DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND LOGIC

DESIGN

UNIT NO. 1
MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUE
TOPIC: LOGIC GATES
Objectives
 To study the different types of logic gates
 To verify the truth table of logic gates
 To understand the IC pin configuration of logic gates
 To design the circuit by using logic gates
Signal:
 An information variable represented by physical quantity
 For digital systems, the variable takes on discrete values
Two level, or binary values are the most prevalent values
 Binary values are represented abstractly by:
– digits 0 and 1
– words (symbols) False (F) and True (T)
– words (symbols) Low (L) and High (H)
– and words On and Off.
 Binary values are represented by values or ranges of
values of physical quantities
Signal Types:
 Analog
 Digital
•Analog information is made up of a continuum of values
within a given range.

•Digital information can assume only one of two possible

values: one/zero, on/off, high/low, true/false, etc.
-Digital Information is less susceptible to noise than analog
information
-Exact voltage values are not important, only their class (1 or 0)
-The complexity of operations is reduced, thus it is easier to implement
them with high accuracy in digital form.
Analog Vs Digital
DIGITAL SYSTEMS:
 Digital means electronic technology that generates,
stores, and processes data in terms of two states:
positive and non-positive.
 Positive is expressed or represented by the number 1
and non-positive by the number 0.
Logic Gates:
•Logic gates are the digital circuits capable of performing a particular logic
function by operating on a number of binary inputs.
•Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital circuit.

Logic gates are built using transistors

􀂄 NOT gate can be implemented by a single transistor
􀂄 AND gate requires 3 transistors

 Other logic gates= derived gates

Basic Logic Gates-
 Basic Logic Gates are the fundamental logic gates using
which universal logic gates and other logic gates are
constructed.
1 AND Gate-
The output of AND gate is high (‘1’) if all of its inputs are high (‘1’).
The output of AND gate is low (‘0’) if any one of its inputs is low (‘0’).

Logic Symbol

Truth Table
Representation
Basic Logic Gates-
2. OR Gate-
 The output of OR gate is high (‘1’) if any one of its inputs is high (‘1’).
 The output of OR gate is low (‘0’) if all of its inputs are low (‘0’).

Logic Symbol

Truth Table

Representation
Basic Logic Gates-
3. NOT Gate-
 The output of NOT gate is high (‘1’) if its input is low (‘0’).
 The output of NOT gate is low (‘0’) if its input is high (‘1’).

Logic Symbol

Truth Table

Representation
Universal Logic Gates-
 Universal logic gates are the logic gates that are capable of
implementing any Boolean function without requiring any
other type of gate.
 They are called as “Universal Gates” because-
-They can realize all the binary operations.
-All the basic logic gates can be derived from them.

 There are following two universal logic gates-

NAND Gate
NOR Gate
Universal Logic Gates-
1. NAND Gate-
 A NAND Gate is constructed by connecting a NOT Gate at the output
terminal of the AND Gate.
 The output of NAND gate is high (‘1’) if at least one of its inputs is low
(‘0’).
 The output of NAND gate is low (‘0’) if all of its inputs are high (‘1’).

Logic Symbol

Representation Truth Table

Universal Logic Gates-
2. NOR Gate-
 A NOR Gate is constructed by connecting a NOT Gate at the output
terminal of the OR Gate.
 The output of OR gate is high (‘1’) if all of its inputs are low (‘0’).
 The output of OR gate is low (‘0’) if any of its inputs is high (‘1’).

Logic Symbol

Representation Truth Table

Universal Logic Gates-
NAND Gate
NOR Gate
Derived Gates-
2. Ex-OR Gate- (Exclusive-OR / X-OR)
 The output of Ex-OR gate is high (‘1’) if both inputs are different.
 The output of Ex-OR gate is low (‘0’) if both inputs are same

Logic Symbol

Truth Table
Representation