165

Chapter 10 Applications in Trigonometry

Q & A (P.10.2) (b) Draw a horizontal line from P which meets SR

1. The required angle is VMO. produced at M.

VO
2. tan VMO =
MO
∴ We can find VMO if the lengths of VO and MO
are known.

PM = QS = 100 m
3. Join BD.
MR = MS  RS
= PQ  RS
= (70  50) m
= 20 m
MR
tan MPR =
PM
20
=
∵ DM = MA and DO = OB. 100
MPR = 11.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
1 1
∴ MO = AB =  230.4 m = 115.2 m ∴ The angle of depression of R from P is 11.3.
2 2
VO
tan VMO =
MO 2. With the notation in the figure,
146.5
=
115.2
VMO = 51.8, cor. to 3 sig fig.
∴ The required angle is 51.8.

Review Exercise (P.10.5)

1. (a) Join PS.  = 54
∴ The bearing of Y from X is N54W.

3. (a) (i) BD is the projection of the line BE on the

plane ABCD.
(ii) AE is the projection of the line BE on the
PQ
tan PSQ = plane ADEF.
QS
(iii) BF is the projection of the line BE on the
70
= plane ABF.
100
PSQ = 35.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig. (b) (i) EBD is the angle between the line BE and
∴ The angle of elevation of P from S is 35.0. the plane ABCD.
(ii) BEA is the angle between the line BE and
the plane ADEF.

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166 Solutions

(iii) EBF is the angle between the line BE and Instant Drill 2 (P.10.7)
the plane ABF. (a) TBA = 56
ATB + 37  56 = 180
4. (a) CFH is the angle between the line CF and the ATB = 87
plane EFGH. In △ABT, by the sine formula,
(b) FCE is the angle between the line CF and the AT
=
60 m
sin 56 sin 87
plane CDEH.
60 sin 56
(c) CFD is the angle between the line CF and the AT = m
sin 87
plane ADEF. = 49.8 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 49.811
∴ The distance between A and T is 49.8 m.
5. (a) EMD is the angle between the line EM and the (b) In △APT,
plane ABCD. TAP = 37
(b) MEN is the angle between the line EM and the sin 37 =
TP
plane CDEH. 49.811 m
TP = 49.811 sin 37 m
= 30.0 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
6. (a) VNO is the angle between the line VN and the
∴ The height of the tower is 30.0 m.
plane ABCD.
(b) CVO is the angle between the line VC and the
Instant Drill 3 (P.10.8)
plane VBD.
(a) With the notation in the figure,
(c) VMO is the angle between the planes VAB and
ABCD.

Instant Drill 1 (P.10.6)

In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
AB 2  BC 2  AC 2
cos ABC =
2  AB  BC
142  152  122
=
2 14 15 x = 49
ABC = 48.736, cor. to the nearest 0.001 z = 360  316 = 44
∴ CBD = ABD ABC y = z = 44
= 90  48.736 ∴ ACB = x + y
= 41.3, cor. to the nearest 0.1 = 49 + 44
∴ The angle of elevation of C from B is 41.3. = 93
(b) By the cosine formula,
AB2 = AC2 + BC2  2  AC  BC  cos ACB
AB = 170 2  752  2 170  75  cos 93 km
= 189 km, cor. to the nearest km
∴ The distance between A and B is 189 km.

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 167

Instant Drill 4 (P.10.10) Instant Drill 5 (P.10.17)

(a) With the notation in the figure, The required angle is DAF.
In △ACD,
AD2 = AC2 + CD2

AD = 52  32 cm
= 34 cm
In △ADF,
DF
sin DAF =
AD
4
x = 75 =
34
y = 20
DAF = 43.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
ACB = x + y = 75 + 20 = 95
∴ The angle between the lines AD and AF is 43.3.
By the cosine formula,
AB2 = AC2 + BC2  2  AC  BC  cos ACB
Instant Drill 6 (P.10.19)
AB = 602  502  2  60  50  cos 95 km (a) Join BD.
= 81.4 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 81.381
∴ The distance between A and B is 81.4 km.
(b) By the sine formula,
50 km 81.381 km
=
sin BAC sin 95
50 sin 95
sin BAC =
81.381 The required angle is DBE.
BAC = 37.738, cor. to 5 sig. fig. AD = BC = 9 cm
z + BAC + 75 = 180 In △ABD,
z + 37.738 + 75 = 180 BD2 = AD2 + AB2
z = 67.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
BD = 92  122 cm
∴ The bearing of B from A is N67.3E.
= 15 cm
(c) Let D be a point on AB such that CD  AB. Then CD is DE = CF = 6 cm
the shortest distance between the car and C. In △BDE,
DE
tan DBE =
BD
6
=
15
DBE = 21.8, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the line BE and the plane
ABCD is 21.8.
In △ACD,
CD
sin BAC =
60 km
CD = 60 sin 37.738 km
= 36.7 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The shortest distance between the car and C is
36.7 km.

© Oxford University Press 2015

168 Solutions

(b) Join CE. Instant Drill 8 (P.10.21)

The required angle is BEC. (a) The required angle is VAN.
EF = AB = 12 cm In △VAN,
In △CEF, VN
sin VAN =
VA
CE2 = EF2 + CF2
7
=
CE = 122  62 cm 9
= 180 cm VAN = 51.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
In △BCE, ∴ The angle between VA and the plane ABCD is
BC 51.1.
tan BEC =
CE (b) In △VAN,
9
= VN2 + AN2 = VA2
180
BEC = 33.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig. AN = 92  7 2 cm
∴ The angle between the line BE and the plane = 32 cm

CDEF is 33.9. BN = AN = 32 cm
In △ABN,

Instant Drill 7 (P.10.20) ANB = 90

(a) AD = BC = 4 cm AB2 = AN2 + BN2

AF = CH = 3 cm AB = ( 32 ) 2  ( 32 ) 2 cm
In △ADF, = 8 cm
DF2 = AD2 + AF2 (c) With the notation in the figure, let M be the mid-point
DF = 42  32 cm of AD.
= 5 cm
(b) The required angle is DBF.
CD = FG = 5 cm
In △BCD,
DB2 = BC2 + CD2

DB = 42  52 cm
= 41 cm The required angle is VMN.
BG = CH = 3 cm 1
MN = AB
2
In △BFG,
1
FB2 = BG2 + FG2 =  8 cm
2
FB = 32  52 cm = 4 cm

= 34 cm In △VMN,
In △BDF, by the cosine formula, VN
tan VMN =
MN
DB 2  FB 2  DF 2
cos DBF = 7
2  DB  FB =
4
( 41) 2  ( 34 ) 2  52
= VMN = 60.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
2  41  34
∴ The angle between the planes VAD and ABCD
DBF = 48.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
is 60.3.
∴ The angle between the lines DB and FB is 48.0.

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 169

Instant Drill 9 (P.10.23) The required angle is ADC.

(a) VB = VA = 9 cm AD 2  CD2  AC 2
cos ADC =
In △VAB, by the cosine formula, 2  AD  CD
VA 2  VB 2  AB 2 6.449 02  6.449 02  7 2
cos AVB = =
2  6.449 0  6.449 0
2  VA  VB
ADC = 65.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
92  92  7 2
= ∴ The angle between the planes VAB and VBC is
299
AVB = 45.771, cor. to 5 sig. fig. 65.7.
In △VAD,
AD Instant Drill 10 (P.10.24)
sin AVB =
VA (a) In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
AD = 9 sin 45.771 cm
AB 2  AC 2  BC 2
cos BAC =
= 6.45 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 6.449 0 2  AB  AC
Alternative Method 5  7 2  42
2
=
VB = VA = 9 cm 2 5 7
In △VAB, BAC = 34.048, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

1 In △ABN,
s= (VA + VB + AB) BN
2 sin BAC =
1 AB
= (9 + 9 + 7) cm
2 BN = 5 sin 34.048
= 12.5 cm = 2.80, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 2.799 4
By Heron’s formula, Alternative Method
area of △VAB In △ABC,
= 12.5(12.5  9)(12.5  9)(12.5  7) cm2 1
s= (AB + BC + AC)
2 2
= 842.187 5 cm
1
1 = (5 + 4 + 7)
Area of △VAB =  VB  AD 2
2
2  area of △VAB =8
AD =
VB By Heron’s formula,
2 842.187 5 area of △ABC
= cm
9 = 8(8  5)(8  4)(8  7)
= 6.45 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
6.449 0 = 96
(b) Join CD such that CD  VB. 1
Area of △ABC =  AC  BN
2
2  area of △ABC
BN =
AC
2 96
=
7
= 2.80, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 2.799 4

CD = AD = 6.449 0 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

© Oxford University Press 2015

170 Solutions

(b) The required angle is VNB. In △ABC, by the cosine formula,

In △VBN, AC2 = AB2 + BC2  2  AB  BC  cos ABC
VB
tan VNB = AC = 102  102  2 10 10  cos 105 cm
BN
6 = 15.867 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
= 1
2.799 4 AF = AC
VNB = 65.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 2
1
∴ The angle between VN and the plane ABC is =  15.867 cm
2
65.0. = 7.933 5 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △VAF,
Instant Drill 11 (P.10.32) AF2 + VF2 = AV2
(a) In △BCD, by the cosine formula,
VF = 152  7.933 52 cm
BD = BC + CD  2  BC  CD  cos BCD
2 2 2
= 12.7 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
BD = 30  50  2  30  50  cos 40 m
2 2
∴ The height of the model is 12.7 cm.
= 33.194 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △ABD, Instant Drill 13 (P.10.35)
AB (a) The required inclination is BDF.
tan 52 =
33.194 m
Let DF = x.
AB = 33.194 tan 52 m
In △CDF,
= 42.5 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 42.486
CF
∴ The height of the building is 42.5 m. sin 40 =
x
(b) In △ABC, CF = x sin 40
AB
tan ACB = In △BCF,
BC
42.486 BF
= tan 35 =
30 x sin 40
ACB = 54.8, cor. to 3 sig. fig. BF = x sin 40 tan 35
∴ The angle of elevation of A from C is 54.8. In △BDF,
BF
tan BDF =
DF
Instant Drill 12 (P.10.33) x sin 40 tan 35
=
With the notation in the figure, let F be the point of x
intersection of the diagonals AC and BD. = sin 40 tan 35
BDF = 24.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The inclination of BD is 24.2.
(b) Let CDQ = .
From (a), tan PDQ = sin tan 35.
When P moves from B to A (i.e.  increases from 40
to 90), the value of sin  increases to 1.
∵ AD // BC ∴ PDQ increases from 24.2 to 35.
∴ ABC + BAD = 180
ABC + 75 = 180
ABC = 105

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 171

Instant Drill 14 (P.10.37) In △BCD,

(a) In △APQ, ∵ BC = DC = 10 cm
100 m 1 1
tan 55 = ∴ BCM = BCD =  50 = 25
AQ 2 2
100 In △BCM,
AQ = m
tan 55 CM
cos 25 =
= 70.021 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. 10 cm
In △AQS, CM = 10 cos 25 cm
QS = 9.063 1 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
tan QAS =
AQ In △BAM and △BCM,
300 BA = BC = 10 cm
=
70.021
BM = BM
QAS = 76.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
BMA = BMC = 90
∴ The reduced bearing of R from A is N76.9E.
∴ △BAM  △BCM (RHS)
(b) In △AQS,
∴ AM = CM = 9.063 1 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
AS2 = AQ2 + QS2
In △ACM, by the cosine formula,
AS = 70.0212  3002 m
AC 2  AM 2  CM 2
= 308.06 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. cos CAM =
2  AC  AM
In △ARS, 14.1422  9.063 12  9.063 12
=
tan RAS =
RS 2 14.142  9.063 1
AS CAM = 38.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
150
= ∴ The angle between the line AC and the horizontal
308.06
RAS = 26.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig. ground is 38.7.
∴ The angle of depression of A from R is 26.0.
Instant Drill Corner 10.1 (P.10.10)

Instant Drill 15 (P.10.39) 1. By the cosine formula,

(a) In △ABC, AC 2  AB 2  BC 2
cos BAC =
2  AC  AB
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
8  52  52
2

AC = 102  102 cm =
28 5
= 14.1 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 14.142 BAC = 36.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
(b) With the notation in the figure, M is the mid-point of ∴ The angle of elevation of C from A is 36.9.
BD, AM  BD and CM  BD.
2. (a) Draw a horizontal line AE from A.

The required angle is CAM. CAE = 30

BAC = BAE + CAE
= 90 + 30
= 120

© Oxford University Press 2015

172 Solutions

(b) In △ABC, by the sine formula, In △XPR,

BC 1m PR
= cos 50.403 =
sin120 sin15 14 km
1 sin120 PR = 14 cos 50.403 km
BC = m
sin15
= 8.923 4 km, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
= 3.35 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
QR = PQ  PR
∴ The distance between B and C is 3.35 m.
= (24.564  8.923 4) km
= 15.6 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
3. (a) PXQ + 25 + 60 = 180
∴ The car is 15.6 km from Q when it is the
PXQ = 95
closest to X.
By the cosine formula,
PQ2 = PX2 + QX2  2  PX  QX  cos PXQ
Instant Drill Corner 10.2 (P.10.25)
PQ = 142  192  2 14 19  cos 95 km
1. (a) FG = AB = 10 cm
= 24.6 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 24.564 1 1
QG = FG =  10 cm = 5 cm
∴ The distance between P and Q is 24.6 km. 2 2
(b) By the sine formula, GH = AD = 10 cm
19 km 24.564 km 1 1
= GR = GH =  10 cm = 5 cm
sin XPQ sin 95 2 2
19 sin 95 In △QGR,
sin XPQ =
24.564 QR2 = QG2 + GR2
XPQ = 50.403, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
QR = 52  52 cm
With the notation in the figure,
= 5 2 cm
(b) Join PR.

a = 25
XPQ = a + b The required angle is PQR.
50.403 = 25 + b In △PQR,
b = 25.4, cor. to 3 sig. fig. PR = AF = 5 cm
∴ The bearing of Q from P is S25.4W. PR
tan PQR =
(c) Let R be a point on PQ such that XR  PQ. QR
5
Then the car is the closest to X when it is at R. =
5 2
PQR = 35.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the lines PQ and QR is
35.3.

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 173

2. The required angle is BDF. In △ADF, by the cosine formula,

In △ADE, AD 2  AF 2  DF 2
cos DAF =
AE 2  AD  AF
sin 30 =
12 cm ( 58 ) 2  ( 18 ) 2  52
=
AE = 12 sin 30 cm 2  58  18
= 6 cm DAF = 37.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
In △DEF, ∴ The angle between the lines AD and AF is
12 cm 37.9.
cos 40 =
DF
12
DF = cm 4. (a) In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
cos 40
= 15.665 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig. AB 2  BC 2  AC 2
cos ABC =
In △BDF, 2  AB  BC
62  162  142
BF = AE = 6 cm =
2  6 16
BF
sin BDF = ABC = 60
DF
6 (b) The required angle is VMA.
=
15.665 In △ABM,
BDF = 22.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig. AM
sin 60 =
∴ The angle between the line DF and the plane 6 cm
ABCD is 22.5. AM = 6 sin 60 cm
 3
= 6  cm
 2 
3. (a) In △DEF, by the cosine formula,  
ED2 = EF2 + FD2  2  EF  FD  cos EFD = 3 3 cm

ED = 32  52  2  3  5  cos 120 cm In △VAM,

VA
= 7 cm tan VMA =
AM
(b) The required angle is DAF. 10
=
In △AEF, 3 3
AE = EF = 3 cm VMA = 62.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
2 2 2
AF = AE + EF ∴ The angle between the planes VBC and ABC
AF = 32  32 cm is 62.5.
= 18 cm
In △ADE, Instant Drill Corner 10.3 (P.10.39)
2 2
AD = AE + ED 2 1. In △BCD,

AD = 32  7 2 cm BC2 + BD2 = CD2

= 58 cm BD = 52  32 m
=4m
In △ABD,
AB
tan 45 =
4m
AB = 4 tan 45 m
=4m
∴ The height of the flagpole is 4 m.

© Oxford University Press 2015

174 Solutions

2. (a) Join CF. Exercise 10A (P.10.11)

1. By the cosine formula,
AB 2  AC 2  BC 2
cos BAC =
2  AB  AC
65  47 2  302
2
=
2  65  47
The required inclination is ACF.
BAC = 25.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
In △ACF,
∴ The angle of elevation of C from A is 25.1.
AF = DE = 3 m
AF
sin ACF = 2. In △SPR, by the sine formula,
AC
3 5m 7m
= =
10 sin SPR sin 40
ACF = 17.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 5 sin 40
sin SPR =
7
∴ The inclination of AC is 17.5.
SPR = 27.331, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
(b) The required inclination is DCE.
PRQ = PSR + SPR
In △ACD,
= 40 + 27.331
AD2 + CD2 = AC2
= 67.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
CD = 102  82 m ∴ The angle of elevation of P from R is 67.3.
=6m
In △CDE,
3. APB + 42 = 65
DE
sin DCE = APB = 23
CD
3 BAP + 65 = 180
=
6 BAP = 115
DCE = 30 By the sine formula,
∴ The inclination of CD is 30. BP 4m
=
sin115 sin 23
4 sin115
3. (a) In △ABC, by the sine formula, BP = m
sin 23
AC 5m
= = 9.28 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
sin 80 sin 30
5 sin 80 ∴ The distance between B and P is 9.28 m.
AC = m
sin 30
= 9.85 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 9.848 1 4. In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
∴ The distance between A and C is 9.85 m.
AB 2  AC 2  BC 2
cos BAC =
(b) In △PAC, 2  AB  AC
PA 202  37 2  252
tan 25 = =
9.848 1 m 2  20  37
PA = 9.848 1 tan 25 m BAC = 39.378, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
= 4.59 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. The required angle
∴ The distance between the balloon and the = 90  BAC
ground is 4.59 m. = 90  39.378
= 50.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle of depression of C from A is 50.6.

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 175

5. (a) In △ABC, 7. (a) In △ABC,

ACB = 45  25 = 20 tan 50 =
hm
CB
BAC = 25
h
ABC + ACB + BAC = 180 CB  m
tan 50
ABC + 20 + 25 = 180 In △ABD,
ABC = 135 hm
tan 43 =
By the sine formula, BD
h
AC 37 m BD  m
= tan 43
sin135 sin 20
37 sin135 ∵ CD = CB + BD
AC = m
sin 20 h h
∴ 15 = 
= 76.5 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 76.495 tan 50 tan 43
∴ The distance between A and C is 76.5 m. 15
h=
1 1
(b) In △ACD, 
tan 50 tan 43
CD = 7.85, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
sin 25 =
76.495 m
(b) In △ABD,
CD = 76.495 sin 25 m
hm
= 32.3 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. sin 43 =
AD
∴ The distance between C and D is 32.3 m. h
AD  m
sin 43
In △ACD,
6. (a) In △XYZ,
CAD + ADC + ACD = 180
XZY + XYZ + YXZ = 180
CAD + 43 + 50 = 180
XZY + 48 + 50 = 180
CAD = 87
XZY = 82
By the sine formula,
By the sine formula,
AD 15 m
YZ 400 m =
= sin 50 sin 87
sin 50 sin 82
15 sin 50
400 sin 50 AD = m
YZ = m sin 87
sin 82
= 309 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 309.43 h 15 sin 50
∴ =
sin 43 sin 87
∴ The distance between Z and Y is 309 m.
15 sin 50 sin 43
(b) With the notation in the figure, h=
sin 87
= 7.85, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

8. (a) By the cosine formula,

AB 2  BC 2  AC 2
cos ABC =
2  AB  BC
a = 48 2602  4202  5002
=
hm 2  260  420
sin a =
YZ ABC = 91.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 91.574
h = 309.43 sin 48
= 230, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

© Oxford University Press 2015

176 Solutions

(b) With the notation in the figure,  = 43

The required angle = 180 + 
= 180 + 43
= 223
∴ The bearing of X from Z is 223.
(b) a = 322  180 = 142
b = a = 142
 = 40
∴ The bearing of Y from Z is 142.
ABC = x + 
(c) x = 90  43 = 47
x = 91.574  40
y = 322  270 = 52
= 51.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
By the sine formula,
∴ The bearing of C from B is S51.6E.
YZ 120 km
=
sin x sin y
9. (a) CAB = 62  38 = 24
120 sin 47
(b) With the notation in the figure, YZ = km
sin 52
= 111 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The distance between Z and Y is 111 km.

11. (a) With the notation in the figure,

x = 38
y = 40
∴ ACB = x + y
320 +  = 360
= 38 + 40
 = 40
= 78
BAP =  + 60
By the sine formula,
= 40 + 60
BC 50 km
= = 100
sin 24 sin 78
50 sin 24 By the cosine formula,
BC = km
sin 78 BP2 = AB2 + AP2  2  AB  AP  cos BAP
= 20.8 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
BP = 802  152  2  80 15  cos 100 km
∴ The distance between B and C is 20.8 km. = 83.9 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The distance between B and P is 83.9 km.
10. (a) With the notation in the figure,
(b) The required area
= area of △BAP
1
=  AB  AP  sin BAP
2
1
=  80  15  sin 100 km2
2
= 591 km2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 177

12. (a) By the sine formula, 14. (a) In △ABC,

5.5 m
=
9m ACB = 25
sin ABC sin 28 20 m
5.5 sin 28 sin 25 =
sin ABC = AC
9 20
ABC = 16.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig. AC = m
16.672 sin 25
∴ The required angle is 16.7. = 47.3 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 47.324
(b) ACB + BAC + ABC = 180 ∴ The distance between A and C is 47.3 m.
ACB + 28 + 16.672 = 180 (b) In △ACD,
ACB = 135, cor. to 3 sig. fig. ACD = 75  25 = 50
135.33 DAC = 35 + 25 = 60
(c) (i) By the sine formula, ADC + ACD + DAC = 180
AB
=
9m ADC + 50 + 60 = 180
sin135.33 sin 28 ADC = 70
9 sin135.33
AB = m By the sine formula,
sin 28
= 13.5 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. CD 47.324 m
=
sin 60 sin 70
∴ The length of the steel wire is 13.5 m.
47.324 sin 60
CD = m
(ii) By the cosine formula, sin 70
AB2 = AC2 + BC2  2  AC  BC  cos ACB = 43.6 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

AB = 5.52  92  2  5.5  9  cos 135.33 m ∴ The distance between C and D is 43.6 m.

= 13.5 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The length of the steel wire is 13.5 m. 15. (a) TAC = 40
TAB + TAC = 180
13. (a) ABC = 90  18 = 72 TAB + 40 = 180
BAC = 90  35 = 55 TAB = 140
ACB + ABC + BAC = 180 In △TAB, by the sine formula,
ACB + 72 + 55 = 180 18 m 133 m
=
sin ATB sin 140
ACB = 53
18 sin140
By the sine formula, sin ATB =
133
BC 125 m ATB = 4.990 7, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
=
sin 55 sin 53 ∴ Angle of depression of B from T
125 sin 55 = 40  4.990 7
BC = m
sin 53
= 35.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 35.009
= 128 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 128.21
(b) ABT = 35.009, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
∴ The distance between B and C is 128 m.
In △TAB, by the sine formula,
(b) In △BCD,
TA 133 m
BD =
cos 18 = sin 35.009 sin 140
128.21 m
133 sin 35.009
BD = 128.21 cos 18 m TA = m
sin140
= 122 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. = 118.71 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
∴ The horizontal distance between the two
buildings is 122 m.

© Oxford University Press 2015

178 Solutions

In △TAC, by the cosine formula, (b) Average speed of M

TC = TA + AC  2  TA  AC  cos TAC
2 2 2
=
32.925
km/h
2
TC = 118.712  202  2 118.71 20  cos 40 m
= 16.5 km/h, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= 104 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
(c) By the cosine formula,
∴ The distance between T and C is 104 m.
PQ 2  PR 2  QR 2
cos QPR =
2  PQ  PR
16. (a) With the notation in the figure, 362  32.9252  512
=
2  36  32.925
QPR = 95.348, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
The required angle
= 180  40  QPR
= 140  95.348
= 44.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The bearing of R from P is S44.7E.

x = 240  180 = 60 18. (a) With the notation in the figure,
ALB  x = 180
ALB  60 = 180
ALB = 120
(b) By the cosine formula,
AB2 = AL2 + BL2  2  AL  BL  cos ALB
AB = 132  57 2  2 13  57  cos 120 km
= 64.490 km, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
∴ Average speed of the ship
64.490 a = 278  180 = 98
= km/h
3 b = a = 98
= 21.5 km/h, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
PQR = 98  41
= 57
17. (a) (i) Distance between P and Q By the cosine formula,
= 12  3 km PR2 = PQ2 + QR2  2  PQ  QR  cos PQR
= 36 km
PR = (1 5002 + 1 0002  2  1 500  1 000 
(ii) PQR = 40 1

By the cosine formula, cos 57 ) 2 m

PR2 = PQ2 + QR2  2  PQ  QR  cos PQR = 1 270 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 1 271.3
∴ The length of the straight road PR is
PR = 362  512  2  36  51 cos 40 km
= 32.9 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 32.925 1 270 m.

∴ The distance between P and R is (b) By the sine formula,

1 000 m 1 271.3 m
32.9 km. =
sin QPR sin 57
1 000 sin 57
sin QPR =
1 271.3
QPR = 41.277, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 179

The required angle (b) a = 180  155 = 25

= 278 + 41.277 b = a = 25
= 319, cor. to 3 sig. fig. BPL = 90  b  c
∴ The bearing of R from P is 319. = 90  25  15
(c) Let T be a point on PR such that QT  PR. Then = 50
QT is the shortest distance between the car and Q. BLP = 230  155 = 75
By the sine formula,
BL 60 km
=
sin 50 sin 75
60 sin 50
BL = km
sin 75
= 47.6 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 47.584
∴ The distance between B and L is 47.6 km.
(c) In △BLQ,
QLB = 270  230 = 40
In △PQT, BQ
sin 40 =
QT 47.584 km
sin 41.277 = BQ = 47.584 sin 40 km
1 500 m
QT = 1 500 sin 41.277 m = 30.6 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= 990 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. ∴ The distance that B has to move is 30.6 km.
∵ 990 m > 900 m
∴ The claim is agreed. 20. (a) With the notation in the figure,

19. (a) With the notation in the figure,

c = 285  270 = 15 a = 33

x = c = 15 b = 18
The required angle PXQ = a + b = 33 + 18 = 51
= 90 + x PQX = 85  18 = 67
= 90 + 15 By the sine formula,
= 105 PX 80 km
=
sin 67 sin 51
∴ The bearing of P from B is 105.
80 sin 67
PX = km
sin 51
= 94.8 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 94.757
∴ The distance between P and X is 94.8 km.

© Oxford University Press 2015

180 Solutions

(b) XPQ + PXQ + PQX = 180 In △ABD,

XPQ + 51 + 67 = 180 BAD = 180  135 = 45
XPQ = 62 sin 45 =
BD
By the sine formula, 5 km
QX 80 km BD = 5 sin 45 km
=
sin 62 sin 51 = 3.54 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
80 sin 62 ∴ The required shortest distance is
QX = km
sin 51
3.54 km.
= 90.9 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 90.891
(ii) AC = 15  1 km = 15 km
∴ The distance between Q and X is 90.9 km.
In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
(c) Method 1:
BC2 = AB2 + AC2  2  AB  AC  cos BAC
Area of △PXQ
1 BC = 52  152  2  5 15  cos 45 km
=  PQ  PX  sin XPQ
2 = 12.0 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 11.997
1 ∴ The distance between B and C is
=  80  94.757  sin 62 km2
2
12.0 km.
= 3 350 km2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
(b) In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
Method 2:
AB 2  BC 2  AC 2
1 cos ABC =
s = (PQ + PX + QX) 2  AB  BC
2
5  11.997 2  152
2
1 =
= (80 + 94.757 + 90.891) km 2  5 11.997
2
ABC = 117.86, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
= 132.82 km, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
The required angle
By Heron’s formula,
= 270 + y
area of △PXQ
= [132.82(132.82  80)(132.82  94.757)  = 270 + x
1 = 270 + ABC  90
(132.82  90.891)] 2 km2
= 270 + 117.86  90
= 3 350 km2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= 298, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The bearing of B from C is 298.
21. (a) (i) With the notation in the figure, let D be a
point on AC such that BD  AC. Then BD is
Exercise 10B (P.10.26)
the shortest distance between Sophia and B.
1. With the notation in the figure,

The required length is AH.

In △ABC,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AC = 252  82 cm
= 689 cm

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 181

In △ACH, 4. The required angle is DAF.

2 2 2
AH = AC + HC In △ACD,

AH = ( 689 ) 2  122 cm AD2 = AC2 + CD2

= 28.9 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. AD = 62  122 cm

∴ The length of the longest rod is 28.9 cm. = 180 cm
In △ADF,
2. In △PBC, DF
sin DAF =
15 cm AD
tan 40 = 5
BC =
15 180
BC = cm
tan 40 DAF = 21.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= 17.876 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig. ∴ The angle between the lines AD and AF is 21.9.
In △ABC,
17.876 cm
sin 55 = 5. (a) Join CG.
AC
17.876
AC = cm
sin 55
= 21.8 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

3. Join AE.

The required angle is FCG.

In △BCG,
BG = CH = 7 cm
CG2 = BC2 + BG2

CG = 32  7 2 cm
= 58 cm
The required angle is ABE. In △CFG,
In △AFE, FG = AB = 4 cm
AF = HC = 4 cm FG
tan FCG =
AE2 = AF2 + FE2 CG
4
AE = 42  42 cm =
58
= 32 cm
FCG = 27.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
AB = EH = 4 cm
∴ The angle between the line FC and the plane
In △ABE,
BCHG is 27.7.
AE
tan ABE = (b) Join AC.
AB
32 The required angle is FCA.
=
4 In △ABC,
ABE = 54.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig. AC2 = AB2 + BC2
∴ The angle between the lines AB and BE is 54.7.
AC = 42  32 cm
= 5 cm

© Oxford University Press 2015

182 Solutions

In △ACF, 8. Join US.

AF = CH = 7 cm
AF
tan FCA =
AC
7
=
5
FCA = 54.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the line FC and the plane
The required angle is USP.
ABCD is 54.5. In △PRS,
PS2 + RS2 = PR2
6. Join AC.
PS = 102  7 2 cm
= 51 cm
In △UPS,
UP
tan USP =
PS
9
=
51
USP = 51.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
The required angle is FAC.
∴ The angle between the planes URS and PQRS is
In △AEF,
51.6.
33 cm
cos 30 =
AF
AF =
33
cm 9. The required angle is DAF.
cos 30 In △AED,
= 38.105 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
AD2 = AE2 + DE2
In △ACF,
AD = 62  42 cm
FC = ED = 25 cm
FC = 52 cm
sin FAC =
AF In △AEF,
25 AF2 = AE2 + EF2
=
38.105
AF = 62  42 cm
FAC = 41.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the line AF and the plane = 52 cm
In △ADF, by the cosine formula,
ABCD is 41.0.
AD 2  AF 2  DF 2
cos DAF =
2  AD  AF
7. The required angle is GCH.
( 52 ) 2  ( 52 ) 2  32
In △GCH, =
2  52  52
GH
tan GCH = DAF = 24.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
CH
2 ∴ The angle between the lines AD and AF is 24.0.
=
2
GHC = 45 10. (a) In △ABC,
∴ The angle between the planes DCGF and DCHE AC
tan 50 =
is 45. 8 cm
AC = 8 tan 50 cm
= 9.53 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 9.534 0

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 183

(b) The required angle is CAD. In △EPH, by the cosine formula,

In △ACD, by the cosine formula, EP 2  HP 2  EH 2
cos EPH =
AC 2  AD 2  CD2 2  EP  HP
cos CAD = 2 2
2  AC  AD  61   61 
     52
9.534 02  132  102  2   2 
= =   
2  9.534 0 13 61 61
CAD = 49.8, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 2 
2 2
∴ The angle between the lines AC and AD is EPH = 79.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
49.8. ∴ The acute angle between the planes ADHG and
BCEF is 79.6.
11. (a) In △ABC, by the sine formula,
BC
=
10 cm 13. (a) The required angle is ABF.
sin 80 sin 60 In △ABF, by the cosine formula,
10 sin 80
BC = cm AB 2  BF 2  AF 2
sin 60 cos ABF =
2  AB  BF
= 11.4 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 11.372
7 2  6 2  52
(b) The required angle is BDE. =
2 7 6
In △BDE, ABF = 44.4, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
ED = BC = 11.372 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig. ∴ The angle between the planes ABCD and
BE
tan BDE = BCEF is 44.4.
ED
15 (b) The required angle is AFB.
=
11.372 In △ABF, by the cosine formula,
BDE = 52.8, cor. to 3 sig. fig. AF 2  BF 2  AB 2
cos AFB =
∴ The angle between the line BD and the plane 2  AF  BF
DEF is 52.8. 5  62  7 2
2
=
2 5 6
AFB = 78.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
12. Suppose DH and CE meet at P.
∴ The angle between the planes ADEF and
BCEF is 78.5.

14. (a) Join AG.

The required angle is EPH.

In △DEH,
DE = BG = 6 cm
DH2 = DE2 + EH2

DH = 62  52 cm
= 61 cm In △AFG,

1 61 AG2 = AF2 + FG2

EP = HP = DH = cm
2 2 AG = 22  22 cm
= 8 cm

© Oxford University Press 2015

184 Solutions

GH = AD = 2 cm (b) The required angle is HMC.

In △AGH, In △HMC,
AH2 = AG2 + GH2 HC
tan HMC =
MC
AH = ( 8 ) 2  22 cm 5
=
= 12 cm (or 2 3 cm ) 50
(b) Suppose AH and FC intersect at P. 2
1 12 HMC = 54.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 54.736
FP = AP = AH = cm
2 2 ∴ The angle between the planes BDH and
In △AFP, by the cosine formula, ABCD is 54.7.
AP  FP  AF
2 2 2
(c) The required angle
cos  =
2  AP  FP = 90 HMC
2 2
 12   12  = 90  54.736
     22
 2   2 
=    = 35.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
12 12
2 
2 2
16. (a) Join CM.
 = 70.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

15. (a) Join AC and HM.

The required angle is BMC.

In △HMC,
CH = DE = 8 cm
In △ABC,
1 1 1
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 HM = HE = CD =  12 cm = 6 cm
2 2 2
AC = 52  52 cm CM2 = CH2 + HM2
= 50 cm
CM = 82  62 cm
1 50
MC = AC = cm = 10 cm
2 2
In △BCM,
In △CHM,
BC
HM2 = MC2 + HC2 tan BMC =
CM
2 6
 50  =
HM =    52 cm 10
 2 
  BMC = 31.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= 6.12 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. ∴ The angle between the line BM and the plane
CDEH is 31.0.

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 185

(b) Join DM. (b) The required angle is VPN.

The required angle is MBN. In △VPN,
In △BCM, PN
cos VPN =
VP
BM2 = BC2 + CM2
74
BM = 62  102 cm
= 2
= 136 cm 10
In △ABN, VPN = 64.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

AB = CD = 12 cm ∴ The angle between VP and the plane PQRS

1 1 1 is 64.5.
AN = AD = BC =  6 cm = 3 cm
2 2 2 (c) The required angle is SVQ.
BN2 = AB2 + AN2 VS = VQ = VP = 10 cm
BN = 12  3 cm
2 2
SQ = PR = 74 cm
= 153 cm In △VSQ, by the cosine formula,
In △DMN, VS 2  VQ 2  SQ 2
cos SVQ =
DM = CM = 10 cm 2  VS  VQ
DN = AN = 3 cm 102  102  ( 74 ) 2
=
MN2 = DM2 + DN2 2 10 10
SVQ = 50.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
MN = 102  32 cm
∴ The angle between the lines VS and VQ is
= 109 cm
50.9.
In △BMN, by the cosine formula,
BM 2  BN 2  MN 2
cos MBN = 1 1
2  BM  BN 18. (a) XN = BC =  6 cm = 3 cm
2 2
( 136 ) 2  ( 153 ) 2  ( 109 ) 2 In △VXN,
=
2  136  153
VX2 = VN2 + XN2
MBN = 51.4, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
VX = 102  32 cm
∴ The angle between the lines BM and BN is
= 10.4 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 10.440
51.4.
VY = VX
= 10.4 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 10.440
17. (a) In △PQR,
(b) The required angle is VXN.
PR2 = PQ2 + QR2
In △VXN,
PR = 7 2  5 cm VN
tan VXN =
= 74 cm XN
1 74 10
PN = PR = cm =
2 2 3
In △VPN, VXN = 73.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 73.301

VN2 + PN2 = VP2 ∴ The angle between the planes VAB and
2 ABCD is 73.3.
 74 
VN = 10    cm
2
(c) The required angle is XVY.
 2 
  In △VXY,
= 9.03 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∵ VY = VX
∴ VYX = VXY = 73.301, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

© Oxford University Press 2015

186 Solutions

XVY + VYX + VXY = 180 20. (a) In △ABD, by the cosine formula,
XVY + 73.301 + 73.301 = 180 AB 2  AD 2  BD 2
cos BAP =
XVY = 33.4, cor. to 3 sig. 2  AB  AD
fig. 18  152  162
2
=
2 18 15
∴ The angle between the planes VAB and VCD
BAP = 57.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 57.140
is 33.4.
(b) Join CP.

19. (a) In △VPS,

∵ VP = VS
∴ VPS = VSP
VPS + VSP + PVS = 180
VPS + VPS + 50 = 180
2VPS = 130
The required angle is BPC.
VPS = 65
In △ABP,
(b) With the notation in the figure, let N be a point on
BP
VP such that QN  VP and SN  VP. Join QS. sin 57.140 =
18 cm
BP = 18 sin 57.140 cm
= 15.120 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
CP = BP = 15.120 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △BCP, by the cosine formula,
BP 2  CP2  BC 2
cos BPC =
2  BP  CP
The required angle is QNS. 15.1202  15.1202  82
=
In △NPS, 2 15.120 15.120
BPC = 30.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
SN
sin 65 = ∴ The angle between the planes ABD and ACD
12 cm
SN = 12 sin 65 cm is 30.7.
= 10.876 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
QN = SN = 10.876 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig. 21. (a) In △CBE,
In △PQS, BC
tan BEC =
BE
QS2 = PQ2 + PS2 5
BE = cm
QS = 122  122 cm tan x
= 288 cm In △AED,
In △NQS, by the cosine formula, AD
tan AED =
EA
QN 2  SN 2  QS 2
cos QNS = EA =
10
cm
2  QN  SN tan x
10.8762  10.8762  ( 288 ) 2
=
2 10.876 10.876
QNS = 103, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the planes VPS and VPQ
is 103.

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 187

∵ BE + EA = 12 cm 22. (a) The required angle is DEF.

5 10 In △DEF, by the cosine formula,
∴  = 12
tan x tan x
DE 2  EF 2  DF 2
15 cos DEF =
= 12 2  DE  EF
tan x
15 5  52  4 2
2
tan x = =
12 2 5 5
∴ x = 51.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 51.340 DEF = 47.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 47.156
(b) In △AED, ∴ The angle between the planes ABFE and
10 cm ACDE is 47.2.
sin 51.340 =
DE (b) In △BEF,
10
DE = cm BE2 = BF2 + EF2
sin 51.340
= 12.8 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 12.806 BE = 82  52 cm
(c) With the notation in the figure, = 9.43 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 9.434 0
1
(c) s = (4 + 5 + 5) cm = 7 cm
2
By Heron’s formula,
area of △ABC = 7(7  4)(7  5)(7  5) cm2
= 84 cm2
= 9.17 cm2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
1
Area of △ABC =  AC  BP
2
2  area of △ABC
The required angle is CED. BP =
AC
In △FGD, 2 84
2 2 2
= cm
FD = FG + GD 5
= 3.67 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
FD = 52  122 cm
3.666 0
= 13 cm (d) Join EP.
In △CFD,
CD2 = CF2 + FD2
CD = 102  132 cm
= 269 cm
In △CBE,
5 cm
sin 51.340 =
CE
5
CE = cm
sin 51.340
= 6.403 1 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig. The required angle is BEP.
In △CDE, by the cosine formula, In △BEP,
CE 2  DE 2  CD2 BP
cos CED = sin BEP =
2  CE  DE BE
6.403 12  12.8062  ( 269 ) 2 =
3.666 0
=
2  6.403 112.806 9.434 0
CED = 113, cor. to 3 sig. fig. BEP = 22.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

∴ The angle between the lines CE and ED is ∴ The angle between the line BE and the plane

113. ACDE is 22.9.

© Oxford University Press 2015

188 Solutions

23. (a) The required angle is TQP. (b) (i)  = ABF

In △TQP, FBG = 90 GBC

tan TQP =
PT = 90  65
PQ
= 25
6
= In △BFG,
3
TQP = 63.4, cor. to 3 sig. fig. BF
cos 25 =
8 cm
∴ The angle between the lines TQ and PQ is
BF = 8 cos 25 cm
63.4.
= 7.250 5 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
(b) In △PQR, by the cosine formula,
FG
QR2 = PQ2 + PR2  2  PQ  PR  cos QPR sin 25 =
8 cm
QR = 32  42  2  3  4  cos 60 cm FG = 8 sin 25 cm
= 13 cm = 3.380 9 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
Area of △PQR In △ABG, by the cosine formula,

=
1
 PQ  PR  sin QPR AG2 = AB2 + BG2  2  AB  BG 
2
cos ABG
1
=  3  4  sin 60 cm2
2 AG = 62  82  2  6  8  cos 60 cm
= 3 3 cm2 = 52 cm
1 In △AFG,
Area of △PQR =  QR  PS
2
AF2 + FG2 = AG2
2  area of △PQR
PS =
QR AF = ( 52 ) 2  (3.380 9) 2 cm
2 3 3 = 6.369 4 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
= cm
13 In △ABF, by the cosine formula,
= 2.88 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. AB 2  BF 2  AF 2
cos ABF =
2.882 3 2  AB  BF
(c) The required angle is TSP. 6  7.25052  6.369 42
2
cos  =
In △TSP, 2  6  7.2505
 = 56.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
TP
tan TSP =
PS (ii) With the notation in the figure, let H and K
6 be the projections of F and G on the plane
=
2.882 3
ABCD respectively.
TSP = 64.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the line TS and the plane
PQR is 64.3.

24. (a) ABG = 60

1
Area of △ABG =  AB  BG  sin ABG
2
2  area of △ABG Then  = FBH and  = GBK.
BG =
AB sin ABG FH GK
tan  = and tan  = .
2  12 3 BH BK
= cm
6 sin 60 ∵ FH = GK and BH < BK.
= 8 cm ∴ tan  > tan 

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 189

∵  and  are acute angles. In △PQS,

∴  is greater than . tan 50 =
PS
6.536 8 m
PS = 6.536 8 tan 50 m
Exercise 10C (P.10.40)
= 7.79 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 7.790 3
1. In △ABC,
∴ The height of the flagpole PS is 7.79 m.
AC2 + BC2 = AB2
(b) In △PRS,
AC = 262  242 m
PS
= 10 m tan PRS =
PR
In △ACM, 7.790 3
=
MC 12
tan 50 =
10 m PRS = 33.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
MC = 10 tan 50 m ∴ The angle of elevation of S from R is 33.0.
= 11.9 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
4. In △ABQ,
∴ The height of the lamp post is 11.9 m.
AQB + QAB QBA = 180
AQB + 85  45 = 180
2. With the notation in the figure, let N be the point of
AQB = 50
intersection of AC and BD. Join VN.
By the sine formula,
AQ 50 m
=
sin 45 sin 50
50 sin 45
AQ = m
sin 50
= 46.153 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △APQ,
PQ
tan 20 =
46.153 m
In △ABC,
PQ = 46.153 tan 20 m
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
= 16.8 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
AC = 102  102 cm ∴ The height of the tree PQ is 16.8 m.
= 10 2 cm
1 1 5. (a) Join BE.
NC = AC =  10 2 cm = 5 2 cm
2 2
In △VCN,
VN
tan 60 =
5 2 cm
VN = 5 2 tan 60 cm
= 12.2 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The height of V above the card is 12.2 cm. The required inclination is DBE.
In △DBE,
3. (a) In △PQR, by the cosine formula, DE
sin DBE =
PQ2 = PR2 + QR2  2  PR  QR  cos PRQ BD
18
=
PQ = 122  152  2 12 15  cos 25 m 50
= 6.536 8 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. DBE = 21.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The inclination of the path BD is 21.1.

© Oxford University Press 2015

190 Solutions

(b) The required inclination is DCE. 8. (a) (i) The angle of elevation of A from P is 26.
In △DCE, (ii) The angle of elevation of B from P is 43.
DC = AB = 30 m (iii) The angle of elevation of C from P is 30.
DE (b) (i) The bearing of X from P is N35E or 035.
sin DCE =
DC
(ii) The bearing of A from P is N35E or 035.
18
= (iii) The bearing of B from P is N or 000.
30
DCE = 36.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig. (iv) The bearing of C from P is N68W or 292.
∴ The inclination of the hillside ABCD is
36.9. 9. In △TPQ,
400 m
tan 32 =
PQ
6. The required inclination is EAD.
400
In △AEF, PQ = m
tan 32
AE
cos 50 = = 640.13 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
12 cm
In △PQR,
AE = 12 cos 50 cm
PR
= 7.713 5 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig. cos RPQ =
PQ
In △AED, 120
=
ED = CF = 3 cm 640.13
ED RPQ = 79.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
sin EAD =
AE ∴ The reduced bearing of T from P is N79.2E.
3
=
7.713 5
10. (a) In △ACR,
EAD = 22.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
250 m
∴ The inclination of AE is 22.9. tan 27 =
AC
250
AC = m
7. In △RPT, tan 27
78 m = 491 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 490.65
tan 25 =
PR ∴ The distance between A and C is 491 m.
78
PR = m (b) In △BCR,
tan 25
250 m
= 167.27 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. tan 20 =
BC
In △PQR,
250
PQ BC = m
tan PRQ = tan 20
PR = 687 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 686.87
65
= ∴ The distance between B and C is 687 m.
167.27
PRQ = 21.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 21.236 (c) In △ABC,
∴ AC
The bearing of Q from R is S21.2E. sin ABC =
BC
If the answer is in whole circle bearing, 490.65
=
bearing of Q from R 686.87
= 180  PRQ ABC = 45.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 45.588
= 180  21.236 ∴ The bearing of R from B is S45.6W.
= 159, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 191

If the answer is in whole circle bearing, 1 1

RB = QR =  30 cm = 15 cm
bearing of R from B 2 2
15 cm
= 180 + ABC cos 30 =
MR
= 180 + 45.588 15
MR = cm
= 226, cor. to 3 sig. fig. cos 30
= 17.321 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
11. In △TYZ, In △TMR,
3m TM2 + MR2 = TR2
tan 27 =
YZ TM = 252  17.3212 cm
3
YZ = m = 18.0 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
tan 27
= 5.887 8 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. ∴ The height of T above the ground is 18.0 cm.

In △XYZ, by the sine formula,

24 m 5.887 8 m 13. (a) In △ABH,
=
sin XZY sin12 50 m
tan 28 =
24 sin12 AB
sin XZY =
5.887 8 50
AB = m
XZY = 57.940, cor. to 5 sig. fig. tan 28
With the notation in the figure, = 94.036 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △ACH,
50 m
tan 35 =
AC
50
AC = m
tan 35
= 71.407 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
BC2 = AB2 + AC2  2  AB  AC  cos BAC
a = YXZ = 12 BC = (94.0362 + 71.4072  2  94.036  71.407 
 = XZY + a 1
cos 70 ) 2 m
= 57.940 + 12
= 96.7 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 96.688
= 69.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The distance between B and C is 96.7 m.
∴ The bearing of T from Z is S69.9W.
(b) (i) With the notation in the figure,

12. With the notation in the figure,

Area of △ABC
1
=  AB  AC  sin BAC
2
1
The required length is TM. =  94.036  71.407  sin 70 m2
2
In △RBM, = 3 154.9 m2, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
BRM = 30

© Oxford University Press 2015

192 Solutions

1 15. (a) ∵ XY // DA // BC
Area of △ABC =  BC  AP
2 ∴ Inclination of XY = inclination of BC
2  area of △ABC
AP = In △BCF,
BC
BF
=
2 3 154.9
m cos CBF =
96.688 BC
16
= 65.3 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. =
17
65.259 CBF = 19.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The distance between P and A is ∴ The inclination of XY is 19.7.
65.3 m. (b) With the notation in the figure, let Z be the
(ii) In △HAP, projection of X on ABFE and YPZ = .
HA
tan HPA =
AP
50
=
65.259
HPA = 37.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle of elevation of H from P is
37.5. The inclination of XP is XPZ.
In △XYZ,
14. (a) In △TCP, XZ
tan XYZ =
TC YZ
tan TPC = In △XPZ,
CP
h XZ
CP  m tan XPZ = .......................... (1)
tan 36 PZ
In △TCQ, When P does not coincide with Y,
TC PZ > YZ
tan TQC =
CQ ∴ tan XPZ < tan XYZ
h
CQ  m ∵ XPZ and XYZ are acute angles.
tan 23
∴ XPZ < XYZ
(b) In △PQC, by the cosine formula,
In △YPZ,
PQ2 = CP2 + CQ2  2  CP  CQ  cos PCQ
YZ
2 2 sin  =
 h   h  PZ
200 =     
2

 tan 36   tan 23  YZ

2 PZ = ............................ (2)
 h  h  sin 
2   cos 54
 tan 36  tan 23  Substitute (2) into (1).
2 1 1 XZ
40 000 = h    tan XPZ =
 tan 2 36 tan 2 23 YZ
2 cos 54  sin θ
 = tan XYZ sin 
tan 36 tan 23 
When P moves from A to Y (i.e.  increases
40 000
h=
1 1 2 cos 54 towards 90), the value of sin  increases. When
 
tan 2 36 tan 2 23 tan 36 tan 23 P moves from Y to B (i.e.  decreases from 90),
= 105, cor. to 3 sig. fig. the value of sin  decreases.
∴ The value of tan XPZ increases to
tan XYZ and then decreases.

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 193

i.e. When P moves from A to Y, the inclination 17. (a) (i) In △ADE,
of XP increases to 19.7. When P moves DE
cos 30 =
from Y to B, the inclination of XP decreases. 100 m
DE = 100 cos 30 m
= 86.6 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
16. (a) In △AFC,
FC 86.603
sin 22 = AE
500 m sin 30 =
FC = 500 sin 22 m 100 m
AE = 100 sin 30 m
= 187 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 187.30
= 50 m
∴ The height of the top F of the path above the
EF = AE = 50 m
horizontal plane is 187 m.
(ii) CDE + DEF = 180
(b) The required angle is EAF.
60 + DEF = 180
In △ADE,
DEF = 120
ED = FC = 187.30 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
187.30 m Join DF.
sin 34 =
AE
187.30
AE = m
sin 34
= 334.95 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △AEF,
AE
cos EAF =
AF In △DEF, by the cosine formula,
334.95 DF2 = DE2 + EF2  2  DE  EF  cos DEF
=
500
DF = (86.6032 + 502  2  86.603  50 
EAF = 47.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 47.941
1
∴ The angle between AF and AE is 47.9. cos 120 ) 2 m
(c) With the notation in the figure, = 120 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 119.71
∴ The distance between D and F is 120 m.
(b) The required inclination is BDF.
BF = AE = 50 m
BF
tan BDF =
DF
50
=
119.71
In △AGE, by the cosine formula, BDF = 22.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
GE2 = AE2 + AG2  2  AE  AG  cos EAF ∴ The inclination of BD is 22.7.
GE = (334.95 + 300  2  334.95  300 
2 2
(c) With the notation in the figure, let H be a point on
1
CD such that AH  CD and EH  CD.
cos 47.941 ) 2 m
= 260 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The length of the path GE is 260 m.

© Oxford University Press 2015

194 Solutions

The inclination of the plane ABCD is AHE. (b) Join AD and AX.
AE AE
tan ADE = and tan AHE = .
DE HE
∵ HE < DE
∴ tan AHE > tan ADE
∵ AHE and ADE are acute angles.
∴ AHE > ADE
i.e. AHE > 30
∴ The claim is disagreed.
The inclination of AD is DAX.
18. (a) The inclination of the route AE is EAW. In △ABX,
In △BCY, AX2 = AB2 + BX2

sin 23 =
CY AX = 802  142.962 m
100 m = 163.82 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
CY = 100 sin 23 m
In △ADX,
BY DX
cos 23 =
100 m tan DAX =
AX
BY = 100 cos 23 m 89.985
=
In △CDZ, 163.82
DZ DAX = 28.8, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
sin 45 =
72 m AD2 = AX2 + DX2
DZ = 72 sin 45 m AD = 163.822  89.9852 m
CZ
cos 45 = = 187 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
72 m
∴ The inclination and the length of the route
CZ = 72 cos 45 m
AD are 28.8 and 187 m respectively.
In △AEW,
AW = BY + YX
19. (a) BXY = 90  60 = 30
= BY + CZ
BYX = 90  30 = 60
= (100 cos 23 + 72 cos 45) m
In △XBY,
= 142.96 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
XBY + BXY  BYX = 180
EW = DZ + ZX
XBY + 30  60 = 180
= DZ + CY
XBY = 90
= (72 sin 45 + 100 sin 23) m
(b) In △XBY,
= 89.985 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
BY
EW sin 30 =
tan EAW = 24 km
AW
89.985 BY = 24 sin 30 km
=
142.96 = 12 km
AEW = 32.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig. In △ABY,
∴ The inclination of the route AE is 32.2. AB
tan 10 =
12 km
AB = 12 tan 10 km
= 2.12 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 2.115 9
∴ The height of A above B is 2.12 km.

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 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 195

(c) The required angle is AXB. (c) Area of the wall ABC
In △XBY, 1
=  AB  BC
BX 2
cos 30 = 1
24 km =  50  40 m2
2
BX = 24 cos 30 km
= 1 000 m2
= 20.785 km, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
Area of the shadow ABQ
In △ABX,
1
AB =  AB  BQ  sin ABQ
tan AXB = 2
BX 1
2.115 9 =  50  55  sin 50.479 m2
= 2
20.785 = 1 060.663 m2, cor. to 7 sig. fig.
AXB = 5.81, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The area of the shadow ABQ is larger.
∴ The angle of elevation of A from X is 5.81.
The required difference
= (1 060.663  1 000) m2
20. (a) The required angle is CQB.
= 60.7 m2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
In △BCQ,
BC
tan CQB = 21. (a) In △BCD,
QB
40 CD
= cos 45 =
55 6 cm
CQB = 36.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig. CD = 6 cos 45 cm
∴ The angle of elevation of the sun from the = 3 2 cm
ground is 36.0. = 4.24 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
BD
(b) With the notation in the figure, sin 45 =
6 cm
BD = 6 sin 45 cm
= 3 2 cm
In △ABD,
AD2 + BD2 = AB2

AD = 92  (3 2 ) 2 cm
= 63 cm
= 7.94 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
(b) (i) The required angle is ADC.
In △ABQ, by the cosine formula, In △ACD, by the cosine formula,
AB  BQ  AQ
2 2 2
AD 2  CD2  AC 2
cos ABQ = cos ADC =
2  AB  BQ 2  AD  CD
502  552  452 ( 63 ) 2  (3 2 ) 2  52
= =
2  50  55 2  63  3 2
ABQ = 50.479, cor. to 5 sig. fig. ADC = 33.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 33.749
 = 90 ABQ ∴ The angle between the plane CBD and
= 90  50.479 the horizontal ground is 33.7.
= 39.5, cor. to 3 sig fig.
∴ The reduced bearing of the sun from the
ground is N39.5E.

© Oxford University Press 2015

196 Solutions

(ii) With the notation in the figure, let E be a 1

BE = BD
2
point on AD such that E is the projection of
1
C on the horizontal ground. =  5.735 8 cm
2
= 2.867 9 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △ABE,
AE2 + BE2 = AB2
The required angle is CBE. AE = 52  2.867 92 cm
In △CDE, = 4.095 7 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
CE CE = AE = 4.095 7 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
sin 33.749 =
3 2 cm
In △ACE, by the cosine formula,
CE = 3 2 sin 33.749 cm
cos AEC
= 2.357 0 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
AE 2  CE 2  AC 2
In △BCE, =
2  AE  CE
CE
sin CBE = 4.095 7 2  4.095 7 2  6.427 92
BC =
2.357 0 2  4.095 7  4.095 7
=
6 AEC = 103, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
CBE = 23.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig. ∴ The angle between the planes ABD and
∴ The angle between BC and the BCD is 103.
horizontal ground is 23.1. (iii) Suppose P is a point on BD.
1
AC
AEC 2
22. (a) In △BCD, by the cosine formula, sin =
2 AE
BD2 = BC2 + CD2  2  BC  CD  cos BCD 1
AC
APC 2
BD = 52  52  2  5  5  cos 70 cm sin =
2 AP
= 5.74 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 5.735 8
∵ AP  AE
(b) (i) In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
APC AEC
∴ 
AC = AB + BC  2  AB  BC  cos ABC
2 2 2
2 2
AC = 52  52  2  5  5  cos 80 cm APC  AEC
= 6.43 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 6.427 9 i.e. APC  103
∴ The distance between A and C on the ∴ It is not possible to find a point P on BD

horizontal ground is 6.43 cm. such that APC exceeds 105.

(ii) Let E be a point on BD such that AE  BD
and CE  BD. Supplementary Exercise 10 (P.10.48)
1. (a) SPR = 40
In △PRS,
45 m
tan 40 =
PR
45
PR = m
tan 40
The required angle is AEC. = 53.6 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 53.629
∵ AB = AD ∴ The distance between P and R is 53.6 m.
∴ BE = DE

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 197

(b) Join XR. (c) VMN is the angle between the planes VBC and
ABCD.

5. (a) EPQ is the angle between the lines PE and PQ.

(b) FAQ is the angle between the line AQ and the
plane ADEF.

The required angle is XRP.

6. In △ABP, by the sine formula,
In △PRX,
58 m 80 m
PX =
tan XRP = sin PBA sin 65
PR 58 sin 65
30 sin PBA =
= 80
53.629
PBA = 41.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
XRP = 29.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle of depression of B from P is 41.1.
∴ The angle of elevation of X from R is 29.2.

7. In △ABR, by the cosine formula,

2. With the notation in the figure,
AB2 = BR2 + AR2  2  BR  AR  cos ARB
AB = 6.132  62  2  6.13  6  cos 2.54 km
= 0.298 61 km, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
The required average speed
0.298 61
= km/h
1
60  60
= 1 075 km/h, cor. to the nearest km/h
APQ   = 66
8. (a) With the notation in the figure,
APQ = 66  
x=
AQP  x = 38
AQP = 38 + 
∵ PA = QA
∴ APQ = AQP
66  = 38 + 
2 = 28
 = 14 In △RQT,
∴ The bearing of Q from P is S14W. RQT + QRT = RTP
RQT + 32 = 90
3. (a) FCM is the angle between the line FC and the
RQT = 58
plane ABCD.
In △PRQ, by the sine formula,
(b) FNM is the angle between the planes FCD and
PR 105 m
ABCD. =
sin 58 sin (65  32)
105 sin 58
PR = m
4. (a) AVC is the angle between the lines VA and VC. sin 97
(b) MVN is the angle between the planes VBC and = 89.7 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 89.714
VAD. ∴ The distance between P and R is 89.7 m.

© Oxford University Press 2015

198 Solutions

(b) In △PRT, By the cosine formula,

cos 65 =
RT AQ2 = AP2 + PQ2  2  AP  PQ  cos APQ
89.714 m
AQ = 1202  1442  2 120 144  cos 40 km
RT = 89.714 cos 65 m
= 93.1 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= 37.9 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The distance between A and Q is 93.1 km.
∵ SQ = RT
∴ The distance SQ between the building and
11. With the notation in the figure,
the school is 37.9 m.

9. In △ABC,
BCA + CAB = CBD
BCA + 20 = 50
BCA = 30
By the sine formula,
BC 100 m
=
sin 20 sin 30
100 sin 20 In △ABC,
BC = m
sin 30 BAC  42  54 = 180
= 68.404 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
BAC = 84
In △BCD,
By the sine formula,
CD
sin 50 = 85 km 90 km
68.404 m =
sin ACB sin 84
CD = 68.404 sin 50 m 85 sin 84
sin ACB =
= 52.4 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 90
∴ The height of the cliff is 52.4 m. ACB = 69.929, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
a = 54
10. With the notation in the figure, b = ACB  a
= 69.929  54
= 15.929, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
c = b = 15.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The bearing of C from B is S15.9W.

12. (a) Join BD and BE.

 = 220  180 = 40

APQ =  = 40
In △APQ,
PQ = 36  4 km = 144 km
The required angle is EBD.
In △ABD,
AD = EF = 5 cm

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 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 199

BD2 = AB2 + AD2 (b) Let Y be the mid-point of CD. Then PY  CD and
BD = 82  52 cm XY  CD.
= 89 cm
In △BDE,
DE = AF = 7 cm
DE
tan EBD =
BD
7
=
89
EBD = 36.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the line BE and the line
The required angle is PYX.
BD is 36.6.
In △PXY,
(b) Join BH. The required angle is EBH.
XY = BC = 4 cm
In △BDE,
PX
BE2 = BD2 + DE2 tan PYX =
XY
BE = ( 89 ) 2  7 2 cm =
12
4
= 138 cm
PYX = 71.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
In △BEH,
∴ The angle between the planes PCD and
EH = AB = 8 cm
ABCD is 71.6.
EH
sin EBH =
BE
8 14. (a) Join AE.
=
138
EBH = 42.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the line BE and the plane
BCHG is 42.9.

13. (a) The required angle is PCX.

1 1
XB = AB =  6 cm = 3 cm The required angle is AED.
2 2
In △XBC, In △ADE,
AD = BC = 12 cm
XC2 = XB2 + BC2
DE = AF = 5 cm
XC = 32  42 cm
AD
= 5 cm tan AED =
DE
In △PXC, 12
=
PX 5
tan PCX =
XC AED = 67.4, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
12 ∴ The angle between the line AE and the plane
=
5
CDE is 67.4.
PCX = 67.4, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the line PC and the plane
ABCD is 67.4.

© Oxford University Press 2015

200 Solutions

(b) Join BE. The required angle is AEB. 16. Join AC.
In △ADE,
AE2 = AD2 + DE2

AE = 122  52 cm
= 13 cm
In △BCE, The required inclination is FAC.
CE = BF = 9 cm In △ABF,
2
BE = BC + CE 2 2 75 m
cos 40 =
AF
BE = 122  92 cm 75
AF = m
= 15 cm cos 40
In △ABF, by the cosine formula, = 97.906 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
AB2 = AF2 + BF2  2  AF  BF  cos AFB In △BCF,
CF
AB = 52  92  2  5  9  cos 85 cm sin 23 =
75 m
= 9.907 4 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
CF = 75 sin 23 m
In △ABE, by the cosine formula,
= 29.305 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
AE 2  BE 2  AB 2
cos AEB = In △ACF,
2  AE  BE
CF
132  152  9.907 42 sin FAC =
= AF
2 13 15 29.305
=
AEB = 40.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 97.906
∴ The angle between the line AE and the line FAC = 17.4, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

BE is 40.7. ∴ The inclination of the path AF is 17.4.

15. (a) In △ABC, by the sine formula, 17. (a) In △BFC,

AC 45 m FC
= cos 60 =
BF
sin 40 sin 35
45 sin 40 FC = BF cos 60
AC = m BF
sin 35 FC 
= 50.430 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. 2
In △PAC, In △ABF,

PC BF
tan 50 = cos 45 =
50.430 m AF
BF
PC = 50.430 tan 50 m AF =
cos 45
= 60.1 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig 60.100 BF
AF =
∴ The distance between P and C is 60.1 m. 1
(b) In △PBC, 2
PC AF  2 BF
tan PBC =
BC
60.100
=
45
PBC = 53.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle of elevation of P from B is 53.2.

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 201

(b) In △AFC, 20. (a) ADB = 65

sin  =
FC ADC + 65 = 90
AF
ADC = 25
BF
CAD + 35 = 65
= 2
2 BF CAD = 30
1 In △ACD,
=
2 2
ACD + ADC + CAD = 180
 = 20.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
ACD + 25 + 30 = 180
ACD = 125
18. In △TQP,
By the sine formula,
86 m
tan 35 = AD 50 m
PQ =
sin 125 sin 30
86
PQ = m 50 sin125
tan 35 AD = m
sin 30
= 122.82 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
= 81.915 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △PQR,
In △ABD,
QPR = 90 BD
PQ cos 65 =
sin PRQ = 81.915 m
RQ
BD = 81.915 cos 65 m
122.82
= = 34.6 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 34.619
167
PRQ = 47.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 47.345 ∴ The distance between B and D is 34.6 m.

∴ The bearing of T from R is N47.3W. (b) In △ABD,

If the answer is in whole circle bearing, AB

sin 65 =
81.915 m
bearing of T from R
AB = 81.915 sin 65 m
= 360  PRQ
= 74.2 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= 360  47.345
∴ The height of the building AB is 74.2 m.
= 313, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
(c) Join BC.

19. In △PAC,
200 m
tan 25 =
AC
200
AC = m
tan 25
= 428.90 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
AC 2  BC 2  AB 2 In △BCD,
cos ACB =
2  AC  BC CD
428.902  5502  5002 tan CBD =
= BD
2  428.90  550 50
=
ACB = 59.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 34.619
∴ The reduced bearing of P from A is N59.9E. CBD = 55.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle of elevation of C from B is 55.3.

© Oxford University Press 2015

202 Solutions

21. (a) Draw the horizontal line AC from A. Then CAP (c) With the notation in the figure,
and CAQ are the angles of depression of P and
Q from A respectively.

In △ABR,
77.455 m
tan (57.341 + 10) =
In △APQ, by the cosine formula, BR
77.455
AP 2  PQ 2  AQ 2 BR = m
cos APQ = tan 67.341
2  AP  PQ = 32.335 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
1142  342  922 In △ABQ,
=
2 114  34
BQ
APQ = 42.799, cor. to 5 sig. fig. cos 57.341 =
92 m
CAP = APQ BQ = 92 cos 57.341 m
= 42.8, cor. to 3 sig. fig. = 49.647 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
∴ The angle of depression of P from A is 42.8. ∴ RQ = BQ  BR
By the cosine formula, = (49.647  32.335) m
AP 2  AQ 2  PQ 2
cos PAQ = = 17.3 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
2  AP  AQ
∴ The distance between R and Q is 17.3 m.
114 2  92 2  34 2
=
2  114  92
22. (a) With the notation in the figure,
PAQ = 14.542, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
CAQ = CAP + PAQ
= 42.799 + 14.542
= 57.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 57.341
∴ The angle of depression of Q from A is
57.3.
(b) AQB = CAQ
= 57.341, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △ABQ,
AB  = 30
sin 57.341 =
92 m POQ = 30 + 
AB = 92 sin 57.341 m = 30 + 30
= 77.5 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 77.455 = 60
∴ The height of the television tower is 77.5 m. 30
OQ = 50  km = 25 km
60

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 203

In △OPQ, by the cosine formula, APB = 35 + 25 = 60

PQ = OP + OQ  2  OP  OQ  cos POQ
2 2 2
In △APB, by the cosine formula,

PQ = 402  252  2  40  25  cos 60 km AB2 = PA2 + PB2  2  PA  PB  cos APB

= 35 km AB = 802  452  2  80  45  cos 60 km
∴ The distance between P and Q is 35 km. = 69.5 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 69.462
(b) With the notation in the figure, let R be a point on ∴ The distance between the two ships is
OQ such that PR  OQ. Then R is the point 69.5 km.
closest to P on OQ. (b) a = 35
In △APB, by the cosine formula,
AB 2  PA2  PB 2
cos PAB =
2  AB  PA
69.4622  802  452
=
2  69.462  80
PAB = 34.128, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
 = a + PAB
= 35 + 34.128
In △OPR, = 69.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
OR ∴ The bearing of B from A is S69.1E.
cos 60 =
40 km
OR = 40 cos 60 km
24. (a) BAC  120 = 180
= 20 km
BAC = 60
Distance between O and John 18 minutes after he
In △ABC,
leaves O
ACB + BAC + ABC = 180
18
= 50  km
60 ACB + 60  80 = 180
= 15 km ACB = 40
∵ 15 km < 20 km By the sine formula,
∴ John is not closest to P 18 minutes after he AC 500 m
=
leaves O. sin 80 sin 40
500 sin 80
∴ The claim is disagreed. AC = m
sin 40
= 766.04 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
23. (a) With the notation in the figure, let P be the port. BAD + 60 = 180
BAD = 120
In △ABD,
ADB + BAD  ABD = 180
ADB + 120  25 = 180
ADB = 35
By the sine formula,
AD 500 m
=
sin 25 sin 35
500 sin 25
PA = 40  2 km = 80 km AD =
sin 35
m
PB = 30  1.5 km = 45 km = 368.41 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

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204 Solutions

CAD = 120  60 = 60 (b) In △ABD,

In △CAD, by the cosine formula, ADB = ACB CAD
CD = AC + AD  2  AC  AD  cos CAD
2 2 2
= 70  20
CD = (766.04 + 368.41  2  766.04 
2 2
= 50
1
BAD = BAC + CAD
368.41 cos 60) 2 m
= 40 + 20
= 664 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 663.57
= 60
∴ The distance between C and D is 664 m.
By the sine formula,
(b) In △CAD, by the cosine formula,
BD 1.461 9 m
AC 2  CD2  AD 2 =
cos DCA = sin 60 sin 50
2  AC  CD 1.461 9 sin 60
BD = m
766.042  663.57 2  368.412 sin 50
=
2  766.04  663.57 = 1.65 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
DCA = 28.738, cor. to 5 sig. fig. ∴ The length of the rod BD is 1.65 m.
With the notation in the figure,

26. (a) The required angle is CBD.

In △BCD, by the cosine formula,
BC 2  BD 2  CD2
cos CBD =
2  BC  BD
42  3.2 2  12
=
2  4  3.2
CBD = 9.62, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the fishing lines BD and
BC is 9.62.
 = 120
(b) The required angle is BAC.
 = 180 +  + DCA
In △BCD, by the cosine formula,
= 180 + 120 + 28.738
BC 2  CD2  BD 2
= 329, cor. to 3 sig. fig. cos BCD =
2  BC  CD
∴ The bearing of D from C is 329.
4  12  3.22
2
=
2  4 1
25. (a) In △ABC, BCD = 32.328, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
BAC + ABC ACB = 180 In △ABC,
BAC + 70  70 = 180 BAC + ABC  ACB = 180
BAC = 40 BAC  70  32.328 = 180
By the sine formula, BAC = 77.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig
AB 1m 77.672
=
sin 70 sin 40 ∴ The angle between the fishing pole and the
1 sin 70
AB = m horizontal plane is 77.7.
sin 40
= 1.46 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 1.461 9
∴ The length of the rod AB is 1.46 m.

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 205

(c) In △ABC, by the sine formula, In △ABC,

AB
=
4m AC2 = AB2 + BC2
sin 32.328 sin 77.672
AC = 7 2  82 cm
4 sin 32.328
AB = m
sin 77.672 = 113 cm
= 2.19 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. In △AFC, by the cosine formula,
∴ The length of the fishing pole AB is 2.19 m. AF 2  AC 2  CF 2
cos FAC =
2  AF  AC
( 113 ) 2  ( 113 ) 2  6.122 92
27. (a) With the notation in the figure, construct FG such =
2  113  113
that FG  BC, where G is a point on BC. Join AG.
FAC = 33.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the lines FA and AC is
33.5.

28. (a) In △ABC, by the cosine formula,

AC 2  BC 2  AB 2
cos ACB =
2  AC  BC
The required angle is FAG. 16  142  152
2
=
In △BFG, 2 16 14
FG ACB = 59.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 59.556
sin 45 =
8 cm (b)
FG = 8 sin 45 cm
 2
= 8  cm
 2 
 
= 4 2 cm
In △ABF,
AF2 = AB2 + BF2
In △CDN,
AF = 7 2  82 cm CN
cos 63 =
= 113 cm 18 cm
In △AFG, CN = 18 cos 63 cm
FG = 8.171 8 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
sin FAG =
AF Let E be the foot of perpendicular from A to BC.
4 2
= In △ACE,
113
CE
FAG = 32.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig. cos 59.556 =
16 cm
∴ The angle between the line FA and the plane CE = 16 cos 59.556 cm
ABCD is 32.2. = 8.107 1 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
(b) The required angle is FAC. ∵ CN  CE
In △BCF, by the cosine formula, ∴ N is not the foot of perpendicular from A to
CF2 = BF2 + BC2  2  BF  BC  cos FBC BC.
CF = 8  8  2  8  8  cos 45 cm
2 2
AND is not the angle between the planes ABC
= 6.122 9 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig. and BCD.
∴ The claim is disagreed.

© Oxford University Press 2015

206 Solutions

29. (a) Area of △ABC (b) With the notation in the figure, let H and K be the
1 points on BC and FD respectively such that
=  AB  AC  sin BAC
2
SH  BC and SK  FD.
1
=  12  15  sin 60 cm2
2
= 77.9 cm2, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 77.942
(b) With the notation in the figure, let E be a point on
BC such that AE  BC and DE  BC.

The required angle is HKS.

In △BHS,
1 1
BS = AB =  8 cm = 4 cm
2 2
HS
sin 51.318 =
4 cm
The required angle is AED. HS = 4 sin 51.318 cm
In △ABC, by the cosine formula, = 3.122 5 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
BC = AB + AC  2  AB  AC  cos BAC
2 2 2
In △HKS,
BC = 12  15  2 12 15  cos 60 cm
2 2 HK = BF = 10 cm
HS
= 189 cm tan HKS =
1 HK
Area of △ABC =  BC  AE 3.122 5
2 =
2  area of △ABC 10
AE = HKS = 17.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
BC
2 77.942 ∴ The angle between the planes FDRS and
= cm
189 BCDF is 17.3.
= 11.339 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig. (c) In △HKS,
In △ADE, KS2 = HK2 + HS2
AD
sin AED = KS = 102  3.122 52 cm
AE
4 = 10.476 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
=
11.339 In △ABC, AS = SB and AR = RC.
AED = 20.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig. ∴ SR // BC
∴ The angle between the planes ABC and BCD 1 1
and SR = BC =  10 cm = 5 cm
is 20.7. 2 2
∵ SR // FD
∴ FDRS is a trapezium.
30. (a) In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
FD = BC = 10 cm
AB 2  BC 2  AC 2
cos ABC =
2  AB  BC Area of FDRS
1
82  102  82 =  (SR + FD)  KS
= 2
2  8 10
1
ABC = 51.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 51.318 =  (5 + 10)  10.476 cm2
2
= 78.6 cm2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 207

31. (a) With the notation in the figure, let E be a point on 32. (a) In △TBC,
BD such that CE  BD and AE  BD, and G be BTC + TCB = TBA
the projection of A on the plane BCD. BTC + 25 = 40
BTC = 15
By the sine formula,
TB 80 m
=
sin 25 sin 15
80 sin 25
TB = m
sin15
= 130.63 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
∵ △BCD is an equilateral triangle. In △TAB,
1 1 TA
∴ DE = BD =  4 cm = 2 cm sin 40 =
2 2 130.63 m
CE2 + DE2 = CD2 TA = 130.63 sin 40 m
CE = 42  22 cm = 84.0 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 83.967
= 12 cm ∴ The height of the tower is 84.0 m.
AE = CE = 12 cm (b) In △TAB,
In △ACE, by the cosine formula, AB
cos 40 =
AC  CE  AE
2 2 2
130.63 m
cos ACE =
2  AC  CE AB = 130.63 cos 40 m
4 2  ( 12 ) 2  ( 12 ) 2 = 100.07 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
=
2  4  12 AC = AB + BC
ACE = 54.736, cor. to 5 sig. fig. = (100.07 + 80) m
In △ACG, = 180.07 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
AG In △ACD, by the cosine formula,
sin 54.736 =
AC
AD2 = AC2 + CD2  2  AC  CD  cos ACD
AG = 4 sin 54.736 cm
AD = (180.072 + 2002  2  180.07  200 
= 3.27 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 3.266 0 1
∴ The height of the wooden model is 3.27 cm. cos 30 ) 2 m
(b) Area of △BCD = 100.24 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
1 In △TAD,
=  BD  CE
2 TA
tan ADT =
1 AD
=  4  12 cm2
2 83.967
=
= 2 12 cm2 100.24
Volume of the wooden model ADT = 40.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
1 ∴ The angle of elevation of T from D is 40.0.
=  area of △BCD  AG
3 (c) When M is at N, the angle of elevation of T from
1
=  2 12  3.266 0 cm3 M is maximum.
3
In △ANC,
= 7.54 cm3, cor. to 3 sig. fig. AN
sin 30 =
180.07 m
AN = 180.07 sin 30 m

© Oxford University Press 2015

208 Solutions

In △TAN, ∵ △AEQ ~ △AND (AAA)

TA QE AQ
tan TNA = ∴ =
AN DN AD
83.967 QE 8m
= =
180.07 sin 30 6 m 12 m
TNA = 43.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig. QE = 4 m
∴ When M moves from C to N, the angle of In △QEB,
elevation of T from M increases from 25 to QE
sin QBE =
43.0. When M moves from N to D, the BQ
angle of elevation of T from M decreases 4
=
21.541
from 43.0 to 40.0.
QBE = 10.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The inclination of BQ is 10.7.
33. (a) Join BQ and QC.
CF = CM  FM
= DN  QE
= (6  4) m
=2m
In △CQF,
CF
sin CQF =
In △ABQ, QC
BQ2 = AB2 + AQ2 2
=
20.396
BQ = 202  82 m
CQF = 5.63, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= 21.5 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 21.541
∴ The inclination of QC is 5.63.
In △DCQ,
(c) The required angle is PAE.
DQ = AD  AQ
In △AQE,
= (12  8) m
AE
=4m cos 30 =
8m
QC2 = DQ2 + DC2 AE = 8 cos 30 m
QC = 4  20 m
2 2  3
= 8 m
 2 
= 20.4 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 20.396  
(b) With the notation in the figure, let E be a point on =4 3m
AN such that QE  BE and F be a point on CM In △PAE,
such that QF  CM. PE = PQ + QE = (6 + 4) m = 10 m
PE
tan PAE =
AE
10
=
4 3
PAE = 55.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle of elevation of P from A is 55.3.
In △AND,
DN
sin 30 =
12 m
DN = 12 sin 30 m
=6m

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 209

(d) Construct CG such that CG  PQ, where G is a (b) In △PAD,

point on PQ. AD2 + AP2 = PD2
2
 h 
AD = h  
2
 m
 3
2
= hm
3
6h
= m
The required angle is PCG. 3
In △QCG, (c) BC = AD
QG = CF = 2 m 6h
ut =
CG2 + QG2 = QC2 3
1 500 6
CG = 20.3962  22 m 40u =
3
= 20.298 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. u = 30.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
PG = PQ  QG = (6  2) m = 4 m
In △PCG, 35. (a) In △BCR,
PG
tan PCG = tan CBR =
RC
CG BC
4 18
= =
20.298 60
PCG = 11.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig. CBR = 16.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle of elevation of P from C is 11.1. ∴ The angle of elevation of R of from B is
16.7.
34. (a) In △PAB, (b) With the notation in the figure,
hm
tan 60 =
AP
h
AP = m
3
In △PDC,
hm
tan 45 =
PD
PD = h m
In △PAD,
 = 70
AP
cos APD = ABC =  + 30 = 70 + 30 = 100
PD
h CAB = 90  70 = 20
= 3 In △ABC, by the sine formula,
h
AC 60 m
1 =
= sin100 sin 20
3
60 sin100
APD = 54.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig. AC = m
sin 20
∴ The reduced bearing of C from P is N54.7E. = 173 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 172.76
∴ The distance between A and C is 173 m.

© Oxford University Press 2015

210 Solutions

(c) In △ABC,
ACB + CAB + ABC = 180
ACB + 20 + 100 = 180
ACB = 60
Area of △ABC
1
=  AC  BC  sin ACB
2
1
=  172.76  60  sin 60 m2
2
= 4 490 m2, cor. to 3 sig. fig. The required angle is MAN.
In △BPH,
36. (a) In △ABC, PH
sin 30 =
2 cm
BAC + ABC + ACB = 180
PH = 2 sin 30 cm
BAC + 30 + 30 = 180
1
BAC = 120 = 2   cm
2
By the sine formula,
= 1 cm
AB (2  2  2) cm
= MN = PH = 1 cm
sin 30 sin120
6 sin 30 ∵ AQ = AP and PM = QM.
AB = cm
sin 120 ∴ AM  PQ
6 sin 30 1 1
= cm PM = PQ =  2 cm = 1 cm
sin (180  120) 2 2
6 sin 30 In △APM,
= cm
sin 60 AM2 + PM2 = AP2
1
6  AM = 22  12 cm
=   cm
2
= 3 cm
3
2 In △AMN,
MN
= 2 3 cm sin MAN =
AM
(b) In △ABP, by the cosine formula, 1
=
AP2 = AB2 + BP2  2  AB  BP  cos ABP 3
AP = (2 3 ) 2  22  2  2 3  2  cos 30 cm MAN = 35.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= 2 cm ∴ The angle between the plane APQ and the

(c) With the notation in the figure, let M be the horizontal ground is 35.3.
mid-point of PQ.
Let H and N be the projections of P and M on the 37. (a) (i) The required angle is ABD.

horizontal ground respectively. In △ABD,

AD
sin ABD =
AB
5
=
13
ABD = 22.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the line AB and the
plane  is 22.6.

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 211

(ii) With the notation in the figure, produce BC (ii) When the length of AD increases, the length
to E such that AE  ECB. of DE decreases.
∴ The area of the projection of △ABC on
the plane  decreases.

38. (a) (i) In △ABD,

BD2 = AB2 + AD2
The required angle is AED. BD = 122  92 m
Consider △ABC. = 15 m
1 DK = BD  KB
s = (13 + 8 + 8) cm = 14.5 cm
2
= (15  5) m
By Heron’s formula,
= 10 m
area of △ABC
In △PDK,
= 14.5(14.5  13)(14.5  8)(14.5  8) cm2
DK
= 30.314 cm2, cor. to 5 sig. fig. tan  =
PD
1 10
Area of △ABC =  BC  AE =
2 10
2  area of △ABC  = 45
AE =
BC (ii) Join CK.
2 30.314
= cm
8
= 7.578 5 cm, cor. to 5 sig.
fig.
In △AED,
AD
sin AED =
AE
5
=
7.578 5
AED = 41.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the plane ABC and
CD
tan CBD =
the plane  is 41.3. BC
(b) (i) In △ADE, 12
=
9
AD2 + DE2 = AE2
CBD = 53.130, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
DE = 7.578 52  52 cm In △CBK, by the cosine formula,
= 5.695 1 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
CK2 = BC2 + BK2  2  BC  BK 
Area of △BCD
cos CBD
1
=  BC  DE CK = 92  52  2  9  5  cos 53.130 m
2
1 = 7.211 1 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
=  8  5.695 1 cm2
2 In △QCK,
= 22.8 cm2, cor. to 3 sig. fig. CK
tan  =
∴ The area of the projection of △ABC on QC
the plane  is 22.8 cm2. =
7.2111
10
 = 35.8, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

© Oxford University Press 2015

212 Solutions

(b) Join BP and BQ.  (64)  (64) 2  4(1)(832)

x=
The angle that the spotlight P needs to rotate is 2(1)
KPB. ∴ x = 18.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 18.144
In △BPD, or x = 45.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig. (rejected)
BD ∴ AO = 18.1 cm
tan BPD =
PD
OB = (64  18.144) cm
15
= = 45.9 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
10
BPD = 56.310, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
KPB = BPD   40. (a) BPC = CPA  BPA
= 56.310  45 = 20  12
= 11.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig. = 8
∴ The angle that the spotlight P needs to rotate ∴ BPC = BQC
is 11.3. ∴ B, C, P and Q are
The angle that the spotlight Q needs to rotate is concyclic. converse of s in the
KQB. same segment
(b) (i) ABQ = CPQ = 20
In △BCQ,
AQB BAQ ABQ = 180
BQ2 = BC2 + QC2
AQB 90 20 = 180
BQ = 92  102 m
AQB = 70
= 13.454 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
PBQ BPQ = AQB
In △QCK,
PBQ 12 = 70
QK2 = QC2 + CK2
PBQ = 58
QK = 102  7.21112 m In △PBQ, by the sine formula,
= 12.329 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. BQ 16 m
=
In △BQK, by the cosine formula, sin 12 sin 58
BQ 2  QK 2  BK 2 16 sin12
cos KQB = BQ = m
2  BQ  QK sin 58
= 3.922 6 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
13.4542  12.3292  52
= In △ABQ,
2 13.454 12.329
KQB = 21.8, cor. to 3 sig. fig. AB
sin 70 =
3.922 6 m
∴ The angle that the spotlight Q needs to rotate
AB = 3.922 6 sin 70 m
is 21.8.
= 3.69 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 3.686 0
∴ The height of the tower AB is 3.69 m.
39. (a) OB = (64  x) cm
(ii) In △BCQ,
(b) In △AOB, by the cosine formula,
BCQ = BPQ = 12
AB2 = AO2 + OB2  2  AO  OB  cos 60
By the sine formula,
1
40 = x + (64  x)  2x(64  x)  
2 2 2
BC 3.922 6 m
2 =
sin 8 sin 12
1 600 = x2 + 4 096  128x + x2  64x + x2 3.922 6 sin 8
BC = m
3x2  192x + 2 496 = 0 sin12
x2  64x + 832 = 0 = 2.63 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The height of the flagpole BC is 2.63 m.

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 213

41. (a) In △ABC, by the cosine formula, BMD BF

(iii) Note that sin = .
2 BM
AC 2  BC 2  AB 2
cos ACB = Since BM  BE, BMD  BED.
2  AC  BC
20  182  10 2
2 In △BAD, by the cosine formula,
=
2  20  18 AB 2  AD 2  BD 2
cos BAD =
ACB = 29.926, cor. to 5 sig. fig. 2  AB  AD
In △BCE, 10  10 2  (2 12 ) 2
2
=
BE 2 10 10
sin ACB =
BC BAD = 40.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
BE = 18 sin 29.926 cm In △BCD, by the cosine formula,
= 8.98 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 8.979 9 BC 2  CD 2  BD 2
cos BCD =
(b) (i) In △ABF, 2  BC  CD
AB2 = AF2 + BF2 182  182  (2 12 ) 2
=
2 18 18
AF2 = (102  x2) cm2
BCD = 22.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
In △BCF,
∴ When M moves from A to E, BMD
BC2 = CF2 + BF2
increases from 40.5 to 45.4. When M
CF2 = (182  x2) cm2
moves from E to C, BMD decreases
In △ACF,
from 45.4 to 22.2.
AC2 = AF2 + CF2
202 = (102  x2) + (182  x2)
42. A
2x2 = 24
By the cosine formula,
x2 = 12
PR 2  QR 2  PQ 2
x = 12 or  12 (rejected) cos PRQ =
2  PR  QR
= 3.46, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
62  92  7 2
(ii) From Fig. I and Fig. II, E is the point on AC =
269
such that BE  AC and DE  AC. PRQ = 50.98, cor. to the nearest 0.01
The required angle is BED. With the notation in the figure,
In △ABD, AB = AD and AF  BD.
∴ BF = DF
BD = 2BF = 2 12 cm
DE = BE = 8.979 9 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △BDE, by the cosine formula,
BE 2  DE 2  BD 2
cos BED =
2  BE  DE
8.979 9 2  8.979 9 2  (2 12 ) 2
=  = 30
2  8.979 9  8.979 9
BED = 45.4, cor. to 3 sig. fig.  = PRQ 
∴ The angle between the planes ABC and = 50.98  30

ADC is 45.4. = 21, cor. to the nearest degree

∴ The bearing of Q from R is N21W.

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214 Solutions

43. B In △CEH,
With the notation in the figure, CE2 = CH2 + EH2

CE = (2 x) 2  (2 x) 2
= 8x
In △AEM,
AM = BM = x
AE = CE = 8 x
EM2 = AE2 + AM2

EM = ( 8 x) 2  x 
In △ACD,
= 3x
CAD = 48  27 = 21
In △CEM, by the cosine formula,
ACD = 27 + 90 = 117
CM 2  EM 2  CE 2
By the sine formula, cos  =
2  CM  EM
AD 7m
= ( 5 x) 2  (3x) 2  ( 8 x) 2
sin 117 sin 21 =
7 sin117 2( 5 x)(3x)
AD = m 598
sin 21 =
= 17.404 m, cor. to the nearest 0.001 m 2( 5 )(3)
In △ABD,  = 63.4, cor. to the nearest 0.1
AB
sin 48 =
17.404 m 45. D
AB = 17.404 sin 48 m Let a be the length of each side of the base and x be the
= 12.9 m, cor. to the nearest 0.1 m length of each slant edge.
∴ The height of the flagpole AB is 12.9 m. In △QRS,
SQ2 = RS2 + QR2
44. C
SQ = a 2  a 2
Join AE and CE.
= 2a
In △VSQ, by the cosine formula,
VQ 2  SQ 2  VS 2
cos VQS =
2  VQ  SQ
x 2  ( 2a) 2  x 2
cos 30 =
2 x( 2 a )

3
(2 2ax) = 2a2
Let 2x be the length of each side of the cube. 2
In △BCM, 6ax = 2a2
1 1
BM = AB = (2x) = x a 6
2 2 =
x 2
CM = BM + BC2
2 2

CM = x 2  (2 x) 2
= 5x

© Oxford University Press 2015

 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 215

In △VRQ, by the cosine formula, In △BCF,

QR 2  VR 2  VQ 2 CF
cos  = sin 35 =
2  QR  VR BF
CF
a2  x2  x2 BF =
= sin 35
2ax In △BEF,
a
= BF
2x sin 40 =
BE
1  6 
=  BE =
BF
2  2  sin 40
CF
6 =
= sin 35 sin 40
4
In △BED,
ED = CF
46. B
ED
In △ABC, sin EBD =
BE
AB2 + BC2 = AC2 =
CF
CF
BC = 102  52 cm
sin 35 sin 40
= 75 cm = sin 35 sin 40
= 5 3 cm EBD = 22, cor. to the nearest degree
In △VBC, ∴ The inclination of BE is 22.
VB
tan 30 =
5 3 cm
48. A
VB = 5 3 tan 30 cm
In △PAC,
 1 
= 5 3   cm 9m
 3 tan 25 =
AC
= 5 cm 9
AC = m
In △VAB, tan 25
AB In △ABC,
tan  =
VB AC
cos 38 =
5 BC
=
5 9
BC = m
 = 45 tan 25 cos 38
In △PBC,
PC
47. A tan PBC =
BC
Join BD. 9
=
9
tan 25 cos 38
= tan 25 cos 38
PBC = 20, cor. to the nearest degree
∴ The angle of elevation of P from B is 20.

The required inclination is EBD. 49. (a) 11.5 cm

(b) 16.1
(c) 6.46 cm

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216 Solutions

50. (a) 36.3 (b) In △PQR,

(b) (i) 5.81 m QR
cos PQR = (1M)
QP
(ii) 46.4
13
(iii) 58.4 =
17.321
PQR = 41.4, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
10 30 ∴ The reduced bearing of T from Q is N41.4E.
51. (a) (i) FF = 10 m, AE = m
3
(1A)
(ii) 34.8
(b) no
2. (a) In △BCD, by the sine formula,
CD 8 cm
= (1M)
52. (a) 148 m sin 70 sin 50
(b) (i) 37.8 8 sin 70
CD = cm
sin 50
(ii) 69.3
= 9.81 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 9.813 5
(iii) no
(1A)
(b) In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
53. (a) BC = 20 2 cm, BD = 10 6 cm
AC 2  BC 2  AB 2
(b) (i) 46.6 cos ACB =
2  AC  BC
7 2  82  6 2
=
54. (a) 17.4 cm 2 78
(b) 71.9 ACB = 46.567, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △ACE,
55. (a) 23.3 cm CE
cos 46.567 = (1M)
7 cm
(b) (i) 58.6 (ii) 
CE = 7 cos 46.567 cm
= 4.812 5 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
56. (a) (i) 53.1 (ii) 17.1 cm
In △BCD,
(b) (i) 28.1 cm (ii) no
BCD + CBD + BDC = 180
BCD + 70 + 50 = 180
57. D 58. B 59. B 60. B
BCD = 60
Suppose H is a point on BC such that DH  BC.
61. D 62. B 63. C 64. A
In △CDH,
CH
65. D 66. B cos 60 =
9.813 5 cm
CH = 9.813 5 cos 60 cm
Unit Test (P.10.65) = 4.906 8 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
1. (a) In △PQT, ∵ CE  CH
10 m ∴ DE is not perpendicular to BC. (1M)
tan 30 = (1M)
QP
∴ AED is not the angle between the planes
10
QP = m ABC and BCD.
tan 30
= 17.3 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 17.321 ∴ The claim is disagreed. (1A)
∴ The distance between P and Q is 17.3 m.
(1A)

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 Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 217

3. C In △ACF,
In △BCD, AF
tan  =
AC
BDC = 90  25 = 65
4
CBD = 25 + 50 = 75 =
2 13
By the sine formula, 2
=
BC 120 m 13
=
sin 65 sin 75
120 sin 65
BC = m
sin 75 6. D
= 112.593 m, cor. to 3 d.p. With the notation in the figure, let N be a point of VB
In △ABC, such that AN  VB and CN  VB. Join AC.
AB
sin 50 =
112.593 m
AB = 112.593 sin 50 m
= 86.3 m, cor. to 1 d.p.
∴ The height of the building AB is 86.3 m.
The required angle is ANC.
In △VAB, by the cosine formula,
4. C
AB 2  VB 2  VA2
DE cos ABV =
In △ADE, tan DAE = . 2  AB  VB
AD
DE 12  102  102
2

In △DEX, tan DXE = =

DX
. 2 12 10
CF ABV = 53.13, cor. to the nearest 0.01
In △CFX, tan CXF = .
CX In △ABN,
∵ AX : XB = 1 : 2 AN
sin 53.13 =
∴ AX < XB 12 cm
∵ AD = BC and AX < XB. AN = 12 sin 53.13 cm
∴ DX < CX = 9.60 cm, cor. to the nearest 0.01 cm
∴ AD < DX < CX CN = AN = 9.60 cm, cor. to the nearest 0.01 cm
∵ DE = CF In △ABC,

∴ tan DAE > tan DXE > tan CXF AC2 = AB2 + BC2
∵ DAE, DXE and CXF are acute angles. AC = 122  122 cm
∴ DAE > DXE > CXF = 288 cm
∴ The answer is C. In △ANC, by the cosine formula,
AN 2  CN 2  AC 2
cos ANC =
5. A 2  AN  CN
9.60 2  9.60 2  ( 288 ) 2
In △ABC, =
2  9.60  9.60
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
ANC = 124, cor. to the nearest degree
AC = 42  62 cm ∴ The angle between the planes VAB and VBC is
= 52 cm 124.
= 2 13 cm

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