Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City “Design of Steel Structures I”

Loads on Steel Structures

“Design of Steel Structures I”
1. Types of Loads In this course, only wind load shall be
To ensures safety in steel constructions, the element must be designed based on considered as the secondary loading.
their Allowable Stress (ASD), these stresses differs according to their straining The primary loading shall be referred
actions(S.A). Hence, the loads that causes these S.A must be calculated.
to as (case I) or (case A)

While The secondary loading shall be

referred to as (case II) or (case B)

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(case I) = DL+LL

(case II) = case I + WL

NOTE

Typically, structural elements

designed based on (case I), however,

NOTE:
if the effect of wind significant the
According to the type of construction, the loads differs (i.e, for residential or
factory structure wind is a secondary load, however when designing bracing system design shall be based on (case II)

or telecommunication towers, wind load is considered a primary one i.e., caseII ≥ 20% caseI
“Design of Steel Structures I”
2.1 Dead Loads

Dead load

Floor and roof materials, including floor and roof joists (beams), Ceiling materials, including dust work for

environmental control and power supplies Exterior walls Mechanical equipment Fire proofing.
Dead Load
Corrugated Own weight of
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Sheet weight steel structure

Typically for industrial area (factory) the roof is a corrugated sheet (cladding), either single layer or double layer and the
following weights may be used in the structural analysis:
• Single layer steel sheets (Wc)= 5→8 kg/m2
• Double layered steel sheets with insulation (Wc) 10→18 kg/m2

The O.W of steel structure (Ws)=20→35 kg/m2 according to span (as the span increase, the steel weight also increases),

these values represents the weight of main system (truss), purlins, girts, bracing and any other steel components.
“Design of Steel Structures I”
2.1 Dead Loads

In a truss system the load is directly applied on each

joint as shown in fig.1, where PDL is the dead load

force acting on each truss joint in (ton or kg).

fig.1
Since each joint of the truss serving an area of (a * S)

as shown in fig.2, PDL can be calculated as follows:

Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City

a
PDL= Wc*( * S)+Ws*(a*S)= ✓ kg = ✓ ton
cos α

Where:

a: spacing between purlins (m)

S:spacing between main system (m)

Ws: O.W of steel structure (kg/m2)

Wc: weight of corrugated sheet(kg/m2)

α: upper chord inclination angle = tan-1(slpoe) i.e., (for

1
slope 1:10→ α=tan−1 ( )= 5.71°. fig.2
10
“Design of Steel Structures I”
2.2 Live Loads
In a truss system the load is directly applied on each joint,
where PLL is the live load force acting on each truss joint in
(ton or kg).
Since each joint of the truss serve an area of (a * S), PLL
can be calculated as follows:
PLL= WLL*(a*S)= ✓ kg = ✓ ton fig.1

Where:
Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City

a: spacing between purlins (m)

S:spacing between main system (m)
WLL: Live load intensity (kg/m2), as shown in figure, based
on type of roof (accessible or inaccessible roof) and upper
chord inclination angle (α):
•WLL=60 - (66.67 * tan α) = ✓ kg/m2 ≥ 20 kg/m2 →for
inaccessible roof, (if not specified type of roof assume it is
a n inaccessible one)
•WLL=200 - (300 * tan α) = ✓ kg/m2 ≥ 20 kg/m2 → for
accessible roof
fig.2
“Design of Steel Structures I”
2.3 Wind Loads
Wind load is a secondary load for truss or frame
system and it`s effect always perpendicular (┴) to
it`s direction
PWL can be calculated as follows:
PWL= (Ce*k *q)*(Area)= ✓ kg = ✓ ton
Where:
Ce: Coefficient of wind effect (pressure or fig.1
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suction”-”) as shown in fig.1 and fig.2

S:spacing between main system (m)
k: Exposer factor as shown the following table and
fig.3
q: Basic wind pressure and is based on the location
of the building as listed in the following table.

fig.3 fig.2
“Design of Steel Structures I”
2.3 Wind Loads (a) (a/2)
Panel width(a)
The area in the previous equation is the (S) (S)
Interior joint
Exterior joint
area that each joint serve regarding wind g (S)
cin
spa
load as shown in the following figure. ste
m
sy
in
Where exterior joint serve an area of = Ma

𝑎∗𝑆 e (q)
r
. While the interior one serve an area Pre
ssu
2∗cos α
ind
W
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𝑎∗𝑆
of
cos α

Note: the wind effect must be calculated

from both left and right directions

P1= (0.8*k *q)*(S) = ✓ t/m

𝑎∗𝑆
P2 = (Ce*k *q)*( ) =✓t
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼

𝑎∗𝑆
P3 = (-0.5*k *q)*( ) =✓t
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼

P4 = (-0.5*k *q)* (S) = ✓ t/m

“Design of Steel Structures I”
2.4 Structure analysis

The first method is using Manual

calculation for all members to
obtain straining action according to:
• DL LL
• WL left WL right
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Hard and take long time to obtain

results
The second method is Computer
aided program like (SAP2000) to
obtain straining action according to:
• DL LL
• WL left WL right
Easier and faster method to obtain
results
“Design of Steel Structures I”
2.5 Load combination
Member name

DF, additional
Primary case

Design force

Type of the
NOTE:

load effect
Secondary
of loading

comment
Secondary load effect
If case (II) / case (I) < 1.2⸫ use DF from Case I
If case (II) / case (I) ≥ 1.2⸫ use DF from Case II

LOAD CASES
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CASE (II) CASE (II)

Mem DL LL WL WR CASE (I) CASE (II) DF NOTES
/ CASE (I)
DL+LL DL+WL DL+WR DL+LL+WL DL+LL+WR "+VE" "-VE"
D1
D2
D3
D4

Straining Secondary case Max. value for Tension

action from of loading and Compression forces in
structural the secondary case of
analysis loading
“Design of Steel Structures I”
2.6 Example

Calculate all loads acting on the shown truss, knowing that the spacing between
trusses 6m.
Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City

SOLUTION

II- Structural
I- Load Analysis to III- Load IV- DESIGN
Calculation obtain straining combination according to the
action design force
“Design of Steel Structures I”
Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City I-Load Calculation

SOLUTION

1- Dead load 2- Live load

Assume using a single layer corrugated sheets
Assume inaccessible roof →WLL=60 - (66.67 * tan α) ≥20kg/m2
Wc= 6 kg\m2
WLL=60 - (66.67 * tan 5.71) = 53.33kg/m2 >20kg/m2 ⸫ OK
As span = 16 m < 20 m Take Ws=20 kg\m2
a PLL= WLL*(a*S)= ✓ kg = ✓ ton
PDL= Wc*( * S)+Ws*(a*S)=
cos α
PLL= 53.33*(2*6)= 640 kg = 0.64 ton
2
PDL= 6*( *6)+20*(2*6)= 312.35kg=0.312ton
cos 5.71
“Design of Steel Structures I”

3- Wind load

Truss Height = 9 m<10m → k=1

Assume Cairo → q= 70kg/m2

Assume wind effect is Left & tan α =0.1, hence Ce2 = - 0.8
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P1= (0.8*k *q)*(S) = (0.8*1 *70)*(6)=336 kg/m=0.336 t/m

𝑎∗𝑆 2∗6
P2 = (Ce*k *q)*( ) = (-0.8*1 *70)*( )= -675 kg = -0.675 t
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5.71

𝑎∗𝑆 𝑎∗𝑆
P3 = (-0.5*k *q)*( ) = (-0.5*1 *70)*( )= - 422 kg = - 0.422 t
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼

P4 = (-0.5*k *q)* (S) = (-0.5*1 *70)* (6) = - 210 kg/m = -0.21 t/m
Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City “Design of Steel Structures I”
II-Structural Analysis
Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City “Design of Steel Structures I”

L4
L3
L2
L1

V4
V3
V2
V1
U4
U3
U2
U1
D4
D3
D2
D1
Mem DL LL WL WR
III-Load combination
“Design of Steel Structures I” III-Load combination
LOAD CASES
Mem DL LL WL WR CASE (I) CASE (II)
DL+LL DL+WL DL+WR DL+LL+WL DL+LL+WR
D1 1.31 2.69 -4.77 0.66
D2 0.69 1.41 -3.29 0.99
D3 0.23 0.47 -2.14 1.27
D4 -0.13 -0.27 -1.12 1.52
L1 -0.13 -0.27 4.96 -5.10
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L2 0.79 1.63 1.59 -4.64

L3 1.23 2.53 -0.52 -4.00
L4 1.37 2.81 -1.77 -3.27
U1 -0.84 -1.72 -1.95 4.55
U2 -1.29 -2.64 0.28 3.99
U3 -1.43 -2.92 1.66 3.32
U4 -1.36 -2.78 2.39 2.58
V1 -0.93 -1.91 3.37 -0.47
V2 -0.53 -1.08 2.53 -0.76
V3 -0.19 -0.39 1.74 -1.03
V4 0.22 0.45 -0.42 -0.48
“Design of Steel Structures I” III-Load combination
LOAD CASES
Mem DL LL WL WR CASE (I) CASE (II)
DL+LL DL+WL DL+WR DL+LL+WL DL+LL+WR
D1 1.31 2.69 -4.77 0.66 4.00 -3.46 1.97 -0.77 4.66
D2 0.69 1.41 -3.29 0.99 2.10 -2.60 1.68 -1.19 3.09
D3 0.23 0.47 -2.14 1.27 0.70 -1.91 1.50 -1.44 1.97
D4 -0.13 -0.27 -1.12 1.52 -0.40 -1.25 1.39 -1.52 1.12

L1 -0.13 -0.27 4.96 -5.10 -0.40 4.83 -5.23 4.56 -5.50

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L2 0.79 1.63 1.59 -4.64 2.42 2.38 -3.85 4.01 -2.22

L3 1.23 2.53 -0.52 -4.00 3.76 0.71 -2.77 3.24 -0.24
L4 1.37 2.81 -1.77 -3.27 4.18 -0.40 -1.90 2.41 0.91
U1 -0.84 -1.72 -1.95 4.55 -2.56 -2.79 3.71 -4.51 1.99

U2 -1.29 -2.64 0.28 3.99 -3.93 -1.01 2.70 -3.65 0.06

U3 -1.43 -2.92 1.66 3.32 -4.35 0.23 1.89 -2.69 -1.03

U4 -1.36 -2.78 2.39 2.58 -4.14 1.03 1.22 -1.75 -1.56

V1 -0.93 -1.91 3.37 -0.47 -2.84 2.44 -1.40 0.53 -3.31

V2 -0.53 -1.08 2.53 -0.76 -1.61 2.00 -1.29 0.92 -2.37

V3 -0.19 -0.39 1.74 -1.03 -0.58 1.55 -1.22 1.16 -1.61

V4 0.22 0.45 -0.42 -0.48 0.67 -0.20 -0.26 0.25 0.19
“Design of Steel Structures I” III-Load combination
LOAD CASES
CASE (II) CASE (II)
Mem DL LL WL WR CASE (I) CASE (II)
/ CASE (I)
DL+LL DL+WL DL+WR DL+LL+WL DL+LL+WR "+VE" "-VE"
D1 1.31 2.69 -4.77 0.66 4.00 -3.46 1.97 -0.77 4.66
D2 0.69 1.41 -3.29 0.99 2.10 -2.60 1.68 -1.19 3.09
D3 0.23 0.47 -2.14 1.27 0.70 -1.91 1.50 -1.44 1.97
D4 -0.13 -0.27 -1.12 1.52 -0.40 -1.25 1.39 -1.52 1.12

L1 -0.13 -0.27 4.96 -5.10 -0.40 4.83 -5.23 4.56 -5.50

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L2 0.79 1.63 1.59 -4.64 2.42 2.38 -3.85 4.01 -2.22

L3 1.23 2.53 -0.52 -4.00 3.76 0.71 -2.77 3.24 -0.24
L4 1.37 2.81 -1.77 -3.27 4.18 -0.40 -1.90 2.41 0.91
U1 -0.84 -1.72 -1.95 4.55 -2.56 -2.79 3.71 -4.51 1.99

U2 -1.29 -2.64 0.28 3.99 -3.93 -1.01 2.70 -3.65 0.06

U3 -1.43 -2.92 1.66 3.32 -4.35 0.23 1.89 -2.69 -1.03

U4 -1.36 -2.78 2.39 2.58 -4.14 1.03 1.22 -1.75 -1.56

V1 -0.93 -1.91 3.37 -0.47 -2.84 2.44 -1.40 0.53 -3.31

V2 -0.53 -1.08 2.53 -0.76 -1.61 2.00 -1.29 0.92 -2.37

V3 -0.19 -0.39 1.74 -1.03 -0.58 1.55 -1.22 1.16 -1.61

V4 0.22 0.45 -0.42 -0.48 0.67 -0.20 -0.26 0.25 0.19
“Design of Steel Structures I” III-Load combination
LOAD CASES
CASE (II) CASE (II)
Mem DL LL WL WR CASE (I) CASE (II)
/ CASE (I)
DL+LL DL+WL DL+WR DL+LL+WL DL+LL+WR "+VE" "-VE"
D1 1.31 2.69 -4.77 0.66 4.00 -3.46 1.97 -0.77 4.66 4.66 -3.46 CASE(I)
D2 0.69 1.41 -3.29 0.99 2.10 -2.60 1.68 -1.19 3.09 3.09 -2.60 CASE(II)
D3 0.23 0.47 -2.14 1.27 0.70 -1.91 1.50 -1.44 1.97 1.97 -1.91 CASE(II)
D4 -0.13 -0.27 -1.12 1.52 -0.40 -1.25 1.39 -1.52 1.12 1.39 -1.52 CASE(II)

L1 -0.13 -0.27 4.96 -5.10 -0.40 4.83 -5.23 4.56 -5.50 4.83 -5.50 CASE(II)
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L2 0.79 1.63 1.59 -4.64 2.42 2.38 -3.85 4.01 -2.22 4.01 -3.85 CASE(II)
L3 1.23 2.53 -0.52 -4.00 3.76 0.71 -2.77 3.24 -0.24 3.24 -2.77 CASE(I)
L4 1.37 2.81 -1.77 -3.27 4.18 -0.40 -1.90 2.41 0.91 2.41 -1.90 CASE(I)
U1 -0.84 -1.72 -1.95 4.55 -2.56 -2.79 3.71 -4.51 1.99 3.71 -4.51 CASE(II)

U2 -1.29 -2.64 0.28 3.99 -3.93 -1.01 2.70 -3.65 0.06 2.70 -3.65 CASE(I)

U3 -1.43 -2.92 1.66 3.32 -4.35 0.23 1.89 -2.69 -1.03 1.89 -2.69 CASE(I)

U4 -1.36 -2.78 2.39 2.58 -4.14 1.03 1.22 -1.75 -1.56 1.22 -1.75 CASE(I)

V1 -0.93 -1.91 3.37 -0.47 -2.84 2.44 -1.40 0.53 -3.31 2.44 -3.31 CASE(I)

V2 -0.53 -1.08 2.53 -0.76 -1.61 2.00 -1.29 0.92 -2.37 2.00 -2.37 CASE(II)

V3 -0.19 -0.39 1.74 -1.03 -0.58 1.55 -1.22 1.16 -1.61 1.55 -1.61 CASE(II)
V4 0.22 0.45 -0.42 -0.48 0.67 -0.20 -0.26 0.25 0.19 0.25 -0.26 CASE(I)
“Design of Steel Structures I” III-Load combination
LOAD CASES
CASE (II) CASE (II)
Mem DL LL WL WR CASE (I) CASE (II) DF NOTES
/ CASE (I)
DL+LL DL+WL DL+WR DL+LL+WL DL+LL+WR "+VE" "-VE"
D1 1.31 2.69 -4.77 0.66 4.00 -3.46 1.97 -0.77 4.66 4.66 -3.46 CASE(I)
D2 0.69 1.41 -3.29 0.99 2.10 -2.60 1.68 -1.19 3.09 3.09 -2.60 CASE(II)
D3 0.23 0.47 -2.14 1.27 0.70 -1.91 1.50 -1.44 1.97 1.97 -1.91 CASE(II)
D4 -0.13 -0.27 -1.12 1.52 -0.40 -1.25 1.39 -1.52 1.12 1.39 -1.52 CASE(II)

L1 -0.13 -0.27 4.96 -5.10 -0.40 4.83 -5.23 4.56 -5.50 4.83 -5.50 CASE(II)
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L2 0.79 1.63 1.59 -4.64 2.42 2.38 -3.85 4.01 -2.22 4.01 -3.85 CASE(II)
L3 1.23 2.53 -0.52 -4.00 3.76 0.71 -2.77 3.24 -0.24 3.24 -2.77 CASE(I)
L4 1.37 2.81 -1.77 -3.27 4.18 -0.40 -1.90 2.41 0.91 2.41 -1.90 CASE(I)
U1 -0.84 -1.72 -1.95 4.55 -2.56 -2.79 3.71 -4.51 1.99 3.71 -4.51 CASE(II)

U2 -1.29 -2.64 0.28 3.99 -3.93 -1.01 2.70 -3.65 0.06 2.70 -3.65 CASE(I)

U3 -1.43 -2.92 1.66 3.32 -4.35 0.23 1.89 -2.69 -1.03 1.89 -2.69 CASE(I)

U4 -1.36 -2.78 2.39 2.58 -4.14 1.03 1.22 -1.75 -1.56 1.22 -1.75 CASE(I)

V1 -0.93 -1.91 3.37 -0.47 -2.84 2.44 -1.40 0.53 -3.31 2.44 -3.31 CASE(I)

V2 -0.53 -1.08 2.53 -0.76 -1.61 2.00 -1.29 0.92 -2.37 2.00 -2.37 CASE(II)

V3 -0.19 -0.39 1.74 -1.03 -0.58 1.55 -1.22 1.16 -1.61 1.55 -1.61 CASE(II)
V4 0.22 0.45 -0.42 -0.48 0.67 -0.20 -0.26 0.25 0.19 0.25 -0.26 CASE(I)
“Design of Steel Structures I” III-Load combination
LOAD CASES
CASE (II) CASE (II)
Mem DL LL WL WR CASE (I) CASE (II) DF NOTES
/ CASE (I)
DL+LL DL+WL DL+WR DL+LL+WL DL+LL+WR "+VE" "-VE"
D1 1.31 2.69 -4.77 0.66 4.00 -3.46 1.97 -0.77 4.66 4.66 -3.46 CASE(I) 4.00 TEN. &CHECK-COMP.
D2 0.69 1.41 -3.29 0.99 2.10 -2.60 1.68 -1.19 3.09 3.09 -2.60 CASE(II) 3.09 TEN. &CHECK-COMP.
D3 0.23 0.47 -2.14 1.27 0.70 -1.91 1.50 -1.44 1.97 1.97 -1.91 CASE(II) 1.97 TEN. &CHECK-COMP.
D4 -0.13 -0.27 -1.12 1.52 -0.40 -1.25 1.39 -1.52 1.12 1.39 -1.52 CASE(II) -1.52 COMP. &CHECK-TEN.

L1 -0.13 -0.27 4.96 -5.10 -0.40 4.83 -5.23 4.56 -5.50 4.83 -5.50 CASE(II) -5.50 COMP. &CHECK-TEN.
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L2 0.79 1.63 1.59 -4.64 2.42 2.38 -3.85 4.01 -2.22 4.01 -3.85 CASE(II) 4.01 TEN. &CHECK-COMP.
L3 1.23 2.53 -0.52 -4.00 3.76 0.71 -2.77 3.24 -0.24 3.24 -2.77 CASE(I) 3.76 TEN. &CHECK-COMP.
L4 1.37 2.81 -1.77 -3.27 4.18 -0.40 -1.90 2.41 0.91 2.41 -1.90 CASE(I) 4.18 TEN. &CHECK-COMP.
U1 -0.84 -1.72 -1.95 4.55 -2.56 -2.79 3.71 -4.51 1.99 3.71 -4.51 CASE(II) -4.51 COMP. &CHECK-TEN.

U2 -1.29 -2.64 0.28 3.99 -3.93 -1.01 2.70 -3.65 0.06 2.70 -3.65 CASE(I) -3.93 COMP. &CHECK-TEN.

U3 -1.43 -2.92 1.66 3.32 -4.35 0.23 1.89 -2.69 -1.03 1.89 -2.69 CASE(I) -4.35 COMP. &CHECK-TEN.

U4 -1.36 -2.78 2.39 2.58 -4.14 1.03 1.22 -1.75 -1.56 1.22 -1.75 CASE(I) -4.14 COMP. &CHECK-TEN.

V1 -0.93 -1.91 3.37 -0.47 -2.84 2.44 -1.40 0.53 -3.31 2.44 -3.31 CASE(I) -2.84 COMP. &CHECK-TEN.

V2 -0.53 -1.08 2.53 -0.76 -1.61 2.00 -1.29 0.92 -2.37 2.00 -2.37 CASE(II) -2.37 COMP. &CHECK-TEN.

V3 -0.19 -0.39 1.74 -1.03 -0.58 1.55 -1.22 1.16 -1.61 1.55 -1.61 CASE(II) -1.61 COMP. &CHECK-TEN.
V4 0.22 0.45 -0.42 -0.48 0.67 -0.20 -0.26 0.25 0.19 0.25 -0.26 CASE(I) 0.67 TEN. &CHECK-COMP.
“Design of Steel Structures I”
2.6 Example

Calculate all loads acting on the shown truss, knowing that the spacing between
trusses 6m.
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SOLUTION

II- Structural
IV- DESIGN
I- Load Analysis to III- Load
according to the
Calculation obtain straining combination
design force
action