Theorist Name Key Concepts Stages of Development

Freudian and Neo-Freudian

Era

Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud emphasized the Oral stage birth to 1 year
importance of the unconscious
mind, and a core principle of Anal stage 1 to 3 years old
Freudian thought is that the
unconscious mind drives behavior Phallic stage 3 to 6 years old
to a larger extent than most
people believe. The purpose of Latent period 6 to puberty
psychoanalysis is, certainly, to
make the unconscious conscious. Genital stage puberty to death
Alfred Adler According to Adler's view,
everyone experiences a sense of Engagement
inferiority. People strive from
birth to overcome their inferiority Assessment
by "striving for superiority," and
Adler believed that this drive was Insight
the driving force behind human
behaviors, emotions, and Interest
thoughts.
Carl Jung Carl Jung's theory is the collective Three parts:
unconscious. He believed that
human beings are connected to Childhood
each other and their ancestors
through a shared set of Puberty to young
experiences. We use this
collective consciousness to give Adulthood and middle age
meaning to the world.
Karen Horney Karen Horney, a psychoanalytic
theorist, established one of the Horney believed that “most of us
most well-known theories of want and appreciate affection,
neurosis. She thought that self-control, modesty,
neurosis was produced by basic consideration of others,”.
anxiety caused by interpersonal
relationships. Horney's theory
claims that coping mechanisms
for anxiety can be overused,
causing them to seem as needs.
Melanie Klein Klein's theory emphasized the two phases: the paranoid-schizoid
idea of objects, which are related position and the depressive
to human contact during infancy. position. In the paranoid-schizoid
The most important objects to a position, the main anxiety is
child are the mother and the paranoia and hypochondria, and
mother's breast. According to the fear is for the self. When
Klein, infants are born with an things are going well, the mother
unconscious fantasy life. is experienced as an all benign

Erich Fromm Erich Fromm was a Neo-Freudian
psychoanalyst who proposed a
personality theory based on two
basic needs: freedom and
belonging. He proposed that
people develop specific
personality traits or strategies to
deal with the anxiety caused by
feelings of isolation.
Harry Sullivan Sullivan argued that individuals'
self-identity is built up over the
years through their perceptions
of how they are regarded by
significant people in their
environments. Different stages in
the course of behavioral
development correspond to
different ways of interacting with
others.
Erik Erikson This theory consists of eight
stages of development: Trust
versus mistrust; Autonomy versus
shame and doubt; Initiative
versus guilt; Industry versus
inferiority; Identity versus identity
confusion; Intimacy versus
isolation; Generativity versus
stagnation; Integrity versus
despair.
figure.
Fromm lists four types of
nonproductive character
orientation, which he called
receptive, exploitative, hoarding,
and marketing, and one positive
character orientation, which he
called productive.
Infancy (Age: birth to 1 year):
The child begins the process of
developing.
Childhood (Age-1-5):
The development of speech and
improved communication is key
in this stage of development.
Juvenile (Age- 6-8):
The main focus as a juvenile is the
need for playmates and the
beginning of healthy socialization.
Preadolescence (Age-9-12):
During this stage, the child’s
ability to forma close relationship
with a peer is the major focus.
Early Adolescence (Age-13-17):
The onset of puberty changes this
need for friendship to a need for
sexual expression. .
Late Adolescence (Age-18-22 or
23)
The need for friendship and need
for sexual expression get
combined during late
adolescence.
Adulthood (Age-23 on wards)
The struggles of adulthood
include financial security, career,
and family.
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and
Doubt
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Stage 7: Generativity vs.
Stagnation
Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair
Humanistic/Existentialist Key Concepts Therapeutic Concepts
Authors

Carl Rogers Rogers believed that every person

could achieve their goals, wishes, Self-worth
and desires in life. When, or
rather if they did so, self Self-image
actualization took place.
Ideal self

Abraham Maslow Maslow argued that everyone has
a hierarchy of needs that must be
met, ranging from basic
physiological necessities to love,
esteem, and, finally, self-
actualization
Rollo May May determined that human
beings fear death because we
cannot comprehend our own lack
of existence. May focused on the
concept of freedom as the
pinnacle of human existence.
physiological needs, safety needs,
love and belonging needs, esteem
needs, and self-actualization
needs.
Innocence
Rebellion
Ordinary
Creative consciousness of self