Expt.

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Prof. Ram Meghe Institute of Technology & Research,
Badnera Amravati
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Subject: - Digital Electronics

Experiment No.1
AIM: To study and verify the truth table and behaviour of IC7400, IC7402, IC7404, IC7408,
IC7432, IC7486 and IC74266 various IC of Logic gates.

COMPONENT REQUIRED: Component Development system, Connecting wires, 7400

two-input NAND gates, 7402 two-input NOR gates, 7404 inverters, 7408 two-input
AND gates, 7432 two-input OR gates, 7486 two-input XOR gates, 74266 two-input
XNOR gates.

THEORY
In this experiment logic behaviour of various IC gates is to be verified. The digital circuits
can be constructed by using standard integrated circuits (ICs) mounted breadboards that are
easily assembled in the laboratory.
Component Development system is required for performing the experiments which consists
of the following equipment:
1 Light-emitting diode (LED) indicator lamps
2 Toggle switches to provide logic-1 and logic-0 signals
3 A clock-pulse generator with at least two frequencies: a low frequency of about 1 pulse
per second to observe slow changes in digital signals and a higher frequency for observing
waveforms in an oscilloscope.
4 A power supply of 5 V.
5 Socket strips for mounting the ICs.
The integrated circuits to be used in the experiments can be classified as small-scale
integration (SSI) or medium-scale integration (MSI) circuits. SSI circuits contain
individual gates or flip-flops, and MSI chits perform specific digital functions. The
eight SSI gate ICs needed for the experiments-------two-input NAND, NOR, AND,
OR, XOR gates, inverters are shown in figure. The pin assignments for the gates are
indicated in the diagram. The pins are numbered from 1 to 14, Pin number 14 is
marked VCC, and pin number 7 is marked GND (ground)

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1. AND Gate :
The AND gate is a basic digital logic gate that implements logical conjunction - it
behaves according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results only if both
the inputs to the AND gate are HIGH (1). If neither or only one input to the AND
gate is HIGH, a LOW output results. In another sense, the function of AND effectively
finds the minimum between two binary digits, just as the OR function finds
the maximum. Therefore, the output is always 0 except when all the inputs are 1.
Q=A.B
Symbol- Truth Table-

Pin Diagram-

2. OR Gate:
The OR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical disjunction - it behaves
according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results if one or both the
inputs to the gate are HIGH (1). If neither input is high, a LOW output (0) results. In
another sense, the function of OR effectively finds the maximum between two binary
digits, just as the complementary AND function finds the minimum.
Q=A+B
Symbol- Truth Table-

Pin Diagram-
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3. NOT Gate:
An inverter circuit outputs a voltage representing the opposite logic-level to its input.
Its main function is to invert the input signal applied. If the applied input is low then
the output becomes high and vice versa.
Q = NOT A or A

Symbol- Truth Table-

Pin Diagram-

4. NAND Gate:
A NAND gate (negative-AND) is a logic gate which produces an output which is false
only if all its inputs are true; thus its output is complement to that of the AND gate. A
LOW (0) output results only if both the inputs to the gate are HIGH (1); if one or both
inputs are LOW (0), a HIGH (1) output results. It is made using transistors and
junction diodes. By De Morgan's theorem, AB=A+B, and thus a NAND gate is
equivalent to inverters followed by an OR gate. ____
Q = A .B

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Symbol- Truth Table-

Pin Diagram-

5. NOR Gate:
The NOR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical NOR - it behaves
according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results if both the inputs to
the gate are LOW (0); if one or both input is HIGH (1), a LOW output (0) results.
NOR is the result of the negation of the OR operator. It can also be seen as an AND
gate with all the inputs inverted. NOR is a functionally complete operation—NOR
gates can be combined to generate any other logical function. it shares this property
with the NAND gate. By contrast, the OR operator is monotonic as it can only change
LOW to HIGH but not vice versa.
___
Q = A +B
Symbol- Truth Table-

Pin Diagram-

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6. XOR Gate:
The XOR gate (sometimes EOR gate, or EXOR gate and pronounced as Exclusive OR gate)
is a digital logic gate that gives a true (1/HIGH) output when the number of true inputs is
odd. An XOR gate implements an exclusive or; that is, a true output results if one, and only
one, of the inputs to the gate is true. If either inputs are false (0/LOW) or both are true, a
false output results. XOR represents the inequality function, i.e., the output is true if the
inputs are not alike otherwise the output is false. A way to remember XOR is "one or the
other but not both". XOR can also be viewed as addition modulo 2.
Q=A B

Symbol- Truth Table- Pin Diagram

7. XNOR Gate:
The XNOR gate (sometimes, EXNOR, ENOR, and, rarely, NXOR, XAND) is a
digital logic gate whose function is the logical complement of the exclusive OR (XOR)
gate. The two-input version implements logical equality, behaving according to the
truth table to the right. A high output (1) results if both of the inputs to the gate are the
same. If one but not both inputs are high (1), a low output (0) results.

Q=AɵB
Symbol- Truth Table-

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Pin Diagram-

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the PIN diagram of various IC’s.
2. Switch on VCC and apply various combinations of input according to truth table.
3. Note down the output readings for various logic gates.

Result :( To be written by student)

Conclusion: (To be written by student)
Questions :( write any three questions related to the practical)

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