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11.5.1 Precast Panel Connection Concepts

Transfer dead
1 load Carrying dead
directly 2 load on bolts
to the structurein shear is not center of center of
through bearingcommon practice gravity inside gravity outside
bearing area bearing area

Provide only two

3 points Provide points of
4 bearing
of bearing at one
per panel LEVEL only
per panel lateral
tie
required
Panel may be 6 Alternatively,
5 BOTTOM panel may
supported be MIDDLE
(preferred) ... supported. ..

tied bearing supports

.. . or panel
7 may be TOP 8 Bearing support
to be tied against bearing only
supported lateral forces

effect of position on center of gravity

9 A bolted
connection 10
Provide vertical,
horizontal and
is suitable for lateral adjustment t e n b a s i c design p r i n c i p l e s for
lateral restraint to all connections
cladding pane\ connections

DEFLECTED POSITION
OFGRID
RELATIVE
BEARING CONNECTION AT LATERAL
SPANDREL PANEL
TWOLOCATIONS COL LINES MOVEMENT
(TWO BEARING CONN)
PANEL
SEISMIC
LOAD
FLOOR
LEVEL

GRAVITY
LOAD SPANDREL PANEL
SIDE PLATES FOR
FINAL WELDING
FLOOR
LEVEL GRAVITY
REACTION

TIE-BACKCONNECTION
AS REQD. SEISMIC
REACTIONS

TIE-BACK CONNECTION
SECTION A (SOLID WALL OR WINDOWAWALL PANEL BEARING CONNECTION

panel connection concepts

(From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.5.1 Continued

alternate
connection
to columns

denotes lateral connec-

tion which can slide in two haunches per panel,
direction of arrow holes if necessary for
services
denotes load support
connection

all connectors carry load

perpendicular to panel

connections for cladding panels in joint locations and corresponding

\ow seismic risk a r e a s connection concepts

DEFLECTED
GRID
GRID

POSITIONRELATIVE
OF GRID LATERAL
RELATIVEFLOOR MOVEMENT
LATERAL
MOVEMENT
FLOOR

INITIAL BEARING
DEFLECTED -POSITION CONNECTION
POSITION . PANEL FLOOR
SEISMIC
LOAD
GRAVITY SEISMIC
LOAD REACTIONS
GRAVITY REACTION

FLOOR FLOOR TIE-BACK

CONNECTION
SEISMICREACTIONS

SECTION A
SECTIONA
TIE-BACK CONNECTION (Sl M . TO WALL PANEL)
BEARING CONNECTION
t a l l / n a r r o w units

{From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.S.I Continued

don't don't do do

DENOTES LOAD SUPPORT

DENOTESLATERAL CONNECTION
CONNECTION
connections for wall-supporting p r e c a s t c o n c r e t e wall panels

panel supported on
cantilevered floor slab
don't

precast unite for buildings

with cantilevered floor slabs

lateral tie connection only

do

panel self-supporting vertically

support at beams only

do

panel self-supporting
horizontally between beams

{From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.5.2 Panel Connection Dimensions, Alignment and Adjustable Inserts

preset
shimsw to
shims level x"

panel
tl
dimension
y" must be held
to tight tolerance

leveling
bolt

.shim space
1" minimum
1 -1 / 2 "
preferred

gap distance (clearance,)

1" minimum, 1 - 1 / 2 " preferred

dimensions f o r connection design v e r t i c a l alignment m e t h o d s

equal

load

load

equal

wedge i n s e r t s allow linear a d j u s t m e n t

(From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.5.3 Force Transfers in Precast Panel Connections

a. horizontal load transfer In x and z direction

CONCRETE TO INSERT
INSERT TO BOLT
BOLT TO ANGLE
ANGLE TO WELD
WELD TO PLATE
PLATE TO ANCHORS
ANCHORS TO CONCRETE
(7 FORCE TRANSFERS)

b. horizontal load transfer in z direction and

vertical load transfer in y direction Y
(X) (Y)
CONCRETE TO STUDS CONCRETE TO STUDS
STUDS TO ANGLE STUDS TO ANGLE
ANGLE TO WELD ANGLE TO SHIMS
WELD TO WING PLATE SHIMS TO PLATE
WNI G PLATE TO WELD PLATE TO ANCHORS
WELD TO BRG PLATE ANCHORS TO CONCRETE
BRG PLATE TO ANCHORS (6 FORCE TRANSFERS)
ANCHORS TO CONCRETE
(8 FORCE TRANSFERS)

c. horizontal load transfer in x or z direction

vertical slot
CONCRETE TO INSERT
INSERT TO BOLT
BOLT TO ANGLE
ANGLE TO WELD
WELD TO SUPPORT
(5 FORCE TRANSFERS)

d. v e r t i c a l load transfer

CONCRETE TO REINFORCEMENT AND TUBE

REINFORCEMENT TO WELDS shims
WELDS TO TUBE
TUBE TO SHIMS
SHIMS TO BEARING PLATE
BEARING PLATE TO ANCHORS
ANCHORS TO CONCRETE
(7 FORCE TRANSFERS)

e. h o r i z o n t a l load transfer in x and z direction

and v e r t i c a l load transfer in y direction

CONCRETE TO GROUT AND SHIMS shims

GROUT AND SHIMS TO SUPPORT grout
(2 FORCE TRANSFERS)

{From PCI Design Handbook, 5th ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1999)
1T .5.4 Deformation, Distortion and Cracking in Precast Panels

separate panels

floor load beam

imposed flexure
due to
unintended
restraint

section elevation

pane\ deformation on flexible beam unanticipated loading on a

non-loadbearing panel

shearing wind

panel forces induced by shearing wind on ribbed panels

frame distortion

forces to
restrain
panels due to
eccentric
load
force due to
wind suction

wind suction forces on panel corner cracking due to

unrestrained bowing
{From PCI Design Handbook, 5th ed.f Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 199
11.5.5 Forces Required to Restrain Bowing

Intermediate restraint (ends free t o rotate) end restraint

case 1: single restraint at midspan case 2: both ends restrained

moment in panel

case 3: t w o restraint points case 4 : one end restrained

moment in panel = Pa

case 5: three or more restraint points

(approximate uniform continuous restraint) for da\\y temperature change,
use E t = 0.7 5 Bc

for seasonal temperature change,

use Et - O.3O E^

moment in panel

(From PCI Design Handbook, 5th ed.f Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1999)
11.5.6 Deflection Limits for Precast Wall Panels

Type of Member Deflection to be Considered Deflection Limitation

Loadbearing precast wall panels Immediate deflection due to combined 1/240 but not greater than 3/4 in.
effects of prestress, if any, self weight, and
superimposed load
Immediate deflection due to live load 1/360 but not greater than 3/4 in.
Non-loadbearing precast wall panel That part of the total deflection after the 1/480 but not greater than 3/4 in.
elements likely to be damaged by installation of the non-loadbearing element
large deflection (the sum of the long time deflection due to
all sustained loads and the immediate
deflection due to live load)
{From ACI533R-93 Guide for Precast Concrete Wall Panels)
11.5.7 Spandrel Connections

window

~ spandrel
cast-in-
place support
topping precast member
concrete
precast panel
floor
torsion resisted torsion resisted
by spandrel by forces in floor auxiliary
window strut
M = KMe
t construction
C = T = KSe/a support

loadbearing spandrel auxiliary s t r u t support

(From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ec/.,
window wind load Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989
window

window
wind load on stabilizing force
spandrel spandrel possible
spandrel support rotation support
stabilizing force rotation

spandrel weight
window wind load
floor connection cantilever
deflection beam or slab
stabilizing force (elastic +
creep;
window

stabilizing force effect of cantilever supports

spandrel support
spandrel
weight
column connection

stabilizing force
spandrel support
stabilizing force

spandrel weight
roof connection
typical spandrel connections

{From PCI Design Handbook, 5th ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1999
11.5.8 Double Tee Connections

1/4" to 1/2"
joint erection
connection
spacing
2>'-O" o.c.

rebar topping

double double
tee tee

three #5 bars
continuous
plan
typical connection between diaphragm
topping
and wall at side of double tee
weld plate

double tee double tee

flange flange continuous
reinforcing reinforcement
bars tup. topping in topping
angle
section
typical diaphragm connections
between double tees
double tee
stirrup

girder

note.- erection connection of tee stem to beam

not shown for clarity

typical end connection between

double tees

{From PCI Design Handbook, 5th ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1999)
11.5.9 Direct Bearing Connections

Design Design
• more detailing • preferable for bracket to be
• provides lateral restraint on contract drawing and
• shims must be placed to shop installed
hold vertical alignment until • may require restraint for
grouting or drypacking is INSERT shim stack
done RODOR
• realignment is not possible BOLT Production
once connection has been • cost substantially more if
completed OVERSIZEHOLE column bracket field
OR SLEEVE
GROUT installed
Production
• more measuring Erection
• reasonable tolerance each • reasonable, if column
way SHIM STACKS OCCUR AT 2 POINTS
bracket already there
PER PANEL ADJACENT TO CONNECT/OS
• layout crew required if
Erection bracket not shop installed
• wet placement requires care
• grout problem in cold Variations
weather • leveling bolt may be used in
• may be best to field drill lieu of shims
oversized hole into
foundation
Variation
• grout could be injected
through tubes allowing more
time for alignment

Design
• simple
• lateral restraint not provided
Production
• simple OnIM
Erection STACK
• simple
• does have large tolerance
• joint may be caulked or dry-
packed

2 SHIM STACKS/PANEL

{From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
T1.5.10 Eccentric Bearing Connections

Design Design
• hardware layout drawing • weld all around may not be
required for General required
Contractor • keep bearing at centerline of STRUCTURAL
TUBE
• consider torque on beam to avoid torsion
projecting element if • safety and sequence may
unsymmetrical section used dictate blockout to embed
• panel must resist bending bracket in floor slab
• panel must resist bending
Production
• simple Production
• requires early coordination • simple
with General Contractor • substantial shop fabrication
• requires additional space for • leveling bolt is costly
storage and shipping
Erection
Erection • simple
• simple • leveling bolt saves time
Variations Variations
• W, I, channel, ST, flat bars, • different tie-back connection
angle or TS may be used may be used in lieu of weld
plate
• shims may be used in lieu of
leveling bolt
• location and configuration of
weld plate may vary
Design
• hardware layout drwg.
required for G.C.
Production
• simple
• requires early coordination Design
with G.C. • important for shaped panels;
can eliminate overturning
Erection moment from dead load
• simple when centerline of shim is at
Variations e.g. of panel
• leveling bolt may be used in Production
lieu of shims • complex forming especially
• weld plate may be used in if location of haunch
lieu of separate tie-back changes
connection
Erection
• simple
Variations
Design • forming made easier by
substituting a bolt-on steel
• hardware layout drwg. bracket especially if haunch
required for G.C. location changes
• confinement steel around
studs in panel may be
required
Production
• simple
• requires early coordination
with G.C.
Erection
• simple
Variations
• weld plate may be used in
lieu of separate tie-back
connection

(From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.5.11 Bolted and Welded Tie-Back Connections

Design Design
• slenderness ratio of rod SLOTTEDOR • simple
must be considered for THREADED INSERT • edge distance must be INSERT
compression load CLIPANGLE, BARS, ETC. considered
TO STRUCTURE WITH H/S SPACER
Production SLOT PERPENDICULARProduction (OPTIONAL)
• simple TOINSERT BOLT
• adequate tolerance is • simple WASHER
provided when slotted insert Erection
set in opposite direction of • simple
slot in angle EXPANSION
• must coordinate with steel in BOLT
foundation
Erection • accommodates large
• quick tolerance with exp. anchor
• connection hardware is ANGLE WITH OVERSIZE
prewelded, thus panels are Variations ON VERTICAL LEG
erected without welding • if pre-set insert is used in
• panel alignment can be place of exp. bolt, a slotted
completed after release from hole is necessary in the
crane horizontal leg of the angle
Variations
• if threaded insert is used,
the in-plane movement may
be achieved by flexibility of
the rod, or by an oversized
hole at the opposite end
• field weld angle to structure
• bolt angle to structure

Design
• volume change of panel and
live load deflection of steel
beam must be considered
• consider staggering studs to
minimize magnification of
the force on headed stud
due to misalignment of plate
• rigid connection
• possible volume change
restraint problems
Production
• simple
Erection
• requires bracing until
welded; bracing may be
achieved by another
connection
• ample adjustment allowance

{From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.5.12 Welded Tie-Back Connections
Design
• if strap is used, volume
change restraint in the plane
of panel must be considered
• slenderness ratio of rod
must be considered for
compression load
Production
• simple
Erection
• requires bracing until
welded; bracing may be
achieved by another
connection
• threaded rod should not be
overtightened if future
movement at slotted insert is
expected
Design
• good solution to avoid
problems caused by
structure deflection
Production
• simple
Erection
• if hardware is assembled
prior Io erection, oversized
holes and plate washers are
required
Variations
• use stiffer vertical members
and eliminate the diagonal
Design
• good for seismic parallel
forces
• hardware layout drwg.
required for G.C.
Production
• simple
• requires early coordination
with G.C.
Erection
• simple
• considerable adjustment
Variations
• change loose weld plate to
loose angle
(From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
Design
• live load deflection of
superstructure must be
considered
PLAIN ROD WITH • if bracing angle is designed
THREADATONE
ENDORSTRAP as an axially loaded
member, the vertical
component of force must be
accounted for in the design
of other connections on the
same panel
Production
• simple
Erection
• slots and bolts are used for
temporary erection
connection
• weld after final alignment
Design
• a minimum bolt penetration
into insert should be
specified and ensured
Production
• simple
Erection
• quick
• adjustment allowance
OVERSIZEDHOLE limited by ferrule and bolt
lengths
• must have adequate
clearance for welding
Variations
• weld may not be required if
connection transfers only
compression
• could be reversed
1T .5.13 Bolted and Welded Alignment Connections

Design Design
• can also serve as a tie-back • good shear transfer
connection for light loads • rigid connection
• possible volume change
Production restraint problems
• simple
• requires close thickness Production
tolerances • simple
• face of panel to face of plate
Erection dimension is critical
• quick
• good adjustment allowance Erection
• to avoid volume change • quick, easy
restraint, bolts should not be SLOTTED PLATE • ample adjustment allowance
overtightened
• may require horseshoe shim Variations
spacers • various embedded plates or
shapes may be welded
together
• one side could be bolted
with slotted or oversized hole

Design
• can also serve as tie-back
connection for light normal
load Design
Production • volume change relief is
provided unless necessary
• simple to weld plate washers for
• face of panel to face of plate specific loads
dimension is critical
Production
Erection
• quick • simple
• good solution when Erection
connection is not accessible • quick
after erection • good adjustment allowance
• plate can be shop welded • to avoid volume change
prior to fabrication or field LARGEPLATEWASHERS
restraint bolts should not be ANDANGLEWITH
welded prior to erection overtightened OVERSIZED HOLE
• erection sequence should be
considered and may be
governed by this connection

{From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.5.14 Column and Beam Cover Connections

Design Design
• provides a rigid connection • can be used only at top of
column cover where access TYPICAL
between column cover
segments PLATECASTIN is available for welding
COLUMNCOVER • used for lateral stability and
• can be used where alignment
connection to column or
beam would be difficult due Production
to limited access • the weld plates must be
• 3/4" minimum joint size is BARORPLATE placed on the end form
recommended TO MATCH SIZE
OFJOINT Erection
Production • need access to top of
• allows reasonable column cover to make
tolerances for alignment connections
• if the column section is thin,
Variations
placement and coverage of • can be used on any shape
plate is difficult column cover
• can be changed to bolted
Erection
• panel joint must be sufficient
to allow for welding Column Cover B
• care must be taken in
preventing welding stain on
exterior concrete
• care must be taken not to
apply excess heat that would
crack the concrete

Column Cover A

Design PLACE 3RD

• beam must be designed to
prevent excessive rotation
during erection
• rigidity provided by welded SEE 11.5.9
connections must be
considered
Production SEE 11.5.10
• requires careful casting to
match finishes on faces
• requires a close casting
tolerance on the doweled
connections for the cap
piece
Erection
• requires that the erector
place pieces in proper
sequence
• may require a combination
of bolting, welding and
grouting PLACE 2ND
• care must be taken to
prevent staining of exposed
surface during welding
Variations
• alternate top conditions are
shown but only one type PLACE 1ST
should be used
(watertightness of top Notes
condition should be Refer to Column Cover A (above)
considered) and to 11.5.10, 11.5.11

Beam Cover

{From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ec/., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.5.15 Soffit Hanger and Masonry Tie-Back Connections

Design Design SLOTTED STRAP

• allows for adjustment and
movement
• may require additional
bracing for lateral loads
Production
• ease in casting inserts into
panel
Erection
• allows for final alignment
after panel is released
• may be difficult to get to
areas requiring bolting
PRECAST CONCRETE SOFFIT PANEL
Variations
• angles or other shapes
maybe used instead of
threaded rods
OVERSIZED HOLES WITH • the masonry may need to be ANCHOR
PLATE WASHERS AND NUTS reinforced
Production
• the slotted insert with
masonry tie-back allows for
ease of casting and
considerable tolerance
Erection
• precast concrete member
must be set, aligned and
braced prior to layup of
masonry
• temporary bracing is
required
Variations
• threaded or slotted inserts or
dovetail anchor slots in
masonry and precast
concrete may be used in lieu
of strap anchors

{From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ec/., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.5.16 Seismic Shear Plate Connections

Design
• normally one used at
centerline of panel
• takes seismic force parallel
to panel to minimize lateral
load on bearing connections
• assume fixed at beam,
pinned at panel
• particularly advantageous
when panel to beam
dimension is large
• also takes force
perpendicular to panel
• thin plate allows some
vertical movement
Production
• panel plate tolerance large
Erection
• welding required
• cannot be installed until
panel fully aligned
• large tolerance
Variations
• connection to panel can be
made with angle and slot
perpendicular to panel to
allow movement
perpendicular to panel
• is sometimes accomplished
with a pair of angles or flat
bars
could be changed to bolted
fastenings
simplest version is small
rectangular plate to floor
slab embedment when
panel is close to slab edge
Design
• shims carry full panel weight
• shims should be TEMPORARY TIE
immediately adjacent to
welded angle
• can not be installed until unit
fully aligned so temporary tie
may be required during
erection
• orientation of angle provides
maximum capacity both
parallel and perpendicular to
wall
Production
• simple
• large tolerance SHIM
• separate embedment may
be required for temporary tie
Erection
• can not be installed until
panel fully aligned
Variations
• any type of plate, angle or T
may be used for field plate
• leveling bolt could be
recessed in sill for ease of
alignment in lieu of shims

Design
• at mid-height of column
covers to eliminate inertial
overturn
• if not welded to column,
must be used in pairs and
column cover rotates in
plane of wall with story drift
so bearing connections must
allow lift off
• if welded to column, the
column cover translates in
plane of wall which other
connections must tolerate
• items above require careful
integration of entire
connection system and
panel joint widths for inter-
story displacements
Production
• panel plate tolerance large
Erection
• welding required
• large tolerance
• can not be installed until
panel fully aligned

(From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.5.17 Unique Conditions and Connections
Design
• use when tie-back well
above beam bottom
• requires oversize hole in
beam web and channel
• preferable for channel to be
on contract drwg. and shop
installed
Production
• insert location and beam
bracket can be held at
constant distance to floor
(greater panel
standardization)
Erection
• where no access between
beam flange and panel
Variations
• use MC, L or split TS
Design
• need for blind connection to PIC PANEL
precast concrete panel
• allow for tolerance
• requires layout drwg. to be
provided to G.C.
• face of panel needs no
patching
Production
• no special production
problems
Erection
• requires temporary bracing
if angle not welded until afterANGLE WITH OVERSIZED
alignment
• simple, welded slotted tie-
back connection
Variations
• insert could be slotted
{From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
TIE-BACK WITH NO ACCESSDesign TIE-BACKWITHNOACCE
BETWEEN PANEL & BEAM • requires oversize hole in BETWEEN PANEL & BEA
beam web and angle
• preferable for angle to be on
contract drwg. and shop
installed
Production
• insert location must vary
with beam depth
Erection
• use where no access
between beam flange and
panel
Variations
• useMC.CorTS
Design ARTICULATED TIE-BAC
• tolerates high seismic drift
without complications of
sliding or flexing of rod
• intermediate length rods
often bind rather than slide SEE DETAIL
• length/diameter ratio of rod
may not take adequate
CAST-IN-PLACE OR MASONRY WALL
compression or allow
sufficient flexing WAVE WASHER
• wave washer flattens under PLATEORANGLEWITH
nominal movement; prior to OVERSIZEDHOLE
that, rod is pinned both PRE-WELDED TO
ends, subsequently pinned BEAM OR COLUMN
left end only
Production
• simple
• economical flat bar
embedment DETAIL
Erection FLATBARS
• fast; carries load
HOLE AND PLATE WASHERS immediately yet allows
subsequent alignment SECTIONA-A
• wave washer (spring, etc.)
must be installed on side
which is not loaded under VARIATION
dead load only but should
not be over tightened
• wave washer is standard off
the shelf hardware
• ample tolerance LOOSE WITH LOCK
NUTORTACKWELD
Variations TOALLOWPIVOTIN
• for full pivot at beam end,
see variation
• coil spring or neoprene
washer could be substituted
for wave washer
• compression capacity can
be increased with loose pipe
over rod since it limits rod
buckling
11.5.18 Wall-To-Foundation Connections

Design
• shear resistance is achieved
• capacity can be increased
by use of confinement
reinforcement around sleeve
and bars
Production
• projecting dowels from panel
can cause difficulties in
storing and transporting
panel
• location and alignment of
dowels is critical
Variations
Erection
• grouting coordination • sleeve may be placed in
required
• location and alignment of
sleeve is critical • grout can be pumped into
• no connection for panel
during erection; necessary • proprietary sleeve systems
to brace
• use grout under panel • use insert or coupler and
• alignment of panel must be
made before initial set of
grout
• must weather protect sleeve • single dowel is most
to prevent ice, water or
debris from filling cavity
Design
• develops moment resistance
at base
• can be used to resist uplift
forces
• no positive connection until
bar is tensioned
• hardware layout drwg.
required for G. C.
Production
• duct placement tolerance in
wall panel is critical
• grout vents may be required
Erection
• may require temporary
bracing
• bar, duct and hardware
placement tolerance in
foundation and wall panel is
critical
• requires drypack to reach
design strength prior to
tensioning
• post-tensioning equipment
necessary
Variations
• shim under panel
• bars may be coupled at top
of foundation
• post-tensioned bar may or
may not be grouted
Design
• if connection is on exterior
face of panel, it is
susceptible to corrosion
unless protected with mastic
or grout
• hardware layout drwg.
required for G.C.
• can be designed for 2 SHIM
horizontal shear and uplift; STACKS/PANEL
flexure in angle limits uplift
capacity
DOWELS GROUTED Production
INTO SLEEVE • simple VARIATIONS
• embedded plates in wall
m ay need to be jigged level if
cast top-in-form to avoid
panel to receive dowels from tilting
foundati on
Erection
sleeve after alignment or • quick and easy
before panel erecti
o n
• few tolerance problems if
embedded plates are wider
than angle
add threaded dowel in the • welding may be difficult
field to reduce production when connection is below
and transportion problems grade
• space under wall usually
commonly used filled with grout
Variations
• connections may be placed
on both sides of wall to
develop nominal moment
resistance
• angles may be bolted to wall
and/or foundation
• plates may be used in place
of connection angles
POST-TENSIONING BAR
2 SHIM STACKS/PANEL
VARIATIONS
SLEEVE
COUPLER
DRYPACK
FLOOR SLAB
POLYSTYRENE
AROUNDBARFOR
FIELD ALIGNMENT
POST-TENSIONING
BAR

{From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.5.19 Slab-To-Wall Connections

Design Design THREADED INSERTIN WALL PANEL

• welding at bottom of slab is COIL INSERTAND • connection allows
not recommended as excess FIELDPLACEDROD movements caused by
restraint results (a)
(a) temperature changes
• no moment capacity • positive horizontal force
• must consider eccentricity of transfer
loads • connection (c) allows vertical
• top connection transfers movement by flexing of plate
horizontal shear forces or and welds
provides nominal torsion • connection (d) allows vertical
restraint for spandrel movement through flexibility
VARIATIONS of double tee flange M
Production (b)
• special forming required for Production
corbel • insert must be plumb and
• corbel may be precast and true
set in form • washer must be oversize so
it does not bind in the slot
Erection • simple (C)
• quick and easy
• allows adequate tolerances OR Erection
• temporary bracing may be • quick and easy
necessary (C) • tolerance problems
minimized
Variations • do not overtighten bolt in (a)
• steel corbel; may use inserts
in panel to position angle (d)
while welding
• flag shaped plate (g) welded
to embedded plate in wall
can be used in hollow-core
joints
• variation of (d) and (g), dowel SLOTTED INSERT
may be in topping (d)

REINFORCEMENTOR
THREADED INSERT
(DOWEL) ,

(e)

(f)

(Q)

(From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.5.20 WaII-To-WaII Connections

Design
• continuity through the
connections
• connection is concealed and
protected GROUT
• no connection between walls
until splice sleeves or ducts SPLICE
are grouted SLEEVE
• sleeve and sleeve grout are DRYPACK
proprietary
POLYURETHANE
Production FOAMANDSHIMS
• hardware placement is
critical
• projecting dowels can cause
difficulties in storing and
transporting panels if dowels
project from bottom of panel
Erection
• may be necessary to heat
grout in cold weather
• temporary brace required
• requires a grout crew in
addition to setting crew
Variations
• sleeve connector can be
placed in either upper or
lower panel — upper panel
is preferred

{From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
T1.6.1 Panel Warping and Bowing

precast concrete panel warped

plane

true
plane

corner
distance to warping
farthest
adjacent
corner distance to nearest
> adjacent corner
(controls the magni-
tude of warping)

panel warpmq

maximum maximum
bowing exposed bowing
face

length of bow length of bow

plan plan
(convex bowing) (concave bow\ng)

bowing
exposed face (plan)
(convex)
length of
exposed face bow
(concave) (elevation,)
length bowing
of boo/ maximum (elevation)
bowing
precast concrete
panel

length of bow
(plan)

elevation panel bowed in both plan

and elevation

panel bowing

{From PCI Design Handbook, 5th ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1999)
11.6.2 Precast Panel Clearances, Smoothness and Bowing

PANEL CLEARANCES
exposed precast unit surface
Clearance is the space between adjacent members and
provides a buffer area where erection and production
tolerance variations can be absorbed. The following variation In local
smoothness
items should be addressed when determining the ap-
propriate clearance to provide in the design.
10 ft. straightedge
• product tolerance
• type of member
• member size
• member location
• member movement
• member function
• erection tolerance 3/S>" shim 3/3" shim
• steel fireproofing 1/2" roller 1 / 4 " roller (must
• thickness of plates, bolt heads, and other project- (should not fit fit between panel
ing elements between surface and
surface and straightedge
Recommended Panel Clearances straightedge at over entire
any point) surface)
Recommended Minimum
Item Clearance (in.) local smoothness variation
Precast to precast 1/2 (1 preferred)
Precast to cast-in-place 1 (2 preferred) (Fro/77 PCI Design Handbook, 5th ed., Precast/Prestress
Concrete Institute, 1999)
Precast to steel 1 (2 preferred)
Precast column covers 1-1/2 (3 preferred for tall
buildings)
(From PCI Design Handbook, 5th ed., Precast/Prestressed
Concrete Institute, 1999)

Panel Thickness (in.) to Maintain Bowing and Warping Within

Suggested Normal Tolerances§t
Panel Dimension (ft.) — 8 10 12 16 20 24 28 32
I
4 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7
6 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7
8 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8
10 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8
§ Do not use this table for panel thickness selection.
t For ribbed panels, the overall thickness of ribs may be used for comparison with
this table if the ribs are continuous from one end of the panel to the other.
{From PCI Design Handbook, 5th ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1999)

precast
concrete
panels

cross section of facade

differential bowing o f panels
(From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., PCI, 1989)
11.6.3 Concrete and Steel Construction Tolerances
Relevant Erection Tolerances for Cast-in-Place Concrete and Steel Structures
Variation or Tolerance Cast-in-Place Concrete Steel
Variations from plumb, or column toler- 1/4 in. per 10 ft, but not more than 1 in. 1 to 1000, no more than 1 in. towards
ances Valid 100 ft. height. No tolerances sug- building nor 2 in. away from building line in
gested above 100 ft. the first 20 stories; plus 1/16 in. for each
additional story up to a maximum of 2 in.
towards building or 3 in. away from build
ing line
Tolerances in levels ±1/4 in. in 10 ft. Erection tolerances for levels normally not
±3/8 in. up to 20 ft. bay stated, as levels should be governed by
±3/4 in. in 40 ft. or more close manufacturing tolerances
Variations from the linear building lines in ±1/2 in. in any bay As set by column alignments, closer for
relation to columns and walls ±1/2 in. in bay 20 ft. maximum elevator columns
±1 in. in bay 40 ft. maximum
Tolerances in beams and columns Cross section dimensions, -1/4 in. + 1/2 1 to 1000 in alignment. Section tolerances
in. are close.
Tolerances for placing or fastening of other ± 1/4 in. from specified location Not established,
materials such as connection hardware in
relation to building lines
{From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)

Supplementary Tolerances for Cast-in-Place Concrete Structural Frames to Which

Precast Concrete is to be Attached
Item Recommended Tolerances
Footings, caisson caps, and pile caps-variation of bearing ±1/2 in.
surface from specified elevation
Piers, columns and walls—deviation from the specified level or
grades
Any bay or wall length less than 20 ft. ±1/2 in.
Any bay or wall length greater than 20 ft. ±3/4 in.
Deviation from column cross-sectional dimensions or wall +1/2 in., -1/4 in.
thickness
Anchor bolts
Variation from specified location in plan ±1/4 in.
Variation from specified elevation ±1/2 in.
Anchor bolt projection +1/2 in., -1/4 in.
Plumbness of anchor bolt ±1/16 in. per ft.
Floor elevations-variation from specified level ±1/4 in. in 10 ft; ±1/2 in. in 30 ft.
or greater length

If reasonable tolerances and adjustments have been designed into the construction details and are adhered to,
the erector should be able to:
• minimize joint irregularities such as tapered joints (panel edges not parallel)
• minimize jogs at intersections
• minimize nonuniformity of joint width
• maintain the proper opening dimensions
• properly construct all precast connections
• align the vertical faces of the units to avoid offsets
• prevent the accumulation of tolerances

A more precise installation and general improvement in appearance are thus achieved.

(From ACI 533, Guide for Precast Concrete Wall Panels)

11.6.4 Precast Concrete Tolerances

Typical Tolerances for Precast/Prestressed Erection Tolerances for Interface Design

Concrete Products8
Recommended
Product Tolerances Products Item Tolerances (in.)
Lengthb— Variation in plan location (any
± VA in. 16,17,18 column or beam, any location). ± V2
± V2 in. 6,7,8,9,13,15 Variation in plan parallel to
± 3/4 in. 3,5 specified building lines VAO per ft, any beam
± 1 in. 1,2.4,11,12,14 less than 20 ft or
Widthb— adjacent columns
± VA in. 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9, less
1
than 20 ft apart
/2, adjacent columns
12,15,17,18 20 ft or more apart
+ 3/a in. 14 Difference in relative position
+ 3/B in., - VA in. 4 of adjacent columns from
± % in. 11,13 specified relative position
(at any deck level V2
Depth—
+ VA in., -Vs in. 10,18 Variation from plumb VA, any 10 ft of height
± 1/4 in. 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9, 1, maximum for the
entire height
12,14,15 Variation in elevation of bearing
•+- 1/2 in., - VA in. 4 surfaces from specified elevation
(any column or beam, any
± 3/B in. 11 location) ± Vz
± Vz in. 13
Flange Thickness— Variation of top of spandrel from
specified elevation
+ VA in., -Vs in. 1,2,8,10,12,15 (any location) ± Vz
± V4 in. 3,4,13
Variation in elevation of bearing
Web Thickness— surfaces from lines parallel Io
± VB in. 1,8,10,12,15 specified grade lines VAO per ft, any beam
± VA in. 2,3 less than 20 ft or
adjacent columns
+ 3/a in., - VA in. 4 less than 20 ft apart
± 3/8 in. 5 V2, maximum any
Position of Tendons— beam 20 ft or more in
length or adjacent
± VA in. 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9, columns 20 ft or
11,12,14,1518 more apart
± VQ in. 10 Variation from specified bearing 3
Camber, variation from length on support ± /4
design— Variation from specified bearing
± VA in. per 10 ft, 1,2,12,15 width on support ± Vz
± 3/4 in. max.
1
± /8 in. per ft, 4 Jog in alignment of matching
edges V2, maximum
± 1 in. max.
± 3A in. max. 3 a. For more details such as 5 = box beam
graphic descriptions of fea- 6 = column
± 1/2 in. max. 5,15 tures to which tolerances 7 = hollow-core slab
Camber, differential— apply and tolerances for 8 = ribbed wall panel
VA in. per 10 ft, 1,2,5 sleeves, blockouts, inserts, 9 = insulated wall panel
3 plates, end squareness, sur- 10 = architectural wall panel
A in. max. face smoothness, etc., see 11 = pile
± VA in. per 10 ft, committee report [1]. 12 = joist
13 = step unit
± 1/2 in. max. 15 b. See Sect. 11.6.8 for di- 14 = sheet piling
mensional tolerances for 15 = single riser bleacher
Bearing Plates, position— architectural wall panels.
± 1/2 in. 1,2,3,12 slabs
Key: 16 = prison cell module-
± 5/a in. 4 1 = double tee single
Bearing Plates, tipping 2 = single tee 17 - prison cell module-
3 = building beam double
and flushness— (rect. and ledger) 18 = prestressed concrete
± Vs in. 1,2,3,4,12,15 4 = I-beam panels for storage tanks

(From PCI Design Handbook, 5th ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1999)
11.6.5 Fabrication Tolerances for Precast Columns

a = Length ± Vk in.
b = Cross section dimensions ± VA in.
c = Variation from specified end squareness or
skew ± Vs in. per 12 in., ± VB in. max.
d = Sweep (variation from straight line parallel to
centerline of member) ± Va in. per 10 ft, ± Vi in. max.
e = Position of tendons or reinforcing steel .. ± VA in.
f = Position of plates ± 1 in.
g = Tipping and flushness of plates ± VA in.
h = Position of inserts for structural connections ±V£in.
i = Positions of handling devices

BOTTOM
Parallel to length + 6 in.
Transverse to length ± 1 in.
j = Baseplates overall dimensions ± VA in.
k = Haunch size and locations (not cumulative) ± VA in.
I = Squareness of bearing ± VB in.
m = Squareness of bearing ± Va in. per 12 in., VB in. max.
n = Local smoothness any surface . . . . VA in. in 10 ft
Does not apply to visually concealed surfaces.

{From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.6.6 Fabrication Tolerances for Hollow Core Slabs Used as Wall Panels

CGS

cross section

plan

elevation

a = Length ± 1/2 in.

b = Width ± 1 / 4 in.
c = Depth ± 1/4 in.
(I1 = Top flange thickness
Top flange area defined by the actual measured values of
average djX should not be less than 85 percent of the Any individual strand should be within ± 1/2 in. of nominal
nominal area calculated by d\ nominal x b nominal. vertical position and ± 3/4 in. of nominal horizontal
d^ = Bottom flange thicknftinf position and shall have a minimum cover of 3/4 in.
Bottom flange area defined by the actual measured values k a Position of plates ± 2 in.
of average d^x b shall not be less than 85 percent of the 1 = Tipping and flushness of plates ± 1/4 in.
nominal area calculated by d* nominal x b nominal. m = Local smoothness 1/4 in. in 10 ft*
e = Web thickness
The total cumulative web thickness defined by the n = Camber applications requiring close control of
summation of actual measured values of e shall not be less differential camber between adjacent members of the same
than 85 percent of the nominal cumulative width calculated design should be discussed in detail with the producer to
using summation of e nominal, determine applicable tolerances.
f = Blockout location ± 2 in.
g = Range angle 1/8 in. per 12 in., PLANK WEIGHT: Excess concrete material in the plank
1/2 in. maiimiim internal features is within tolerance as long as the measured
h = Variation from specified end weight of the individual plank does not exceed 110 percent
squareness or skew ± 1/2 in. of the nominal published unit weight used in the load
i = Sweep (variation from straight line capacity calculations.
parallel to centerline of member) ± 3/8 in.
j = Center of gravity (CG) of the strand group * Does not apply to top deck surface left rough to receive a
The CG of the strand group relative to the top of the plank topping or visually concealed surface.
shall be within ± 1/4 in. of the nominal strand group CG.

{From ACI 533R-93 Guide for Precast Concrete Wall Panels)

11.6.7 F a b r i c a t i o n T o l e r a n c e s for R i b b e d P r e c a s t P a n e l s U s e d a s W a l l P a n e l s

cross section

plan

p s Position of inserts for

a = Length ± 1/2 in. structural connectioas ± 1/2 in.
b = Width ± 1/4 in. q = Position of handling devices
c = Depth ± 1/4 in. Parallel to length ± 6 in.
d - Stem width ± 1/8 in. Transverse to length ± 1 in.
e = Flange thickness + 1/4 in., - 1/8 in. r = Bowing L/360 maximum*
f s Distance between stems ± 1/8 in. s = Differential bowing between
g s Stem to edge of top flange ± 1/8 in. adjacent panels of the
h = Variation from specified same design 1/2 in. (13 mm)*
flange squareness or skew ± 1/8 in. per 12 in. t s Position of flashing reglets ± 1/4 in.
of width, + 1/4 in. u s Haunches (noncumulative)
maximum u , . Bearing elevation from bottom
i = Variation from specified of panel ± 1/4 in.
end squareness or skew ± 1/8 in. per 12 in. U2. Relative position of bearing
j s Sweep (variation from straight elevation in vertical
line parallel to center line plane ± 1/8 in.
of member) U3 s Haunch bearing surface
Members up to 40 ft long ± 1/4 in. squareness perpendicular
Members 40 ft or longer ± 3/8 in. to applied major load ±1/8 in. per. 18 in.,
k = Position of tendons ± 1/4 in. ± 1/4 in. maximum
1 = Position of btockouts ± 1 in. v = Local smoothness any
m = Size of btockouts surface ±1/4 in. in 10 ft*
Finished opening ± 1/2 in. w s Warping 1/16 in. per ft of
Rough opening ± 1 in. distance from nearest
n = Position of plates ± 1 in. adjacent corner
o = Tipping and flushness of
plates ± 1/4 in. •Docs not apply to visually concealed surfaces.

{From ACI533R-93 Guide for Precast Concrete Wall Panels)

11.6.8 Fabrication Tolerances for Architectural Panels, Spandrels, and Column Covers

hi = Location and dimensions of blockouts hidden

from view and used for HVAC and utility
penetrations ± 3A r
h2 = Some types of window and equipment frames
require openings more accuratesly placed. When
this is the case, the minimum practical tolerance
should be defined with input from the producer.
i = Dimensions of haunches ± 1A m
j = Haunch bearing surface deviation
from specified plane ±v%\*
k = Difference in relative positon of
adjacent haunch bearing surfaces
from specified relative position ± 1A in
I = Bowing ± LV36C
max.1 m
m = Differential bowing between adjacent
panels of the same design Vi in
1
n = Local smoothness A in. in 10 ••
Does not apply to visually concealed surfaces.

o = Warping V16 in. per f*

a = Overall length and width (measured at of distance from nearest adjacent corner
neutral axis of ribbed members) p = Location of window opening within panel +Vain
10 ft or under ± Vs in. q = Position of plates ± 1 in
10 to 20 ft + Vs in., -3/16 in. r = Tipping and flushness of plates ± Vi in
20 to 40 ft ± V4 in. Positions tolerances. For cast-in items measured from
Each additional 10 ft ± Vie in. per 10 ft datum line location as shown on approved erection
b = Total thickness or drawings:
flange thickness -Vb in., + 1A in. Weld plates ± 1 in
c = Rib thickness ± Vs in. Inserts ± 1Zz in
d = Rib to edge of flange ± Vs in. Handling devices ± 3 in
e = Distance between ribs ± Vs in. Reinforcing steel and welded wire fabric + 1A in
f = Angular variation of plane where position has structural implications or
of side mold ± V32 in. per 3 in. affects concrete cover, otherwise ± V2 in.
of depth or ± Vie in. Tendons ± Vs in
whichever is greater Flashing reglets ± 1A in
g = Variation from square or designated Flashing reglets at edge of panel ± Va in
skew (difference in length of the Reglets for glazing gaskets ± V16 in
two diagonal measurements) .. ±Vs in. per 6 ft Groove width for glazing gaskets + V16 in
of diagonal or ±1/2 in. Electrical outlets, hose bibs, etc ± V2 in
whichever is greater* Haunches ± 1A in
h = Length and width of blockouts
and openings within one unit ± 1A in. •Applies both to panel and to mao
j r openings in the panel.

(From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.6.9 Erection Tolerances for Precast Beams and Spandrels

a = Plan location from building grid datum ± 1 in.

ai = Plan location from centerline of steel* ± 1 in.
b = Bearing elevation** from nominal elevation at support
Maximum low V^ in.
1
Maximum high A in.
c = Maximum plumb variation over height of element
Per 12 in. height VQ in.
Maximum Vi in.
d = Maximum jog in alignment of matching edges 1
Architectural exposed edges A in.
Visually non-critical edges Vi in.
e = Joint width
Architectural exposed joints ± 31A in.
Hidden joints ± A in.
Exposed structural joint not visually critical ± V2 in.
f = Bearing length*** (span direction) ± 3Am.
g = Bearing width*** ± V2 in.

* For precast elements erected on a steel frame, this tolerance takes precedence over tolerance dimension "a".
** Or member top elevation where member is part of a frame without bearings.
*** This is a setting tolerance and should not be confused with structural performance requirements set by the
architect/engineer. The nominal bearing dimensions and the allowable variations in bearing length and width
should be specified by the engineer and shown on the contract drawings.

bearing
area
design
elevation

precast concrete
beam
precast or cast-in-
column place concrete column
grid lines

column
grid line

plan elevation

precast element to precast concrete, cast-in-place concrete, masonry, or structural concrete

{From PCI Handbook, 5th ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1999)

11.6.10 Erection Tolerances for Precast Floor and Roof Members
a = Plan location from building grid datum ± 1 in.
ai = Plan location from centerline of steeK1) ± 1 in.
b = Top elevation from nominal top elevation at member ends
Covered with topping ± 31A in.
Untopped floor ± A in.
Untopped roof ± 3A in.
c — Maximum jog in alignment of matching edges
(both topped and untopped construction) 1 in.
d = Joint width
0 to 40 ft member length ± !/2 in.
41 to 61 ft member length ± 3A in.
61 ft plus ± 1 in.
e = Differential top elevation as erected 3
Covered with topping A in.
Untopped floor 3
% in.
Untopped roof 3
A in.
f = Bearing lengths (span direction) ± A in.
g = Bearing width® ± Vz in.
h = Differential bottom elevation of exposed hollow-core slabs <3> 1
A in.
(1) For precast elements erected on a steel frame, this tolerance takes precedence over tolerance dimension "a".
(2) This is a setting tolerance and should not be confused with structural performance requirements set by the
architect/engineer. The nominal bearing dimensions and the allowable variations in bearing length and width
should be specified by the engineer and shown on the contract drawings.
(3) Untopped installation will require a larger tolerance.

bldg. y grid of steel structure

datum

bldg. x grid
datum

precast concrete precast concrete floor

floor or roof members or roof members
plan p\an
clearance

of steel structure

precast concrete floor precast concrete

or roof members floor or roof members
precast or cast-in-place or
masonry support member bldg. elevation steel support structure
datum
elevation elevation
precast element to precast or
cast-in-place concrete or masonry precast element to structural steel

{From PCI Handbook, 5th ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1999)

11.6.11 Erection Tolerances for Precast Columns
a = Plan location from building grid datum
Structural applications ± Vz in.
Architectural applications ± 3A in.
b = Top elevation from nominal top elevation
Maximum low !/2 in.
Maximum high % in.
c = Bearing haunch elevation from nominal elevation
Maximum low V2 in.
Maximum high % in.
d .= Maximum plumb variation over height of element
(element in structure of maximum height of 100 ft) 1 in.
e = Plumb in any 10 ft of element height VA in.
f = Maximum jog in alignment of matching edges
Architectural exposed edges VA in.
Visually non-critical edges Vz in.

bldg. y grid

bldg. x grid

plan

precast concrete
column
splice
area

bldg. elevation
datum

bldg. x grid or
y grid datum

elevation elevation

p r e c a s t element t o p r e c a s t element
(From PCI Handbook, 5th ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1999)
11.6.12 Erection Tolerances for Architectural Wall Panels

a = Plan location from building grid datum* . ±1/2in.

BLDG. Y GRID DATUM a<i = Plan location from centerline of steel** . ±1/2in.
PRECAST b = Top elevation from nominal top elevation
CONCRETE Exposed individual panel ± VA in.
PANEL
Nonexposed individual panel ± Vi in.
Exposed relative to adjacent panel ... VA in.
Nonexposed relative to adjacent panel Vi in.
c = Support elevation from nominal elevation
BLDG. X GRID DATUM Maximum low Vi in.
Maximum high VA in.
d = Maximum plumb variation over height of structure
OFSTEEL or 100 ft. whichever is less* 1 in.
PLAN e = Plumb in any 10 ft of element height . . . . VA in.
f = Maximum jog in alignment of
matching edges VA in.
PRECAST g = Joint width (governs over joint taper) ... ±1/4in.
3
CONCRETE h = Joint taper maximum /a in.
PANEL h10 = Joint taper over 10 ft. length VA in.
i = Maximum jog in alignment of
matching faces VA in.
BUILDING j = Differential bowing or camber as erected between
ELEVATION adjacent members of the same design .. VA in.
DATUM
NOMINAL *For precast buildings in excess of 100 ft. tall, tolerances "a" and "d" can
ELEVATION JOINT WIDTH increase at the rate of Va in. per story to a maximum of 2 in.
PRECAST ELEMENT TO PRECAST OR CAST-IN-PLACE * *For precast concrete erected on a steel frame building, this tolerance
CONCRETE, MASONRY, OR STRUCTURAL STEEL takes precedence over tolerance on dimension "a".

{From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.6.13 E r e c t i o n T o l e r a n c e s for P r e c a s t S t r u c t u r a l W a l l P a n e l s

bldg. y g r i d datum

precast concrete panel

plan

bldg. x g r i d datum

c a s t - i n - p l a c e or
precast concrete

cast-\n-p\ace
concrete

elevations bldg.
elevation

datum nom.jt.wdth.

c a s t - i n - p l a c e concrete foundation
or precast concrete support

* s Plan location from building h s Joint taper over length of panel 1/2 in.
grid datum* ±1/2 in. hM « Joint taper over 10 it length 3/8 in.
a, s Pba location from center- i « Maximum jog in alignment of matching
line of steelf ±1/2 in. faces
b s Top elevation from nominal Exposed 3/8 in.
top elevation Nonexposed 3/4 in.
Exposed individual panel ±1/2 in. j s Differential bowing, as erected,
Nonexposed individual panel ±3/4 in. between adjacent members of the
Exposed relative to adjacent panel 1/2 in. same design* 1/2 in.
Nonexposed relative to adjacent 3/4 in.
panel
c = Bearing elevation from nominal •For precast buildings in excess of 100 ft tall, tolerances
elevation "a" and "d" can increase at the rate of 1/8 in. per story over
Maximum low 1/2 in. 100 ft to a maximum of 2 in.
Maximum high 1/4 in. tFor precast elements erected on a steel frame, this
d = Maximum plumb variation over tolerance takes precedence over tolerance on dimension "a."
height of structure or 100 ft,
whichever is less* 1 in.
e = Plumb in any 10 ft of
element height 1/4 in.
f = Maximum jog in alignment of
matching edges 1/2 in.
g = Joint width (governs over
joint taper) ±3/8 in.

(From ACI533R-93 Guide for Precast Concrete Wall Panels)

11.6.14 Unintended Mode of Support for Prestressed Concrete

(a (a)
intended locations of support
Intended locations of support
continuous rigid soffit support

Cb
method of support during casting and stressing
flexural cracks

Cc; CW
location of support after stressing/deflection method of support during casting and
prestresslng
beam on casting bed
open space

Examples o f unintended mode of support

of prestressed concrete beams.
(a) \ntended l o c a t i o n s o f s u p p o r t s .
(b) \Aode of s u p p o r t during casting and
prestresslng.
(c) Deflected shape and l o c a t i o n s o f
supports after prestresslng. (O
location of support after stressing/deflection
beam on falsework

undetected shape Gast-ln-place

before prestresslng p r e s t r e s s e d con-
crete bridge with an
\n-span hinged or
construction joint.
(a) Before
prestresslng with
(a) point of all s h o r e s s u p -
support p o r t i n g load.
deflected shape after hinge or from future
post-tenslonlng construction construction (b) After upward de-
joint flection due t o
prestresslng and
a large reaction
being supported
by t h e falsework
bent at the joint.
fW
{From Libbey, Modern Prestressed Concrete Design Principles and Construction Methods, 4th ed.)
11.7.1 Insulation for Precast Wall Panels

rigid insulation
adhesive daubs
rigid Insulation
not recommended
washers hold
insulation to
wall

stick clips adhesive grid

adhered to wall

better method

adhesive
backing
full adhesive bed
washer
mechanical attachment of
rigid insulation recommended method

adhesive a t t a c h m e n t o f
rigid insulation

two layers of rigid insulation

with staggered joints

single layer o f insulation with

lapped j o i n t s
(not practical for irregular shaped
panels and around openings)
preferred insulation i n s t a l l a t i o n

(From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.7.2 Connectors for Insulated Precast Sandwich Panels

(a) (b)

bent reinforcing bars

(C) (d)

bent reinforcing sleeve

bars anchor

(e) (f)

expanded welded wire

metal truss

typical s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s

plastic
tips to
prevent bent up wire tie
rust
stains

welded wire fabric

Z-tie hairpin

set t o correct depth for minimum If the f i r s t concrete layer is

^required concrete cover allowed t o harden before the
second layer is placed, this
tie should be used and fixed
t o the reinforcement of the
bottom layer before any
concrete is cast.

reinforcement of
bottom layer
L-tie J-tie

tension/compression ties

{From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.7.3 Connector Arrangement and Thermal Bridges

very flexible in vertical direction

very
flexible
in horiz.
direc-
tion

section elevation section elevation

(vertical

One device transfers of non-structural
iuythe to structural wythe, as well as any
racking shear.
Ties spaced in the field of the panel transfer
direct wind loads and stripping forces from
the non-structural wythe to the structural
wythe.
section (horizontal)
Devices spaced along the x-x axis transfer weight
of non-structural wythe to structural wythe. Similar
devices along the y-y axis transfer racking shear
from non-structural to structural wythe.
Ties spaced in the field of the panel transfer direct
wind loads and stripping forces from the non-
structural wythe to the structural wythe.

arrangement o f c o n n e c t o r s between wythes

welded
wire fabric

inside

outside zone B

ties
zone A
rigid
insulation

D = 1.375" clear

thermal b r i d g e s a t metal c o n n e c t o r s

{From Architectural Precast Concrete, 2nd e<±, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989)
11.8.1 Veneer Faced Composite Precast Panels

stretcher corner

welded wire fabric

reinforcement

edge 3-sided
corner corner
welded
wire
fabric thin b r i c k units or thin s t o n e can be used
1 /2>" bond breaker
reinf. as a facing on architectural
typical precast concrete panels
column cover

typical
spandrel
applications of veneer faced
precast concrete

CREEPOF 1:3 MORTAR

LOADED TO 1000 PSI AT 70° F
(+) EXPANSION (-) SHRINKAGE
LENGTH CHANGE - PERCENT

FREE TILE-SETTING
FREE CONCRETE SHRINKAGE MORTAR SHRINKAGE

TILE MOISTURE
CREEP OF CONCRETE EXPANSION AT 70 i TO 80° F
THERMAL CHANGE OF LOADED TO 1000 PSI AT 70° F
50°F - CONCRETE

BRICK MOISTURE
EXPANSION

THERMAL CHANGE NOTE: NEGATIVE SHRINKAGE IS

OF 50°F - TILE SHOWN IN POSITIVE DIRECTION
FOR COMPARISON PURPOSES

TIME (INDOORS) - MONTHS

relative temperature, creep and moisture movements of concrete,
tile, b r i c k and mortar

[From PCI Design Handbook, 5th ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1999)
11.82 Section 11 Precast and Prestressed Concrete

11.8.2 Typical Anchor Details for Attaching Stone Veneer to Precast

DEPTH OF
CONCRETE
VARIES
ACCORDING
TO DESIGN
t (VARIES)
y t 11A" MIN.
3
A" MIN PREFERRED

HOLE Vie" TO W > db J FACE OF STONE HOLE Vie" TO %">db

VENEER
6"TO 91 - BOND 6" TO 9
TO EDGE BREAKER
OF STONE

t y p i c a l anchor for marble veneer typical anchor for granite veneer

VARE
IS CONCRETE
VARE
IS
•*- 3A" MIN. IN 2" STONE 2"
MAX. IN 5" STONE

STONE 15 DEFORMED MOSITURE BARREIR

S.S. ANCHOR BONDNI G AGENT
db=3/8" TO %"*
t (VARIES)
CONCRETE VARE
IS
'.'»•{ ' 2" TO 5"
FA
S CE
TONEOF DM
OW
AYE
BLE
S S
CLLO
OT
SS
E
STONE -f T
HO
OLEVfeW 0
">db " 30 TO 45° VENEER EPOXE
ID WT IH
TAPE
* USE ANCHORS AT OPPOSNIG ANGLES

typical anchor for limestone veneer typical cro55 anchor dowel

for stone veneer

{From PCI Desg

i n Handbook, 5th ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
 1 -1/2" required
for sealant joint

1/2"
min.

varies with panel

configuration
VARIES WINDOW^
OPENING

HEIGHT

WINDOW WINDOW
VARIES OPENING VARIES 'OPENING