NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology

Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 2
THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

Name: Geia Marie A. Silvero Section: 10 Date Submitted: February 11, 2022

I. INTRODUCTION
Different chemical reactions govern all processes in living organisms. These reactions
include conversion of food to energy to run cellular processes and elimination of resulting
waste products. These enzyme-catalyzed metabolic reactions allow organisms to grow and
produce offspring, maintain their structures, and respond to environmental cues.

II. BRIEFLY DESCRIBE A SYNTHESIS REACTION AND A DECOMPOSITION REACTION.

A synthesis reaction, also known as a direct combination reaction, is a chemical reaction in
which two or more simple chemicals react to produce a more complex product. Water (H20) and
carbon dioxide (CO2) production are an example of this reaction. The formation of a more
complex product from the reactants is a notable characteristic of a synthesis reaction. A
decomposition reaction is a type of chemical reaction that produces two or more products from
one reactant. Decomposition reactions are sometimes known as chemical breakdowns or
analytical reactions. Synthesis is the polar opposite of this reaction, in which simpler reactants
combine to generate a more complex product or result. Water can also be used as an example
of a breakdown reaction because it can be divided into hydrogen and oxygen gas via electrolysis.

Reference:
Helmenstine, A. (2020, August 27). Decomposition reaction definition.
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-decomposition-reaction-604995
Helmenstine, A. (2020, August 27). Synthesis reaction description plus examples. ThoughtCo.
thoughtco.com/synthesis-reactions-and-examples-604033.
III. IDENTIFY THE FOUR MAJOR ORGANIC MOLECULES IN LIVING ORGANISMS. ENUMERATE
AT LEAST 2 FUNCTIONS FOR EACH.

Functions:
Figure 2A._____Carbohydrates_______________(a)short-term energy storage

(b)converted to glucose
quickly wherein glucose is
used to make ATP (energy) and
©
Biofacultymember2020
glucose is required in brain cell
production
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University

Functions:

Figure 2B. ___Lipids________________ (a)long term energy storage

(b)protective cushion for

organs

Functions:

(a)used to help make hair,

Figure 2C. ______Proteins_____________
nails, muscles and repair skin
and body's tissues

(b)allows metabolic reactions

to take place and coordinates
bodily functions

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University

Functions:

(a)storage and expression of

genetic information
Figure 2D.____Nucleic Acids_______________ (b)can serve as sources of energy
in the form of ATP, secondary
messengers, and allosteric
enzyme effectors, etc.

IV. ASSESSMENT
Answer each item guided by the specific instructions for each question set.
A. True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.

___True_ 1. Our liver converts toxic ammonia to a harmless substance called urea through
its enzymes.

__True__ 2. ATP is the high-energy fuel molecule that the cell needs in order to function.

__True__ 3. Energy storage is the more common function of carbohydrates.

_False___ 4. Enzymes are protein catalysts that block the chemical reaction.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
__True__ 5. Concerning the effect of temperature on diffusion, the higher the temperature
the faster the movement.

B. Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.

6. Approximately 60% to 80% of a cell is ______water______________.

7. ________Carbon dioxide____________ is produced as a waste product of cellular respiration.

8. ____ Oxygen________________ is required by all organisms that breathe air.

9. Carbohydrates have two important functions: structural strengthening of the cell and
__energy storage__________________.

10. The smallest particle of an element that maintains all of the characteristics of that element is
a(n) _______atom_____________.

11. The area where an electron can be found is referred to as the electron’s
_____orbital_______________.

12. Atoms combine chemically with one another to form ____bonds________________.

13. About _____21_______________% of the gas in the atmosphere is oxygen.

14. Since the number of protons equals the number of electrons, an atom is electrically
_______neutral_____________.

15. In 1808, John Dalton proposed the theory that all matter consists of atoms. This proposal led
to the development of the ____ Atomic________________ theory.

C. Matching Type

Match each item with the correct statement below.

a. osmosis d. atoms
b. diffusion e. compound
c. ion

_e___ 16. the combination of the atoms of two or more elements

_a__ 17. movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University

_b__ 18. movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration

_c___ 19. charged atoms

_d___ 20. smallest particles of an element

Match each item with the correct statement below.

a. covalent bond d. carbon
b. ionic bond e. water
c. acid

__d_ 21. element found in all living matter

__e__ 22. the most abundant substance in living cells

__b__ 23. bond in which one atom gains electrons while another atom loses electrons

__a__ 24. bond in which atoms share electrons to fill their outermost shells

__c__ 25. substance that dissociates and forms an excess of H+ ions

©
Biofacultymember2020