Dano,

MarkBenedi
ctG. FI
NALEXAMI
NATI
ON
BSME3A
MANOMETER
Whati
smanomet
er?
AManomet eri
sadevicet
omeasur epressures.Acommonsi mpl
e
manometerconsi
stsofaU-shapedtubeofglassfi
ll
edwithsomeli
qui
d.
Ty
pical
l
y,theli
qui
dismercurybecauseofitshighdensi
ty.

Ty
pesofmanomet
ers:
 U-
Tubemanomet
er
 Di
ff
erent
ial
U-Tubemanomet
er
I
nver
tedU-
Tubemanomet
er
 Smal
lmanomet
er
I
ncl
i
nedmanomet
er

St
epsi
nsol
vi
ngmanomet
erpr
obl
ems
1.Dr
awasket
choft
hemanomet
erappr
oxi
mat
elyt
oscal
e.
2.Deci
deonthefluidofwhi
chheadaretobeexpressed.Wat
eris
moredesi
rabl
e.Inmostcases,wesuggestusi
ngheadinwaterev
en
i
fther
eisnowat eri
nthesyst
em.
3.Star
ti
ngatapoi ntofknowpressurehead,
numberinor
dert
hel
evel
s
ofcontactoff
luidsofdi
ff
erentspeci
fi
cgravi
ti
es.
4.Proceedfr
om levelt
olev
el,
addpressureheadingoi
ngdownand
subtr
actpressur
eheadingoingupwithdueregar
dtothespeci
fi
c
gravi
tyoft
hef l
uids.

DAMS
Whati
sdam?
Adam i
s ast
ruct
urebui
l
tacr
ossast
ream orr
ivert
ohol
dwat
erback.
Dano,
MarkBenedi
ctG. FI
NALEXAMI NATI
ON
BSME3A
Damscanbeusedtost
orewat
er,
cont
rol
floodi
ng,
andgener
ateel
ect
ri
cit
y.

Whatar
ethet
ypesofdams?
 DiversionDam.
 ButtressDam.
 EmbankmentDam.
 Cofferdam.
 StorageDam.
 DetentionDam.
 GravityDam.

Givetheanaly
sisofgr avi
tydam
Damsar e 
str
uct uri
ngwhosepur poseistorai
sethewaterl
evelont
he
upstr
eam sideofri
v er,st
ream,oranotherwaterway.Ther
isi
ngwaterwil
l
causehydrostat
icforcewhi chwillt
endthedam tosli
dehori
zont
all
yand
overt
urnaboutitsdownst ream edgeortoe.

STRESSONTHI N-WALLEDPRESSUREVESSELS
Thin-
wal ledpr essurevesselsarewi delyusedi nindustr
yforstorage
andt ransportat i
onofl iqui
dsandgases  whenconfigur edastanks.For
mostappl i
cations, pressurevesselsareei t
herspher icalorcyl
i
ndri
cal.
Dependi ngont heappl icat
ion,pressurevessel swi l
ladoptoneshapeort he
other.Mostpr essur evesselsaref abr
icatedfrom cur vedmetalsheetsthat
arejoinedbywel ds.Twowel dtypes:doublef i
lletjoi
ntanddoublewelded
buttjointwithVgr oov es.Oftheseopt i
ons, preferenceshouldbegivento
thelatter.
Dano,
MarkBenedi
ctG. FI
NALEXAMI
NATI
ON
BSME3A

DI
SCUSSTHEFUNDAMENTALSOFFLUI
DFLOW

Flui
df l
owcan becl
assi
fi
edassteadyorunsteadywi threspectto
ti
me.Fl ui
df l
owcanbeclassi
fi
edasl
ami narortur
bulent.Foraf l
uidtofl
ow
from onepointtoanot
her,
ther
emustbeadi ff
erenceinpr essurebetween
thetwopoi ntst
ocausethefl
ow.Wit
hnopr essurediff
erence,nof l
owwi l
l
occur.

DI
SCUSSTHEFLUI
DFLOW MEASUREMENT

Fl
uidfl
owmeasur ement s ar
enecessaryinav erywiderangeof
appl
icati
onsfrom thecontroloffuelf
lowin 
enginemanagement
syst
ems  t
other egul
ati
onofdr ugdeli
veryi
nv enti
l
ators.Flui
dflow
measurement sinvol
vedeterminati
onoftheflowv eloci
ty,t
he mass
fl
owr at
e orvolumetr
icfl
owr ate.
Fl
uidflowmeasur ement  
i
sdi videdintosev eral t
ypes, si
nceeacht ype
requiresspecificconsi derat
ionofsuchf actorsasaccur acyr equirements,
costconsi derati
ons, anduseoft hef lowinformat i
ont oobt ainther equir
ed
endr esult
s.
Whendeci dingont hebestt ypeofmet ertomeasur eagi venflow,the
natureoft hefluidtobemeasur edneedst obeconsi dered.Flow
characteri
sticsar ealsoi mportant.Incustodyt ransf ermet eri
ng, t
hebest
fl
owmeasur ementi sr equir
ed,sot hatthet wopar tiestot het r
ansact i
ons
aretreatedf ai
rl
y .Thi
schapt erconsidersthef actorst hatneedt obe
consideredwhendeci dingonamet ertomeasur efluidsindi f
ferent
sit
uat i
ons.

DI
SCUSSTHESTATI
STI
CALSTABI
LITYOFFLOATI
NGBODI
ES

Afloati
ngbodyi
sSTABLEi
f,wheni
tisdi
spl
aced,itr
etur
nstoequi
l
ibr
ium.
Afloati
ngbodyi
sUNSTABLEif
,wheniti
sdi
splaced,i
tmovestoanew
equil
ibr
ium.