Philtech Institute of Arts

and Technology, Inc.

SUBJECT:
Physical Science
 Physical Science

Quarter 1- Module 2

Week 5: Intermolecular Forces What I Have Learned

Let’s summarize…..
Lesson  Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic acid are the four classes of
macromolecules.
Intermolecular Forces
1  Carbohydrates composed mainly carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It is
categorized as simple sugar (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and
complex sugar (polysaccharides). Glucose, Galactose and Fructose are
examples of monosaccharides. Disaccharides are carbohydrates composed
Week 6-7 : Biological Macromolecules of 2 saccharides units and a polysaccharide with many saccharide units. The
saccharide units in disaccharides and polysaccharides are bonded via
glycosidic bond.
 Proteins composed C, H, O, and N. Sulfur and other metals can also be
found in some proteins. Proteins as one of the macromolecules that are
made from multiple units of simple molecules called amino acids.
 Collagen, Keratin, Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, and Fibroin are examples of
Proteins. It properties and function is determine by their structures. Enzymes
are also a kind of protein which catalyzes a reaction without being used up.
 Lipids are family of biomolecules group together because of its property of
being hydrophobic (water-fearing). Lipids are non-polar molecules making it
soluble to non-polar solvents like acetone, ether and benzene. It is classified
into four categories: (1) triglycerides, (2) Phospholipids, (3) Steroids.
 Nucleic Acid is important macromolecules that serve as storage of genetic
information of the cell. It is made up of nucleotide monomers that contain a
nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. DNA and RNA
are the two types of nucleic acid with specific functions.

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 Have you ever wonder how sugar totally mixed up with water. What happened to the particles
of sugar? Where did it go? Is it gone? But you noticed that the water taste sweet which
means that sugar is still there.
What’s More
Do you still remember your lessons in Grade 9 where you learned that atoms
chemically combined to form compound? The chemical attractions that held the atoms
Do this….
together in a compound are referred as intramolecular forces. These forces of attractions
Matching Type: Match the structure in column A with the Macromolecules in column B. Write exist between atoms. In water for example, the atoms of hydrogen chemically combined with
the letter of your answer in your notebook. the atoms of oxygen to form water molecule.

COLUMN A COLUMN B There are three types of intramolecular forces namely: (1) Ionic bond formed when
there is transfer of electrons and is usually formed between a metal and non-metal; (2)
1. A. carbohydrates Covalent bond is a bond formed when there is sharing of electron. This type of bond exists
between two non-metal atoms. There are two types of covalent bonds. A polar covalent
bond (formed when there is unequal sharing of electrons between two combining atoms, and
non-polar covalent bond (formed by equal sharing of electrons); and (3) metallic bond is
formed between positively charged atoms in which the free moving electrons are shared
forming a crystal lattice.

The forces of attraction that holds together sugar and water molecule in a mixture is
another type of attraction called intermolecular force. These forces of attraction exist
2. B. Lipids
between molecules which hold them together.

Going through this module will help you understand the different intermolecular forces of
attraction that exists between molecules. You will also learn from this module that the type of
intermolecular forces present in the substance is responsible for its properties.

Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://rb.gy/s79lc0

3.
C. Nucleic Acid

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4. D. Protein
 Activity 1. FIND ME

Find and encircle the words in the puzzle.

1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
D I P O L E D I P O L E R A P A V 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

S U R F A C E T E N S I O N A R I
B R V I N T R A M O L E C U L A R
O P H Y D R O G E N B O N D R L S
I L O N D O N D I S P E R S I O N
L A P R N O N P O L A R B O N P B
I V A P O R P R E S S U R E R R F
N S M E L T I N G P O I N T T A O
G U T B R C O V A L E N T B O N D
P O N I C B O N D F O R W A R D C
O A N M E I O N D I P O L E S O E
I B V I S C O S I T Y S P O T M S
N C I N T E R M O L E C U L A R R
T T V I O N I C B O N D A L E S T

Boiling Point Intramolecular Non-polar

Figure 9. Structure of Nucleic Acid
Covalent bond Ion-dipole Polar Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://www.britannica.com/science/nucleic-acid
Dipole-Dipole Ionic bond Surface Tension
Hydrogen Bond London Dispersion Vapor Pressure
Intermolecular Melting point Viscosity

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Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules, atoms, or

ions. Intermolecular forces of attraction are weaker than intramolecular in
terms of energy involved however; intermolecular forces are responsible for
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 the properties of molecules. The intermolecular forces explain why substance
exists as solid, liquid or gas at room temperature. The following are the types
of intermolecular forces.

Ion-dipole Interaction

An ion-dipole interaction is the force of interaction that exists

between charged particles called ions and a polar molecule. When NaCl
dissolves in water, NaCl dissociates to form Na+ ion and Cl- ion. Since water
is a polar molecule, it has a partial positive end and partial negative end.
Thus, the Na+ ion from the NaCl molecule will attract the partially negative
end of the water molecule, while the Cl- ion of NaCl will also attract to the
partially positive end of the water molecule (Figure 1).

Fig. 9.DNA Structure. Ion-dipole

Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-
molecular-biology/26-structure-of-dna-and-rna/dna-structure.html

1. What are the common parts of the nucleotide? ___________________ :

________________________________________________________
:

2. Name the different kinds of nitrogenous bases found in the DNA molecule.
________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
3. In DNA what is the paring arrangement of the bases?
________________________________________________________________ Fig. 1. Ion-dipole Interaction
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4. Nucleic Acids
Dipole-Dipole Interaction
Nucleic acid is important macromolecules that serve as storage of genetic
Dipole- dipole interaction is the force of attraction that exists in polar
information of the cell. It is made up of nucleotide monomers that contain a nitrogenous base,
a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. DNA and RNA are the two types of nucleic acid
molecule like HCI. The unequal sharing of electrons between Hydrogen and
with specific functions. Chlorine atoms in HCl creating a partially positive pole in H and partially
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the blueprint of life carries the genetic material and negative pole in Cl and is referred as DIPOLE (Figure 2).
provides information for its own replication. It is a double helix structure composed of a sugar
and phosphate backbone and complementary bases Adenine-Thymine and Cytosine-
Guanine pair. Hδ+ Clδ- Hδ+ Clδ-
RNA (ribonucleic acid) on the other hand, carries the information from DNA for
protein synthesis. There are three types of RNA namely:
Dipole-dipole
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 Fig. 2. Dipole-dipole interaction

In dipole-dipole interaction, the molecules with permanent dipoles Phospholipids

attract each other in way that the positive end of one molecule attracts the Is another type of lipids that contains glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate
negative end of the other molecule. group. Phospholipids (Fig.8), unlike other kind of lipids, it has a polar end (hydrophilic end)
which is the phosphate group and non-polar end (hydrophobic end), the fatty acid group. The
Hydrogen Bond dual property of liquid allows the phospholipid to form a bilayer.

The bond that exists between water molecules is Hydrogen bond

(Fig.3). It is a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction between Hydrogen
which is a polar molecule and a highly electronegative elements Fluorine,
Oxygen and Nitrogen. In Hydrogen bond, the highly electronegative element
F, O, N causes the hydrogen to become strongly positive. Fig. 8. Phospholipid
Image retrieved: June 19, 2020 from
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/molec
Hδ+ Hδ+ ular-structure-of-phospholipid

: Oδ- : δ-
O
:
:
Hδ+ Hδ+
H-bond

Fig.3. Hydrogen bond in water

The ability of water to form H-bond relates to its ability as a universal solvent. H-
bond prevents the water from evaporating quickly into the atmosphere. It also causes ice to Activity 4.
float in water since at freezing temperature, water molecules tend to form a crystal lattice as it
expands. Study the structure of DNA and answer the questions below.

London Dispersion Forces- is present in all molecules. It is the weakest intermolecular

force which is formed due to temporary dipoles of a non-polar molecule. The strength of the
dispersion forces increases as the molecular weight of the substance increases.

Activity 2
5 18

Fig. 7. Fatty Acid
Retrieved: June 19, 2020 from https://dlc.dcccd.edu/biology1-3/lipids
Triglycerides
Are lipids that contain glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids. The 3 fatty acids
connected to the glycerol backbone are not necessarily of the same kind.
Fat and oils are example of triglycerides. Fats are usually from animal sources
contain mostly saturated fatty acid making it solid at room temperature. Oil refers to a
triglyceride from plant sources. It contains unsaturated fatty acid and is liquid at room
temperature.
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Unscramble the letter to tell what property is being described in the statement.
1. _____________ (Bilniog pniot) is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of a
liquid is equal to the external pressure (Chang, 2015).
2. ______________ (Vcisitoy) measures how well the substance flow.
3. ______________ (Sfrucae tnsioen) measures the toughness of the surface of the
liquid.
4. ______________ (Mltineg pniot) is the temperature at which a substance changes
from liquid to gas.
5. ______________ (Vopar perussre) is the small amount of gas that can be found
above all liquid?
Activity 3. Let me FLOAT!!!
Materials:
 Glass
 Water
 Powdered pepper (paminta)
 Liquid detergent
 dropper
Procedure:
1. Fill the glass with about three-fourth full of water.
2. Sprinkle a pinch of powdered pepper (paminta) on the surface of the water.
Observe.
Did the pepper floats in water? _____________________________
3. Put a drop of liquid detergent on the surface of the water. Observe.
What happen to the pepper as you put a drop of liquid detergent to the water?
_____________________________________________________
Chemical bond holds atom together in a molecule, this type of interaction is called
Intramolecular It is the interaction that exist within the molecule. Intermolecular forces on the
other hand, are the force of interaction that exists between molecules. Though this type of
interaction is weaker than intramolecular force it greatly affects the properties of substance.
In the activity, when you sprinkle powdered pepper (paminta) on the top of the water,
it floats on the surface. When a drop of liquid detergent touches the surface of the water, it
breaks the surface tension of the water thereby allowing the pepper to sink in the water.
Surface Tension – is a property of the surface of the water caused by the cohesive
forces (intermolecular forces) between molecules which allows liquid to create a thin film on
its surface.
The stronger the intermolecular forces, the stronger the surface tension. The H-bond
in water produces a high surface tension in water; thus, allowing the paper clip floats in water.
Substance with weaker intermolecular forces will have lower surface tension.
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 Boiling Point – is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid is equal
to the external pressure (Chang, 2015).
Melting Point – is the temperature at which a substance begins to change from solid
to liquid.
In general, substance with stronger intermolecular force (IMF) will have higher boiling
point than substance with a weaker intermolecular forces. The strong intermolecular force of
the substance holds the molecules tightly thus making the bond hard to evaporate and boil.
Viscosity – is the property of substance resistance to flow. In general, stronger IMF
means high viscosity.
Vapor pressure – is a measure of the tendency of a material to change into the
gaseous or vapor state, and it increases with temperature. A liquid with weak intermolecular
forces will evaporate easily thus, has a higher vapor pressure while liquid with strong IMF will
not easily evaporate thus will have lower vapor pressure.

Fig. 6. Structure of Phospholipid

What I Have Learned
Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://rb.gy/yzlhjw
Let’s summarize it!
a. What did you notice with the structure of phospholipid compared to
 Intramolecular forces are forces that holds atom together in a molecule. glyceride? ___________________________________________
 Intramolecular forces are forces between molecules. Ion-dipole, dipole-dipole,
b. Does it have the same components with glycerides? _____________
Hydrogen bond and London Forces or Van der Waals Forces.
 Ion-dipole is the force of interaction that exists between charged particles called c. Have you notice any difference at all? _________________________
ions and a polar molecule.
3. Lipids
Dipole-dipole interaction is the force of attraction that exists in polar molecule. In dipole-dipole
interaction, the molecules with permanent
Lipids come from the Greek word lipos meaning fat. Lipids are family of biomolecules
group together because of its property of being hydrophobic (water-fearing). Lipids are non-
polar molecules making it soluble to non-polar solvents like acetone, ether and benzene. It
is classified into four categories: (1) triglycerides, (2) Phospholipids, (3) Steroids.

 dipoles attract each other in way that the positive end of one molecule attracts
the negative end of the other molecule.
 Hydrogen bond- is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction where Hydrogen
bond to highly electronegative elements Fluorine, Oxygen and Nitrogen. In
Hydrogen bond, the highly electronegative element F, O, N causes the hydrogen
to become strongly positive.
 London Dispersion Forces- is the weakest intermolecular force which is formed
due to temporary dipoles of a non-polar molecule.
 Intermolecular forces affect the properties of substance such as boiling point,
melting point, surface tension, vapor pressure, and viscosity. In general, the
stronger the intermolecular forces the higher the boiling point, melting point,
surface tension and viscosity of the substance. However, in terms of vapor
pressure, the stronger the intermolecular the substance has the lower its vapor
pressure.
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Fatty acid
Fatty acid is a chain-like molecule containing a long chain of carboxylic acid. Fatty
acid can be saturated (contains single bonds) in its long chain hydrocarbon chain or
unsaturated (contains double bond). Since lipids are non-polar molecule, it is insoluble in
water. Saturated fatty acid is a straight chain where all the carbon atoms in the chain have
two hydrogen singly bonded to making the molecules to form a strong attraction. Because of
this strong attraction, saturated fatty acid have high melting point and are solid at room
temperature Unsaturated fatty acid on the other hand, tends to bend due to the presence of
a double bond in one of the carbon in the chain. The molecule will not be as close as that of
the saturated fatty acid. Unsaturated fatty acids have low melting points than saturated fatty
acids.
 Enzymes on the other hand, are substances that catalyze a reaction. The following are  It also follows that, the larger the molecule, the stronger the intermolecular force
examples of enzymes and their specific function. it has.
 The relative strength of intermolecular forces is shown in figure 4 below:
1. Lipase - help in digestion of fats
2. Pepsin - help in breaking down proteins into peptides (smaller units)
3. Sucrase - help in the digestion of sugars and starches
London Dipole- Hydrogen Ion – dipole Ionic bond
Activity 3. Dispersion dipole bond interaction
Forces interaction
Study the structure below and answer the following question.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES INTRAMOLECULAR

Weakest Strongest

Fig. 4. Relative strength of intermolecular forces

Fig 5. Structure of Triglyceride

Image Retrieved June 19, 2020 from
https://courses.ecampus.oregonstate.edu/ans312/one/lipids_story.htm

1. What have you notice with the structure of triglyceride?

__________________________________________________

2. What elements compose the structure? __________________

3. The structure below is a phospholipid.

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8
 What I Can Do 2. Protein

In this activity will let you understand the effect of attractive forces to viscosity of a Protein was believed to be the beginning of life. It comes from the Greek word
substance. proteios which means first. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen are the elements that
make up a protein. Sulfur and other metals can also be found in some proteins. Proteins as
Materials Needed: one of the macromolecules that are made from multiple units of simple molecules called
amino acids (shown in figure below). Combination of 20 amino acid joined by a peptide bond
- a tablespoon of sample liquids (water, oil, condensed milk, chocolate syrup)
makes a protein. Thus, proteins are called polypeptides. The structure of amino acid is shown
- timer
in the figure 4.
Procedure:

1. Get one tablespoon of each liquid.

2. Get ready with the timer.
3. Pour liquid one at a time and record the time it takes the liquid to hit the ground.
Record your observation.
4. Repeat if needed.

Guide Questions:

1. Which liquid flow freely to the ground? ____________________

2. What would be the reason why some liquid some liquid flow freely while others did
not? _______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________ Fig 4. Structure of Amino Acid
Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/General-structure-of-
amino-acids_fig1_322686460

Each type of protein is made up of different combination of amino acid arranged in

specific way. The order to which the amino acids are arranged determines the configuration
and function of protein. Examples of proteins as mentioned in the activity are the following:

Collagen - found in connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, cartilage and
the cornea of the eye.

Fibroin/Silk protein – one of the strongest natural fibers found in silk

Keratin - a fibrous protein in hair, skin, and nails.

Myoglobin - contains a heme group contains an iron (II) ion at its center where oxygen is
being stored.

Hemoglobin - is a globular protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream

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 Lesson

2 Biological Macromolecules

Every living organism is made up of cells, the very tiny units of life. Within the cells are
organic molecules which joined to form larger molecule.

There are four classes of macromolecules as you have learned in your Grade 10
Chemistry. These include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acid forming a chainlike
structure called polymers. Recall that these macromolecules composed mainly the elements
like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and other macromolecules have nitrogen and phosphate in
their structure.

Fig. 3. Starch In this module, the structure of these macromolecules will be given emphasis. The
students will then explain how the structure affects the properties and functions of
. Retrieved June 19, 2020 from http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-
macromolecules.
Modules/PH/PH709_BasicCellBiology/PH709_BasicCellBIology_print.htm

Activity 2. Pair Me

Pair column A with the description in column B. Write the letter of your answer in the
space provided. What’s New
Column A Column B

______ 1. Collagen A. carries oxygen from the lungs to the Activity 1. Carbohydrates
Bloodstream
Study the structure and answer the question below.
______ 2. Keratin B. Substance used to speed up a reaction

______ 3. Hemoglobin C. major insoluble fibrous protein found in

connective tissues

______ 4. Enzymes D. fibrous protein in hair, skin, and nails

______ 5. Fibroin E. strongest natural fibers found in silk

13 10

Fig. 1. Structure of simple monosaccharides.
Image: Retrieved June 15, 2020 from https://rb.gy/cigwad
1. What are the elements you notice in the structures? ___________________
2. What do you notice with the carbon: hydrogen: oxygen (C: H: O) ratio in each
structure? (Note: To answer these count the number of C, H, and O in the structure.
3. Now, look at the structure below.
a. Did you see any similarities with the three structures? _____________
b. Do they have same kind of elements? _________________________
c. What differences did you noticed with their structures? ____________
A. B.
C.
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Figure 2. Different Structures of Carbohydrates
Images retrieved: June 16, 2020 from (a)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beta-D-Glucopyranose.svg (b) https://rb.gy/qglpvk,
(C) https://rb.gy/enzuad
1. Carbohydrates
In the activity above, you noticed that all the structures contain the same elements C,
H, and O. These structures are carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are one of the
macromolecules which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only with a ratio 1:2:1.This can
be written as CnH2nOn, where n corresponds to the number of carbon atoms. The term
carbohydrate comes from the Latin word saccharum which means sugar.
The carbohydrate that we eat which is our main source of energy is converted into
glucose which is readily used in the body. It is classified as simple sugars (monosaccharides
and disaccharides) and complex sugars (polysaccharides).
Monosaccharides are sugar with one saccharide units. Glucose (used as dextrose
and sugar found in blood), galactose (found in milk and other milk products), and fructose
(sugar found in fruits and honey) are monosaccharides. They are isomers which mean, they
have the same molecular formula but different structural formula. The difference in their
structures (Figure 2) is the one that made also difference in their properties like boiling point
galactose has higher boiling point than glucose. Glucose is sweeter than galactose.
Disaccharides are sugar with two saccharide unit joined by a glycosidic bond.
Maltose is a disaccharide formed from 2 Glucose units and is found in malt. Sucrose found in
regular table sugar contains glucose and fructose units. Lactose found in milk and milk
products is a disaccharide containing Glucose and Galactose units.
Polysaccharides are sugar contains many saccharide units. Starch and Cellulose
are polysaccharides. Starch, a storage form of glucose in plants and cellulose, the structural
material in plant cell wall composed of 250 - 400 glucose molecules connected via α-1-4-
glycosidic bond.
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