LADDER DIAGRAM SIMULATION FOR LOGIC GATE

USING SOFTARE

AIM: - To create the ladder diagram of logic gates and implements it using software.

OBJECTIVES:-
 Create a ladder diagram of all basic logic gates.
 Understand the basic operation used in computers and other digital system.
 Implement that ladder diagram using software.
 Observe the logic of each gate by doing the simulation.

LOGIC GATES
 A logic gate is an idealized model of computation or physical electronic device implementing a
Boolean function, a logical operation performed on one or more binary inputs that produces a
single binary output. The relationship between the input and the output is based on certain
logic. In some electronic circuits, few logic gates are used whereas in some other circuits,
microprocessors include millions of logic gates.The implementation of Logic gates can be done
through diodes, transistors, relays, molecules, and optics otherwise different mechanical
elements. Because of this reason, basic logic gates are used like electronic circuits.
 In a circuit, logic gates will make decisions based on a combination of digital signals coming from
its inputs. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. Logic gates are based on Boolean
algebra. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions, false or
true. False represents 0, and true represents 1. Depending on the type of logic gate being used
and the combination of inputs, the binary output will differ. A logic gate can be thought of like a
light switch, wherein one position the output is off -- 0, and in another, it is on -- 1. Logic gates
are commonly used in integrated circuits (IC).
 Most electronic devices we use today will have some form of logic gates in them. For example,
logic gates can be used in technologies such as smart phones, tablets or within memory devices.

 Different types of ladder logic diagram that perform different logic gate functions. Basically,
there are seven types of logic gates as below.

 NOT Gate
 AND Gate
 NAND Gate
 OR Gate
 Nor Gate
 Exclusive- XOR Gate

 NOT Gate:
A NOT Gate is usually known as the inverter or Buffer is a logic gate that implements logical negation, in
simple words the NOT Gate is used to convert 1 into 0 and similarly 0 into 1. The NOT Gate takes only 1
input and gives only one output.
NOT Gate Symbol:

NOT Gate Truth Table:

When the input is zero the output is 1, while when the input is 1 then the output is 0.

NOT Gate PLC Ladder Logic Diagram:

This is how a NOT Gate is implemented in the Ladder Logic programming. As you can see in the pictures
above when there is no input the output Y0 is high, while for high input we have low output at Y0.

 AND Gate
The AND Gate has two inputs (input 1 and Input 2) and one Output. The output of the AND Gate is high
when both the inputs are high. The output is low when any of the inputs are low. This can be clearly
understood from the truth table given below.

AND Gate Symbol:

AND Gate Truth Table:

AND Gate PLC Ladder Logic Diagram:

As you can see two normally open type contacts are used. When both the inputs are high the output Y0
is high. The output is low only when any of the inputs are low. So for the output to remain ON both the
inputs should be high.

 NAND Gate
The NAND Gate is the inverse of the AND Gate. The NAND Gate takes two inputs and gives only one
output just like the AND Gate.

NAND Gate Symbol:

NAND Gate Truth Table:

NAND Gate PLC Ladder Logic Diagram:

As you can see how easy it is to implement the NAND Gate, we just put the inverse and that’s it. You can
see the output of the NAND Gate is just the opposite of the AND Gate. If any of the inputs is low the
output is high. The output is low only if both the inputs are high.

 OR Gate
Unlike the AND Gate, the OR Gate also has two inputs “input1 and input2” and has only 1 output. The
output of the OR Gate is high if any of the inputs is HIGH. The output is low when both the inputs are
low.

OR Gate Symbol:

OR Gate Truth Table:

OR Gate PLC Ladder Logic Diagram:

The OR Gate is implemented by connecting the inputs in parallel. As you can see in the pictures above,
the output is off when both the inputs are low. While in the second picture you can see the output Y0 is
high as the input2 is high. So, for the OR Gate if any of the inputs are high the output will remain ON.

 NOR Gate
The NOR Gate is just the inverse of the OR Gate. The output of the NOR gate is opposite to OR Gate. The
output of the NOR Gate is high if both the inputs are low and the output is low if any of the inputs are
high or both the inputs are high.

NOR Gate Symbol:

NOR Gate Truth Table:

NOR Gate PLC Ladder Logic Diagram:

As the NOR Gate is the Inverse of the OR Gate, so this Gate can be implemented by only putting the
Inverse sign after the OR Gate. As you can see when both the inputs are low the output is high and when
any of the input is high then the output is low.

 Exclusive- XOR Gate

The output of the XOR Gate is low for similar inputs while for the dissimilar inputs the output is high.
Let’s say if you have two high input or two low inputs the output remains low. So for similar inputs, the
output is low, while for different inputs the output is high.
XOR Gate Symbol:

XOR Gate Truth Table:

XOR Gate PLC Ladder Logic Diagram:

As you can see for the similar inputs the output is low, while for the dissimilar inputs the output is high.
This looks a bit complex but trusts me it’s really easy after you make the same Ladder logic diagram in
the WinProLadder software you will understand how this actually works. You can see the X0 and X1 are
used in series and they are also used in parallel.

CONCLUSION:-
After developing and simulating the ladder diagram of each gate, it can be concluded that:
1. Every logic has their unique logic as per the specific truth table.
2. The logic of each gate can be implemented in ladder diagram as per requirement.