https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=OESjw0biPP8
Marine Pollution
Ocean Dumping this is the deliberate disposal of hazardous wastes at sea from vessels, aircrafts
or other human or man-made structures.
Plastic pollution is the harmful accumulation of synthetic plastic products that are used by
humans especially the single use plastics that ends up in waterways and in the ocean.
Human wastes in can generally mean sewage, sewage sludge or etc.
Agricultural wastes are run offs from agricultural lands like fertilizers.
Petroleum pollution or oil spill these happen when there is a release or leakage of petroleum into
the environment especially in the marine ecosystem, due to human activity.

CLIMATE CHANGE and its EFFECTS on MARINE ECOSYSTEMS

Impacts of climate change on marine populations and communities

Ocean warming
As oceans are becoming warmer, there can be several consequences for marine populations. In
some cases, populations may shift their latitudinal or depth ranges to remain in a zone of suitable
temperature.
-This can lead to physiological stress or mortality
-Warmer temperatures can also 279 leads to an increased frequency of tropical storms, which can
cause population declines in many tropical ecosystems.
The consequences of ocean warming are likely to be especially dramatic in polar seas, where
melting of sea ice leads to lower salinities, lower productivity, and decrease habitat for many
animals.
Melting of sea ice leads to lower surface salinities, and if a strong halocline and pycnocline is
established, it may lower the supply of nutrients to the photic zone—therefore lower primary
productivity. Less producers, less food for the primary consumers...affecting the whole food
chain.
Loss of sea ice also has a strong impact on those organisms that use the sea ice for breeding and
foraging (e.g., penguins, seals, polar bears).

Ocean acidification
Over the past 300 million years, ocean pH has been slightly basic and rather stable, averaging
about 8.2. Today, because of an increased amount CO2 in the atmosphere, there is a greater
concentration of dissolved CO2 in the oceans. CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid and
changing the ocean's PH Value to more acidic.
Ocean acidification has an especially strong impact on calcifying organisms since free hydrogen
ions react with carbonate ions and this process results in lower calcification rates (i.e., formation
of calcium carbonate structures) Aside from that, lower pH negatively affects the sense of smell
and hearing in fish larvae and reduces learning and predator recognition.
-coral bleaching is a major symptom, one of the biggest warning signals

NONNATIVE SPECIES
Introduced species, also called non-native, exotic or alien species, are those species that have
been moved by humans beyond their historical range. Thousands of marine species have been
introduced to various areas around the world
Introductions can occur intentionally or unintentionally via different vectors: - attached to the
hull of ships, -inside ballast waters carried by ships, -released from aquaria, through man-made
canals -moved with various aquaculture products
Marine introductions have become more frequent as human travel by ships, along with other
vectors, have accelerated.
Problems associated with introduced species In their new location introduced species may be
free from the native predators, parasites and diseases that controlled their population in their
native range, and in some cases populations of introduced species grow and spread rapidly.
Invasive species can have a strong impact on native communities: -they may compete with native
species for various resources; -they may prey on native species; or they may introduce new
diseases or parasites to the community; -they may cause local extinctions and reduce species
diversity.
The invasion of the Indo-Pacific lionfish on Caribbean coral reefs is a great example of the large
impact that invasive species can have. Lionfish are thought to have been first introduced to the
east coast of Florida in 1992 during hurricane Andrew, when six individuals escaped from a
broken aquarium. It is possible that additional releases from other aquaria after this initial
introduction sped up the range expansion and population growth. The introduced lionfish
population grew fairly rapidly. They are voracious predators and compete with native predators
for prey. They have venomous spines. Lionfish have had a negative impact on the native fish
prey they consume, as well as on the native predators of those small fish, which are now
competing with lionfish for this limited food source.

Prevention of introductions focuses on controlling the major vectors for introduction.

 - we focus on the vectors

- so, with the ballast waters, the ship will be more stable
- the main problem is, when they dock to other ports, they will discharge the waters there.
- it will introduce new species
Because of this, the International Maritime Organization now mandates, since September 2017,
that all ships manage their ballast water to remove, render harmless, or avoid the uptake or
discharge of aquatic organisms and pathogens within ballast water and sediments.