the ethical principles
and professional standards essential for the responsible practice of research.
By active adherence we mean adoption of the principles and practices as a personal
credo, not simply accepting them as impositions by rule makers.
By ethical principles we mean honesty, the golden rule, trustworthiness, and high regard
for the scientific record.

NAS report definition: "For individuals research integrity is an aspect of moral character
and experience. It involves above all a commitment to intellectual honesty and personal
responsibility for one’s actions and to a range of practices that characterize responsible research
conduct." These practices include:
 Honesty and fairness in proposing, performing, and reporting research.
 Accuracy and fairness in representing contributions to research proposals and reports.
 Proficiency and fairness in peer review.
 Collegiality in scientific interactions, communications and sharing of resources.
 Disclosure of conflicts of interest.
 Protection of human subjects in the conduct of research.
 Humane care of animals in the conduct of research.
 Adherence to the mutual responsibilities of mentors and trainees."
While science encourages (no, requires) vigorous defense of one's ideas and work,
ultimately research integrity means examining the data with objectivity and being guided by the
results rather than by preconceived notions.
We will return to the importance of preserving the integrity of the scientific record in the
section on misconduct.

4. Make a sample title of a quantitative research and explain the necessity of conducting your
proposed study.
Answer: Influence of Master Teachers’ 21 st Century Instructional Supervisory Practices
on Teachers’ Work Performance in Public Elementary School in the Division of Rizal
This proposed study will examine the influence of master teachers in the work
performance of the teachers. Acquiring and utilizing professional development in the 21st century
is essential for three key reasons: we must keep learning relevant, create teacher leaders, and add
 knowledge to the current body of research in education. Educators are life-longer learners who
make an impact on the students and communities they serve.

SONNY V. MATIAS
Ph.D. Educational Leadership and Management

5. In conducting research, you need to identify the existing problem in your school or community.
What particular problem is existing? Justify your answer.
Answer: Educational Trends. Teachers faced with mandated changes in tools, curriculum, and
best practices as administrators race to adopt the latest and greatest trends. These constant
changes can lead to inconsistency and frustration, making teachers' lives more difficult. On the
flip side, some schools are resistant to change, and teachers who are educated about learning
trends may not receive funding or support to adopt them. This led to a lack of job satisfaction and
teacher turnover, and it can hold students back from delving into a new way to learn that may
actually help them achieve more.
Teachers working too many roles at the same time. Social worker, psychoeducator, and
counselor represent only a few of the hats that teachers are expected to wear throughout the day.
In order to help their students, they feel compelled to adopt these roles themselves even though
they don’t have the proper training. They still do it, though, because they care.

6. Using the first letter of your name, identify the best adjective that will describe you as researcher.
Answer: Systematic. A systematic researcher is defined as “a researcher of the evidence on a
clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select and
critically appraise relevant primary research, and to extract and analyze data from the studies and
resources.”

7. Welcome in Colegio De Dagupan, kindly explain its vision as educational institution.

Answer: Colegio De Dagupan envisions to create a community responsive to the challenges of
the changing world. This means that CDD is committed to help individuals and communities
around the world to address environmental, economic, and social challenges to build a better
future shaped and shared by all.

SONNY V. MATIAS
Ph.D. Educational Leadership and Management