NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology

Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
LECTURE ACTIVITY NO. 1
THE HUMAN ORGANISM

Name: Geia Marie A. Silvero Section: 10 Date Submitted: Feb 6, 2022

I. INTRODUCTION
The human body consists of different organs that work together to carry out human activities and sustain
life. An understanding of its anatomy and physiology is important to have an understanding of how it
carries out the important processes needed for survival and reproduction.
II. ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITY TABLE 1.

Table 1. Understanding the human organism.

GUID ANSWERS
E
QUE
STIO
NS
1.01A Anatomy (which means to dissect, or cut) is the branch of science that deals with the study of the
. structures of the body and it also examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and
Defin its function. The two basic approaches to the study of anatomy are: (a) systemic anatomy (i.e. the
e study of the body by systems, like the cardiovascular and nervous systems) and (b) regional
anato anatomy (i.e. the study of the organization of the body by areas – within each region, all systems are
my studied simultaneously.) Whereas, the two general ways to examine the internal structures of a
and human being are: (a) surface anatomy (i.e. the study of external features for example, bone
descri projections) and (b) anatomical imaging (i.e. involves the use of technologies such as x-rays,
be the ultrasound, MRI to create pictures of internal structures to determine certain problems internally.
levels
at
whic
h
anato
my
can
be
studi
ed.

1.01B. "The shape and stability of structures of natural and designed objects are related to their
Expla function(s)” -Joe Ford, 2021. The functioning of natural and built systems alike depends on the
in the shapes and relationships of certain key parts as well as on the properties of the materials from
impo which they are made. Without proper and precise structures, an organ or organism will not function

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
rtanc well or will not sustain its supposed job. It will be a domino effect of destruction and chaos in a
e of certain system if the structure built and the function are not coincided properly with one another.
the
relati
onshi
p
betwe
en
struct
ure
and
functi
on
1.02A Physiology (the study of nature) is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions
. of living things (e.g. human organism).
Defin
e
physi
ology
.

1.02B. The two major goals of physiology are: (a) examining the body’s response to stimuli and (b)
State examining the body’s maintenance of stable internal conditions.
two
major
goals
of
physi
ology
.

1.03A The 6 structural and functional organizations are the following: (a) chemical, (b) cellular, (c) tissues,
. (d) organs, (e) organ-system, (f) organism. The chemical level pertains to the smallest level of
Descr structural and functional organization composing of atoms, chemical bonds, and molecules. The
ibe cellular level is the next one after the chemical level wherein it comprises the cells (i.e. the basic unit
the of life) holding the different cellular organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, etc. Then
six the next one is the tissues which refers to the group of cells with similar structure and function also,
levels extracellular substances they release which have four broad types: epithelial, connective, muscular,
of and nervous. The fourth structural and functional organizational level is the organ[s], meaning
organ there are two or more tissue types acting together to perform function such as the liver, heart,
izatio kidney, and bladder. Then, the organ-system wherein it is already composing of a group of organs
n of contributing to some function for instance, the digestive system (i.e. in charge of digesting food and

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
the converting molecules that are readily absorbable by the body) and urinary system (i.e. functions to
body excrete wastes and reabsorb substances that are still useful for the body like electrolytes & glucose).
and Finally, the last level is the organism (e.g. human being) where all organ systems are working
descri altogether which also includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria. Each level has
be the its major characteristic wherein each has a unique one from the other corresponding level. The
major major characteristic of chemical level, is from the word itself, composed of different chemical
chara compositions building up the smallest level of structural and functional organization. The cellular
cteris level’s major characteristic is also simple because from the term “cellular” it mainly composes of the
tics of basic unit of life which is/are the cell[s]. The tissues however are composed of a group of cells
each having similar structure and function. The rest cycle follows as to the organs (i.e. having two or
level. more tissues to perform a set of function[s]), organ-system (i.e. having different organs to perform
various functions, and lastly is the organism wherein all the organ-system are working together to
make sure the organism will survive.

1.03B. The 11-organ system are the following: (1) integumentary system, (2) skeletal system, (3) muscular
List system, (4) nervous system, (5) endocrine system, (6) cardiovascular system, (7) lymphatic system,
the (8) respiratory system, (9) digestive system, (10) urinary system, and (11) reproductive system. The
eleve integumentary system protects you, controls your temperature, keeps you hydrated, and aids in the
n production of vitamin D. Skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands are all part of it. The
organ skeletal system protects and supports the body's movements, creates cells, and stores minerals and
syste adipose tissue, among other things. Bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints make up the skeletal
ms, system/body's structure. Body movements, posture, and body heat are all produced by the muscular
identi system. Tendons connect muscles to connective tissue sheets or the bones. The nervous system is a
fy key control mechanism that detects and regulates motions, physiological processes, and mental
their functions, among other things. The brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors make up this
comp organ-system. The endocrine system is a complex system of regulation that has an impact on
onent metabolism, growth, reproduction, and a variety of other processes. The brain, pituitary, thyroid
s, and gland, adrenal gland, gonads, and other hormone-secreting structures make up the endocrine
descri glands. By removing unwanted items from blood and lymph, the lymphatic system helps to prevent
be the disease, keep tissue fluids in check, and absorb nutrients from the digestive tract, the lymphatic
major system helps to keep the body healthy. The lymphatic tubes, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and
functi other lymphatic tissues make up this organ-system. The lungs, diaphragm, and respiratory
ons passageways composes the respiratory system, which controls blood pH and exchanges oxygen and
of carbon dioxide between the blood and the air. Digestives, nutrient absorption, and waste removal
each are all mechanical and chemical processes performed by the digestive system. The mouth,
syste esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs composes the organ-system.
m. The urinary system regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance by removing waste items
from the bloodstream. The kidneys, ureters, urethra, and urine bladder are all part of this system.
The reproductive system has two types: (a) female reproductive system (i.e. produces oocytes and is
the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones
that influence sexual function and behaviors which consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus,
vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures) and (b) male reproductive system (i.e.

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual
functions and behaviors which consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.)
1.04A The 6 characteristics of life are: (1) organization, (2) metabolism, (3) responsiveness, (4) growth, (5)
. List development, (6) reproduction. The interrelationships between the distinct elements of an organism,
and as well as how they interact to complete certain tasks, are referred to as organization. The ability to
defin use energy for other critical tasks including growth, mobility, and reproduction is known as
e six metabolism. The ability of an organism to notice and adapt to changes in its external or internal
chara environment is known as responsiveness. The term "growth" refers to an increase in the size or
cteris quantity of cells of an organism, resulting in an overall expansion of the whole or part of the
tics of organism. The changes that an organism takes over time, starting with conception and ending with
life. mortality, are referred to as development. Growth is the most common aspect of development, but
differentiation is also a part of it. From an immature, generalist state to a mature, specialized state,
differentiation entails changes in a cell's structure and function. The process of creating new cells or
organisms is known as reproduction. Because cell reproduction allows for growth and
development, these three elements coexist and are inextricably linked.
1.05A The need for the body to reach and maintain a given condition of equilibrium is referred to as
. homeostasis. Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to keep internal conditions, such as
Defin temperature and blood sugar, relatively consistent and stable.
e Reference:
home Davies KJ. (2016). Adaptive homeostasis. Mol Aspects Med.
ostasi doi:10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.007
s and
expla
in
why
it is
impo
rtant
for
prope
r
body
functi
on.

1.05B. So far as researchers can tell, the term "negative" does not refer to a "bad" effect. It simply means
Descr that the existing state of an activity isn't conducive to a positive outcome, so the body reacts in the
ibe a opposite way. In order to maintain a healthy equilibrium, the negative feedback loop signals that it
negat is now time to terminate an activity, such as the release of specific hormones. For instance, our
ive- blood sugar levels. Insulin and glucagon are the major hormones that control our blood sugar levels.
feedb The Islets of Langerhans, which are unique cells in the pancreas, secrete these hormones. Gastrogen
ack is converted to glucose molecules by insulin, while glucose is converted to glycogen by glucagon.

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
mech Receptor sites in the pancreas sense when the sugar concentration in our blood rises, such as after a
anis meal. Insulin is then produced by the pancreas. Glucose is converted into glycogen, which is stored
m in the liver. As a result, our blood sugar levels are returned to normal. The sensors in the pancreas,
and on the other hand, sense changes in blood sugar levels as they decline. The release of glucagon is
give stimulated, but insulin is not secreted. The liver's stored glycogen is converted to glucose molecules
an by glucagon, which raises blood sugar levels.
exam Reference:
ple. Jalan, M. (2022). Feedback mechanism: what are positive and negative feedback mechanisms.
https://www.scienceabc.com/humans/feedback-mechanism-what-are-positive-negative-feedback-
mechanisms.html
1.05C Unlike a negative feedback system, a positive feedback system is the polar opposite of the negative
. feedback system. Because the output diminishes the stimulus's original effect, negative feedback is a
Descr good option. The output of a positive feedback loop enhances the original stimulus by enhancing
ibe a the original stimulus. Childbirth is an excellent example of a positive feedback system. A hormone
positi called oxytocin is released during childbirth, which intensifies and speeds up contractions. As the
ve- number of contractions rises, more oxytocin is released, and so on until the baby is born.
feedb OXYTOCIN is no longer released and the positive feedback mechanism is no longer active after the
ack birth. The original stimulus is enhanced by positive feedback mechanisms, while the original
mech stimulus is hampered by negative feedback.
anis Reference:
m Anatomy & Physiology.com. (2013). Homeostasis positive or negative feedback mechanisms.
and https://anatomyandphysiologyi.com/homeostasis-positivenegative-feedback-mechanisms/
give
an
exam
ple
1.06A In this position, a person is standing upright with the lower limbs together or slightly apart, feet flat
. on the floor and facing forward, upper limbs at the sides with the palms facing forward and thumbs
Descr pointing away from the body, and head and eyes directed straight ahead. In addition, the arms are
ibe a usually placed slightly apart from the body so that the hands do not touch the sides.
perso Reference
n in Medicine.LibreTexts. (2020). Anatomical Position.
anato https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book:_Anatomy_and_Physiology
mical _(Boundless)/1:_Introduction_to_Anatomy_and_Physiology/1.4:_Mapping_the_Body/1.4A:_Anato
positi mical_Position
on.

1.06B. The positions of structures with relation to other structures or locations in the body are referred to
Defin as directional terms. When learning anatomy, this is especially important because it provides a
e the common language that makes it easier to recognize features. When characterizing the locations of
direct structures to be explored in dissections, these phrases are quite useful. The body's planes can also be
ional

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
terms described using anatomical directional words. The term "body plane" refers to the way a person's
for body is divided into sections or regions.
the Anterior/ventral - front (e.g. the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg). Posterior/dorsal -
huma back or towards the back (e.g. the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body).
n Medial - toward the midline of the body (e.g. the middle toe is located at the medial side of the foot).
body Lateral - away from the midline of the body (e.g. the little toe is located at the lateral side of the
and foot). Proximal - toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (e.g. the proximal end of
use the femur joins with the pelvic bone). Distal - away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or
them origin of a part (e.g. the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm).
to Reference:
locate Bailey, R. (2019). Anatomical directional terms and body planes.
specif https://www.thoughtco.com/anatomical-directional-terms-and-body-planes-373204
ic
body
struct
ures.

1.06D A set of orientations and movements that assist in categorizing any physical activity are governed
. by each anatomical plane. There are a set of three planes that show you which way the motion is
Nam going. The body's relative position is calculated based on the plane in dispute. The planes pass
e and through the body, dissecting it into several parts. As a result, these anatomical planes can be used to
descri represent any physical activity or workout routine.
be the The body is divided into two halves by the sagittal plane. As a result, there is a forward and
three backward motion in this anatomical location. In other words, the sagittal plane is where flexion and
major extension movements take place. As a result, a person moving in the sagittal plane would go back
plane and forth rather than sideways. Squats, in which a person travels from front to back and vice versa,
s of are the best illustration of motion in this anatomical plane. A sagittal plane that properly splits the
the body down the midline is known as a "median" or "midsagittal" plane. It's squarely in the center, as
body the prefix "mid" suggests. Any sagittal plane that does not go perfectly down the body's midline is
and referred to as a "parasagittal" plane. The frontal plane (coronal plane) divides the human body into
the two halves: the front and back. In the frontal plane, there is a sideways motion. The characteristic of
body frontal plane motion is its side-to-side movement. Abduction and adduction are two terms used to
organ describe the motions that occur in this anatomical plane. When it comes to horizontal (sideways)
s. movement, the jumping jacks, in which the legs and arms are stretched to the side and then drawn
together, are a must-do. In a jumping jack, this side-to-side movement is referred to as frontal plane
motion.
The body is divided into two parts by the transverse plane. Rotational movements are the most
common type of motion that can occur in this anatomical plane. Transverse plane movements
include the baseball swing, golf swing, and oblique crunch, all of which are rotational in character.
This category includes activities that require the upper and/or lower body to turn in a circular
motion.
Reference

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
Bodytomy. Sagittal, coronal, and transverse 3 anatomical planes of human motion.
https://bodytomy.com/sagittal-coronal-transverse-3anatomical-planes-of-human-motion

National Career Institute. (n.d.) Anatomical terminology.

https://www.training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/body/terminology.html#:~:text=Directional%20Term
s.%20Directional%20terms%20describe%20the%20positions%20of,the%20foot%20is%20part%20of%
20the%20inferior%20extremity%29.
1.06E. The ventral cavity and the dorsal cavity are the two largest cavities in the human body. There are
Descr two bodily cavities that are subdivided into smaller ones. The anterior, or front, of the trunk is
ibe where the ventral cavity is located. The lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, and reproductive organs
the are all contained within this bodily cavity. As the organs within it execute their jobs, the ventral
major cavity allows for significant changes in the size and structure of the organs within it. Organs like the
trunk lungs, stomach, and uterus, for example, can expand or contract without affecting other tissues or
caviti interrupting the operations of other organs in the vicinity. The thoracic and abdominopelvic
es chambers are separated from the ventral cavity. The thoracic cavity, which fills the chest, is divided
and into two pleural cavities and a pericardial cavity, which surrounds the heart. The lungs are housed
their in the pleural cavities, while the heart is housed in the pericardial cavity. The lower half of the trunk
divisi is filled by the abdominopelvic cavity, which is separated into two parts: the abdominal cavity and
ons. the pelvic cavity. The kidneys and digestive organs are located in the abdominal cavity, whereas the
reproductive and excretory organs are located in the pelvic cavity.
The body's posterior, or back, cavity, which includes both the head and the trunk's back, is known
as the dorsal cavity. The cranial and spinal cavities are separated from the dorsal cavity. The brain is
housed in the cranial cavity, which occupies the majority of the upper section of the skull. Inside the
vertebral column, there is a long, narrow space called the spinal cavity. The spinal cord is contained
in this organ, which runs the length of the trunk. The bones of the skull and the vertebrae of the
spine protect the brain and spinal cord.
Reference
Wakim, S. & Grewal, M. (2021). Human Body Cavities.
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book:_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grew
al)/10:_Introduction_to_the_Human_Body/10.5:_Human_Body_Cavitie
1.06F. The serous membrane, also known as the serosal membrane, is a thin membrane that surrounds
Descr internal organs and cavities, such as the heart, lungs, and abdomen. The mesothelium tissue, which
ibe comes from the mesoderm, makes up the thin membrane. In a variety of essential organs, the serous
the membrane enables for frictionless movement. The pericardium, which protects the heart and some
serou blood vessels, the pleural membranes, which enclose the lungs, and the peritoneal membrane,
s which covers the abdominal cavity and related organs, are all serous membranes in the body. The
mem testes are likewise surrounded by serous membranes (the tunica vaginalis). The serous membrane
brane serves a variety of purposes in terms of enclosing and protecting the organs and cavities of the
s, body. It permits the heart and lungs, as well as the abdominal organs, to move freely without
their friction. This allows the smooth muscles to move without causing harm to the organs. The serous
locati membrane, like any other semi-permeable membrane, regulates the flow of fluids and other
ons, substances over it. The creation of cytokines and other molecules involved in membrane repair and

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
and inflammatory response, as well as the modulation of various immunological responses such as
their clotting and white blood cell movement, are only a few of them.
functi
ons. Reference
BD Editors. (2017). Serous Membrane. Biology Dictionary. https://biologydictionary.net/serous-
membrane/

III. CONCLUSION: Make general statement (Maximum of three sentences on what you have learned on this
activity.

To sum it up, I learned in this activity the basic introduction about anatomy and physiology together with
its importance with the structure and function of each organ or organ-system. I also learned that it is equally
important to learn or be familiarized on how to examine the different regions and planes of the body organs
together with their major body cavities and their functions so that it will help us especially in studying anatomy
and physiology in the next coming chapters/activities.

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