კალკულუსი კომპიუტერული მეცნიერებისათვის

2021
 1. i n t e g r a l i

F 1 .1 figuris farTobis miaxloebiTi gamoTvla

vTqvaT mocemulia [2, 5] segmentze gansazRvruli f  x   x funqciis grafiki.

2

S -iT aRvniSnoT x  2, x  5, y  0 wrfeebiT da y  f  x funqciis grafikiT

SemosazRvruli figuris farTobi. Cvens mizans warmoadgens S ricxvis povna.

nabiji 1. advili dasanaxia, rom f funqcia udides mniSvnelobas aRwevs x  5

wertilSi, xolo umciress ki - x  2 wertilSi. SemoviRoT aRniSvnebi: x0  2, x1  5 ,

P2  x0 , x1 da

L  f , P2   f (2)  (5  2)  3  f (2)  12,

U  f , P2   f (5)  (5  2)  3  f (5)  75.

advili dasanaxia, rom

L  f , P2   S  U  f , P2  .

nabiji 2. ganvixiloT [2, 5] segmentis sami wertili ise, rom

2  x0  x1  x2  5
da SemoviRoT aRniSvna
P3  {x0 , x1 , x2 } (ix. nax. 1.1).

naxazi 1.1
mocemuli sami wertilis meSveobiT [2,5] segmenti danawildeba or  x0 , x1  da
 x1 , x2  qvesegmentebad. radganac f funqcia uwyvetia, amitom N
arsebobs iseTi l1 ,u1 [x0 , x1 ] da l2 ,u2 [x1 , x2 ] ricxvebi, rom

f  l1   f  x   f  u1  , x0  x  x1
da
f  l2   f  x   f  u2  , x1  x  x2 .

1
 Cvens SemTxvevaSi l1  2, l2  x1 , u1  x1 , u2  5 . L  f , P3  -iT aRvniSnoT 1.2 naxazze
mocemuli marTkuTxedebis farTobTa jami, e. i.

naxazi 1.2

L  f , P3   f  l1  x1  x0   f l2  x2  x1  .
vTqvaT

U  f , P3   f  u1  x1  x0   f u2  x2  x1  .

1.3 naxazidan advili dasanaxia, rom U  f , P3  warmoadgens am naxazze

warmodgenili marTkuTxedebis farTobTa jams.

2
 naxazi 1.3

nabiji 3. ganvixiloT [2, 5] segmentis oTxi wertili ise, rom

2  x0  x1  x2  x3  5
da SemoviRoT aRniSvna
P4  {x0 , x1 , x2 , x3} .

mocemuli oTxi wertilis meSveobiT [2,5] segmenti danawildeba sam  x0 , x1  ,  x1 , x2 

da  x2 , x3  qvesegmentebad. radganac f funqcia uwyvetia, amitom kvlav arsebobs
iseTi ricxvebi: l1 , l2 , l3 , u1 , u2 , u3 , rom

f  l1   f  x   f  u1  , x0  x  x1 ,

f  l2   f  x   f  u2  , x1  x  x2
da
f  l3   f  x   f  u3  , x2  x  x3 .

3
 naxazi 1.4

L  f , P3  -iT aRvniSnoT 1.4 naxazze mocemuli marTkuTxedebis farTobTa jami, e.

i.

L  f , P4   f  l1  x1  x0   f l2  x2  x1   f l3  x3  x2  .
vTqvaT

U  f , P4   f  u1  x1  x0   f u2  x2  x1   f u3  x3  x2  .

naxazi 1.5

4
 1.5 naxazidan advili dasanaxia, rom U  f , P4  warmoadgens sami marTkuTxedis
farTobTa jams.
SevniSnoT, agreTve, rom

L  f , P4   S  U  f , P4  ,

P3  P4 ,
da
L  f , P3   L  f , P4   S  U  f , P4   U  f , P3  .

es procesi SeiZleba gagrZeldes usasrulod; kerZod, n  ur nabijze miviRebT

Pn1  {x0 , x1 ,..., xn } ,

f  li   f  x   f  ui  , li  x  ui , i  1, 2,..., n ,

L  f , Pn1   f  l1  x1  x0   f l2  x2  x1    f ln  xn  xn1  ,

da

U  f , Pn1   f  u1  x1  x0   f  u2  x2  x1    f un  xn  xn1  .

L  f , Pn1  da U  f , Pn1  jamebi pirobiTad 1.6 da 1.7 naxazebze warmodgenil

marTkuTxedebis farTobebis jamebs gamosaxavs.

5
 Nnaxazi 1.6

naxazi 1.7

SevniSnoT, rom
L  f , Pn1   S  U  f , Pn1  ,
amasTan, Tu
Pn  Pn1 ,
maSin
L  f , Pn   L  f , Pn1   S  U  f , Pn1   U  f , Pn  .

Catarebuli msjeloba migvaniSnebs, rom roca n miiswrafvis usasrulobisken,

maSin L  f , Pn1  da U  f , Pn1  mimdevrobebi miiswrafis S ricxvisken.

6
 Cven zemoT ganvixileT SemTxveva, roca f funqcia arauaryofiTia. axla
vigulisxmoT, rom f funqcia ardadebiTia.
S -iT aRvniSnoT x  2, x  5, y  0 wrfeebiT da y   x 2 funqciis grafikiT
SemosazRvruli figuris farTobi. maSin analogiuri msjelobis Sedegad miviRebT,
rom

L  f , Pn1   S  U  f , Pn1  .
L  f , Pn1  da U  f , Pn1  jamebi, cxadia, uaryofiTi ricxvebia da moduliT emTxveva,
Sesabamisad, 1.8 da 1.9 naxazebze gamosaxul marTkuTxedebis farTobebis jams.

naxazi 1.8

N Nnaxazi 1.9

7
 
vTqvaT axla f niSans ar inarCunebs Tavis gansazRvris areSi (ix. nax. 1.10). S -iT
da S  -iT aRvniSnoT, Sesabamisad, naxazze daStrixuli figurebis farTobebi. Tu
CavatarebT zemoT moyvanili msjelobebis analogiur msjelobebs (ix., agreTve, nax.
1.11 da nax. 1.12), miviRebT, rom
L  f , Pn1   S   S   U  f , Pn1  .

Nnaxazi 1.10

N naxati 1.11

8
 naxati 1.12

1.2 integralis cneba (darbus jamebis gamoyenebiT)

vTqvaT, f [a, b] segmentze gansazRvruli uwyveti funqciaa. ganvixiloT

[a, b] segmentis wertilTa sasruli simravle

P  x0 , x1 ,..., xn  ,
sadac
a  x0  x1  x2   xn1  xn  b .
P -s vuwodebT [a, b] segmentis danawilebas. P P danawilebis wertilebiT [a, b]

segmenti danawildeba n qvesegmentad, romlis i -uri segmenti aris [ xi 1 , xi ] . xi -iT

aRvniSnoT [ xi 1 , xi ] segmentis sigrZe. e. i.

xi  xi  xi 1 , i  1, 2,..., n .
xi sigrZeebs Soris udidesi aRvniSnoT P -iT, e. i.
P  max xi .
1i  n

radgan f funqcia uwyvetia [ xi 1 , xi ] segmentze, amitom arsebobs li da ui ricxvebi

[ xi 1 , xi ] segmentidan, iseTi, rom

f  li   f  x   f  ui  , xi 1  x  xi .
ganvixiloT ramdenime SemTxveva:

9
 1. vTqvaT f funqcia arauaryofiTia [ xi 1 , xi ] segmentze. S  i -iT aRvniSnoT im

figuris farTobi, romelic SemosazRvrulia x  xi 1 da x  xi wrfeebiT, ox RerZiT da

f funqciis grafikiT. Aadvili dasanaxia, rom

f  li  xi  S i  f  ui  xi
2. vTqvaT f funqcia uaryofiTia [ xi 1 , xi ] segmentze. Si -iT aRvniSnoT im

figuris farTobi, romelic SemosazRvrulia x  xi 1 , x  xi wrfeebiT, ox RerZiT da f

funqciis grafikiT. advili dasanaxia, rom

f  li  xi  Si  f  ui  xi

3. vTqvaT f funqcia niSans ar inarCunebs [ xi 1 , xi ] segmentze. Si -iT aRvniSnoT

im figuris farTobi, romelic SemosazRvrulia OX RerZiT da funqciis grafikis im

nawiliT, romelic OX RerZis qvemoTaa, xolo Si -iT  im figuris farTobi, romelic

SemosazRvrulia OX RerZiT da funqciis grafikis im nawiliT, romelic OX RerZis

zemoTaa. am SemTxvevaSi advili dasanaxia, rom
f  li  xi  Si  Si  f  ui  xi .

gansazRvreba 1. 1. f funqciis darbus zeda da qveda jamebi P danawilebis

mimarT aRiniSneba, Sesabamisad, U  f , P  da L  f , P  -Ti da ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:

U  f , P   f  l1  x1  f l2  x2   f ln  xn ,

da
L  f , P   f  u1  x1  f  u2  x2   f un  xn .

gansazRvreba 1. 2. vTqvaT P da P [a, b] segmentis ori danawilebaa. vityviT,

rom P danawileba warmoadgens P danawilebis gagrZelebas, Tu P  P .

SeniSvna 1. 1. advili dasanaxia, rom nebismieri ori P da P danawilebisaTvis

arsebobs P danawileba, romelic warmoadgens rogorc P , aseve P danawilebis
gagrZelebas. marTlac, Tu A

10
 P  P  P ,
maSin P  P , P .

SeniSvna 1. 2. advili dasanaxia, rom Tu P danawileba warmoadgens P

danawilebis gagrZelebas, maSin adgili aqvs Semdeg utolobebs:
L  f , P  L  f , P  U  f , P  U  f , P .
amasTan, SeniSvna 1. 1-is ZaliT nebismieri ori P da P danawilebisaTvis
arsebobs P danawileba, romelic warmoadgens rogorc P , aseve P danawilebaTa
gagrZelebas, da, maSasadame,
L  f , P  L  f , P   U  f , P   U  f , P .
daskvna 1. 1. darbus arcerTi qveda jami ar aRemateba darbus arcerT zeda
jams.

integralis gansazRvreba.

vTqvaT f  a, b  segmentze gansazRvruli uwyveti funqciaa da arsebobs

erTaderTi ricxvi I iseTi, rom nebismieri P danawilebisaTvis adgili aqvs

utolobas
L  f , P  I  U  f , P .
maSin Cven vityviT, rom f  a, b segmentze integrebadi funqciaa. I ricxvs

uwodeben f funqciis gansazRvrul integrals  a, b segmentze da aRniSnaven

simboloTi
b
I   f  x  dx .
a

maTematikur analizSi erT-erT fundamentur Teoremas warmoadgens

debuleba segmentze gansazRvruli uwyveti funqciis integrebadobis Sesaxeb.

Teorema 1.1 .  a, b segmentze uwyveti funqcia integrebadia.

11
 1.3 integralis cneba (rimanis jamebis gamoyenebiT)

rimanis jamebi. vTqvaT f [a, b] segmentze gansazRvruli uwyveti funqciaa.

ganvixiloT [a, b] segmentis P danawileba, e. i.

P  x0 , x1 ,..., xn  ,
sadac
a  x0  x1  x2   xn1  xn  b .
vTqvaT ci wertilebi nebismierad aris aRebuli [ xi 1 , xi ], i  1, 2,..., n ,
segmentebidan. SemoviRoT aRniSvna c   c1 ,..., cn  . maSin jams
n
R  f , P, c   f  c1  x1  f  c2  x2   f  cn  xn   f  ci  xi
i 1

uwodeben f funqciis rimanis jams ci  i  1, 2,..., n  SerCeuli wertilebiT (rimanis

jamebis geometriuli interpretacia (ix. nax. 1.13 da 1.14).

naxazi 1.13

12
 naxazi 1.14

advili dasanaxia, rom

L  f , P   R  f , P, c   U  f , P  ,
Dda, maSasadame, Tu f funqcia integrebadia, maSin
b
lim R  f , P, c    f ( x)dx.
|| p||0
a

Aamrigad, f funqcia integrebadia [a, b] segmentze, Tu arsebobs I ricxvi (mas

b
aRvniSnavT simboloTi  f ( x)dx ), rom nebismieri  0 ricxvisaTvis arsebobs
a

   ( )  0 ricxvi, iseTi rom [a, b] segmentis nebismieri P danawilebisaTvis,

romlisTvisac P   gveqneba
b
R  f , P, c    f  x  dx   ,
a

13
 sadac c   c1 ,..., cn  sistemis yoveli ci  i  1, 2,..., n  komponenti nebismierad aris

aRebuli [a, b] segmentis P danawilebis Sesabamisi qvesegmentebidan.

1.4 rimanis integralis geometriuli intepretacia

vTqvaT f [a, b] segmentze gansazRvruli uwyveti, arauaryofiTi funqciaa.

maSin

 f  x  dx  S

,
a

sadac S  aris OAB figuris farTobi (ix. naxazi 1.15).

Nnaxazi 1.15

axla vigulisxmoT, rom f [a, b] segmentze gansazRvruli uwyveti

aradadebiTi funqciaa. maSin
b

 f  x dx  S

,
a

14
sadac S  aris OAB figuris farTobi (ix. naxazi 1.16).

Nnaxazi 1.16

vTqvaT axla, f funqcia niSans ar inarCunebs (ix. naxazi 1.17). maSin

 f  x dx  S

 S .
a

Nnaxazi 1.17

1.5 integralis Tvisebebi

moviyvanoT segmentze gansazRvruli uwyveti funqciis zogierTi

Tviseba.

15
 Tviseba 1.
a

 f ( x)dx  0 .
a

marTlac, Tu a  b , maSin xi  0 da, maSasadame, L  f , P   U  f , P   0  I .

Tviseba 2. vTqvaT, a  b , maSin

b a


a
f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx .
b

Tviseba 3.

b b b

  Af ( x)  Bg ( x)  dx  A f ( x)dx  B  g ( x)dx .
a a a

Tviseba 4. vTqvaT, a  c  b . maSin

c b b

 f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx .

a c a
am Tvisebis samarTlianoba arauaryofiTi funqciebisaTvis kargad Cans integralis
geometriuli interpretaciidan. marTlac, (ix. nax. 1.17)

naxazi 1.17
b c b

 f ( x)dx  S
a
1  S2   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx .
a c

16
 Tviseba 5.1 vTqvaT, a  b, f  x   g  x  , a  x  b . maSin
b b

 f  x  dx   g  x  dx .
a a

arauaryofiTi funqciebisaTvis (ix. nax. 1.18) gveqneba

S1  S2 ,
sadac
b b
S1   f  x  dx da S2   g  x  dx ,
a a
amitom miviRebT Tviseba 5-is damtkicebas.

naxazi 1.18

Tviseba 6. vTqvaT, a  b. maSin

b b

 f  x  dx   f  x  dx .
a a
marTlac, radganac

 | f  x  | f  x  | f  x  | ,
Tviseba 5-is ZaliT gvaqvs:

b b b
  | f  x  |dx   f  x  dx   | f  x  |dx .
a a a

amrigad, adgili aqvs me-6 Tvisebas.

Tviseba 7. vTqvaT f funqcia kentia [a, a] segmentze. maSin

17
 a


a
f ( x)dx  0 .

marTlac (ix. naxazi 1.19),

S1  S2
da
a


a
f ( x)dx  S2  S1  0 .

naxazi 1.19
N
Tviseba 8. vTqvaT, f funqcia luwia [a, a] segmentze. maSin
a a


a
f ( x)dx  2 f ( x)dx .
0

marTlac (ix. nax. 1.20),

S1  S2
da
a a


a
f ( x)dx  S2  S1  2S2  2 f ( x)dx .
0

18
 naxazi 1.20

1.6 saSualo mniSvnelobis Teorema

vTqvaT [a, b] segmentze gansazRvruli uwyveti f funqcia udides da umcires

mniSvnelobebs iRebs [a, b] segmentis, Sesabamisad, l da u wertilebze. maSin
m  f l   f  x   f u   M , a  x  b .
meore mxriv, P  {a, b} danawilebisaTvis
L  f , P   m(b  a)
da

U  f , P   M (b  a) .
integralis gansazRvrebis ZaliT

b
L  f , P    f  x  dx  U  f , P  .
a
maSasadame,

b
m(b  a)   f  x  dx  M (b  a) .
a
amrigad,
b
1
f  x  dx  M  f  u  .
b  a a
f (l )  m  (1. 1)

f funqciis uwyvetobisa da (1. 1)-is ZaliT miviRebT, rom arsebobs iseTi c [a, b]
wertili, rom

19
 b
1
f  x  dx  f  c  .
b  a a

maSasadame, samarTliania Semdegi

Teorema 1. 2. (saSualo mniSvnelobis Teorema) Tu f funqcia uwyvetia  a, b

segmentze, maSin arsebobs c [a, b] iseTi, rom

b

 f  x  dx  f  c b  a  .
a

b
1
b  a a
SeniSvna 1. 1. sidides f ( x)dx uwodeben f funqciis saSualo

mniSvnelobas [a, b] segmentze.

1.7 integralis gansazRvreba uban-uban uwyveti funqciebisaTvis

ukve ganvixileT integrali uwyveti funqciebisaTvis. amjerad Cvens mizans

warmoadgens integrebadobis cnebis gavrceleba funqciaTa ufro farTo klasze.
aseT klass warmoadgens uban-uban uwyveti funqciebi, e.i. funqciebi, romelTac
gaaCniaT sasruli raodenobis wyvetis wertili. ufro zustad, SemoviRoT Semdegi
gansazRvreba.

gansazRvreba 1. 3. vTqvaT c0  c1  c2   cn aris wertilebis sasruli raodenoba

da f funqcia gansazRvrulia [c0 , cn ] segmentze. f -s vuwodebT uban-uban uwyvets, Tu

yovel [ci 1 , ci ] i  1, 2,..., n  segmentze arsebobs uwyveti Fi funqcia, iseTi rom

f  x   Fi  x  , ci 1  x  ci .
Nnax. 1.21-ze mocemulia uban-uban uwyveti funqciebis magaliTi.

20
 nNaxazi 1.21

gansazRvreba 1. 4. vTqvaT, f uban-uban uwyveti funqciaa [c0 , cn ] segmentze. maSin

f funqciis gansazRvruli integrali [c0 , cn ] segmentze ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:

cn n ci

 f  x  dx   
c0 i 1 ci1
Fi  x  dx .

SeniSvna 1. 2. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, segmentze uwyveti an uban-uban uwyveti

funqcia integrebadia. rac Seexeba funqciis SemosazRvrulobas, es Tviseba aris
mxolod funqciis integrebadobis aucilebeli piroba da - ara sakmarisi. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, yvela SemosazRvruli funqcia ar aris integrebadi, anu
arsebobs SemosazRvruli funqcia, romelic ar aris integrebadi.

1.8 kalkulusis ZiriTadi Teoremebi

Teorema 1.3 (ZiriTadi Teorema I). vTqvaT f funqcia uwyvetia [a, b]

segmentze da a  x  b . ganvixiloT funqcia:

x
F  x    f  t  dt .
a

am pirobebSi F warmoebadia [a, b] segmentze da adgili aqvs tolobas

F x  f  x .

21
 damtkiceba. warmoebulis gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad

F  x  h  F  x
F '  x   lim 
h 0 h
1 
xh x
lim   f  t  dt   f  t  dt  
h 0 h
 a a 

xh
1
lim  f  t  dt  (me-4 Tvisebis ZaliT)
h 0 h
x

1
lim hf  c   (saSualo mniSvnelobis Teoremis ZaliT)
h 0 h

f  x  . (funqciis uwyvetobis gamo).

F F funqcias uwodeben f funqciis pirvelads (pirvelyofils).

gansazRvreba 1. 5. F funqcias ewodeba f funqciis pirveladi raime Sualedze,

Tu am Sualedze F funqcia warmoebadia da adgili aqvs tolobas F ( x)  f ( x) .

ukanaskneli tolfasia Tanafardobis
dF ( x)  F ( x)dx  f ( x)dx .

Teorema 1.4. . Tu F1 da F2 funqcia f funqciis pirveladi funqciebia raime

erTi da igive Sualedze, maSin maTi sxvaoba iqneba mudmivi am Sualedze, anu
F1 ( x)  F2 ( x)  c yoveli x -isTvis am Sualedidan.

marTlac, vinaidan F1( x)  f ( x) da F2( x)  f ( x) , amitom ( F1 ( x)  F2 ( x))  0 , saidanac

gamomdinareobs, rom F1 ( x)  F2 ( x) sxvaoba mudmivia.

Sedegi 1. 1. Tu F funqcia aris f funqciis pirveladi funqcia raime Sualedze,

maSin F  C, C  , f
funqcia aris funqciis pirveladi nax. 1.22-ze
mocemulia am faqtis geometriuli interpretacia.
22
 Nnaxazi 1.22

 x3  x3
magaliTi 1. 1. radganac    x 2 , amitom TiToeuli funqcia:  C, C  ,
 3 3
warmoadgens x 2 funqciis pirvelads.

magaliTi 1.2. radganac (sin x)  cos x , amitom TiToeuli funqcia: cos x  C,
C  , aris sin x funqciis pirveladi.

Teorema 1.5 (ZiriTadi Teorema II, niuton-laibnicis formula). vTqvaT f

funqcia uwyvetia [a, b] segmentze da F warmoadgens f funqciis pirvelads, maSin
b

 f  t  dt  F b   F  a  .
a

damtkiceba. radganac F funqcia aris f funqciis pirveladi, amitom

funqciac iqneba f funqciis pirveladi da, maSasadame, Teoremebidan 1.3

da 1.4 gveqneba:

 f  t  dt  F  x   c .
a
vTqvaT x  a . maSin

a
0   f  t  dt  F  a   c ,
a

c  F  a  .
maSasadame,

23
 b

 f  t  dt  F b   F  a  .
a
Teorema damtkicebulia.

1.9 pirveladi funqciis cneba.

ganusazRvreli integralis cneba

gansazRvreba 1.6. ganusazRvreli integrali f funqciidan aRiniSneba

 f ( x)dx
simboloTi da ewodeba f funqciis yvela pirveladTa simravles mocemul Sualedze.
am gansazRvrebidan gamomdinareobs, rom Tu F funqcia f funqciis raime
pirveladia mocemul Sualedze, maSin am Sualedze

 f ( x)dx  {F ( x)  c} , (1. 2)
sadac c nebismieri mudmivia. xSirad, simartivisaTvis (1. 2) tolobas asec weren:
 f ( x)dx  F ( x)  c .
vinaidan F ( x)  f ( x) , maSin (1. 2)-dan miviRebT:

d   f ( x)dx   dF ( x)  F ( x)dx  f ( x)dx .

aseve gveqneba
 dF ( x)   F ( x)dx  F ( x)  c .
1.10 ZiriTadi ganusazRvreli integralebis cxrili

qvemoT moyvanili formulebi samarTliania integralqveSa funqciis

gansazRvris areSi Semaval nebismier intervalze.

1  1
x   1;

1. dx  x  c , sadac
 1
1
2.  x dx  ln x  c ;
ax
 a dx  c , a  0, a  1;  e dx  e c;
x x x
3. sadac
ln a
4.  sin xdx   cos x  c ;
24
 5.  cos xdx  sin x  c ;
1 1
6.  cos 2
x
dx  tgx  c ; 7.  sin 2
x
dx  ctgx  c ;

1 arcsin x  c, 1 arctgx  c,
8.  1 x2
dx  
 arccos x  c1 ;
9.  1 x 2
dx  
arcctgx  c1 ;

1 1 1 1 x
10.  x2 1
dx  ln | x  x 2  1 | c ; 11.  1 x 2
dx  ln
2 1 x
c.

1.11 ganusazRvreli integralis wrfivobis Tviseba

adgili aqvs Semdeg tolobas:

 (f ( x)  g ( x))dx    f ( x)dx    g ( x)dx , (1.3)

sadac  ,   R da     0.
2 2

marTlac, Tu f (x) funqciis raime pirveladia F (x) funqcia, xolo g (x)

funqciis raime pirvelyofilia G(x) funqcia, maSin

  f ( x)dx    g ( x)dx  F ( x) G( x)  c1  c2  F ( x)  G( x)  c ,

magram (F ( x)  G( x))  f ( x)  g ( x) , amitom samarTliania (1.3) toloba.

magaliTebi 1. 3.
2
 1   2 1 1
1 1
1)   x   dx    x  2 x   dx   x 2
dx  2  x 2
dx   dx  x3 
 x  x x 3
3
4
 x 2  ln x  c .
3

magaliTebi 1. 4 4
x 1 1 1 1
 cos dx   (1  cos x)dx   (1  cos x)dx  1dx   cos xdx 
2
2)
2 2 2 2 2

25
 1 1
 x  sin x  c .
2 2

1.12 cvladis gardaqmna ganusazRvreli integralisaTvis

f ( ( x)) ( x) saxis funqciidan pirveladis moZebnisas viyenebT  ( x)  t saxis

cvladis gardaqmnas integralis niSnis qveS da pirveladi funqciis povnis Semdeg
vubrundebiT sawyis x cvlads:

 f ( ( x)) ( x)dx  f ( ( x))d ( x)   f (t )dt  F (t )  c  F ( ( x))  c .

magaliTebi 1.5.

 2xe dx   e x dx 2   et dt  et  c  e x  c .
x2 2 2

magaliTi 1. 6.
x 1 d ( x 2  1) 1 dt 1 1
 1 x2 dx 
2  x 1
2
   ln t  c  ln( x 2  1)  c .
2 t 2 2

magaliTi 1. 7.
sin x 1
 tgxdx   cos x dx   cos xd (cos x)   ln | cos x | c .
1.13 nawilobiTi integrebis formula ganusazRvreli
integralisaTvis

Teorema 1.6. Tu f da g funqciebis warmoebulebi raime intervalze

uwyveti funqciebia, maSin amave intervalze samarTliania toloba:

 f ( x) g ( x)dx  f ( x) g ( x)   f ( x) g ( x)dx .
marTlac, vinaidan  ( f ( x) g ( x))dx   f ( x) g ( x)dx   f ( x) g ( x)dx , amitom

 f ( x) g ( x)dx   ( f ( x) g ( x))dx   f ( x) g ( x)dx .

26
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom  ( f ( x) g ( x))dx  f ( x) g ( x)  c , sadac c nebismieri mudmivia,

miviRebT:

 f ( x) g ( x)dx  f ( x) g ( x)   f ( x) g ( x)dx .
damtkicebuli nawilobiTi integrebis formula SeiZleba Caiweros Semdegi
saxiTac:

 f ( x)dg ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)   g ( x)df ( x) .

SeniSvna 1. 3. damtkicebul nawilobiTi integrebis formula funqciaTa ori

simravlis tolobas aRniSnavs. Aam simravleTa erTi elementis dasaxelebiT da
nebismieri mudmivi funqciis damatebiT miiReba am simravleebis nebismieri elementi.
A(anu ukanaskneli tolobis marcxena da marjvena mxareebis toloba gaigeba mudmivis
sizustiT).
es SeniSvna exeba yvela im tolobasac, romlis orive mxareSi ganusazRvreli
integrali monawileobs.

magaliTebi 1.8.
1)  x cos xdx   x(sin x)dx  x sin x   sin x  ( x)dx 
x sin x   sin xdx x sin x  cos x  c ;

 x e dx   x de  x e   e dx 
2 x 2 x 2 x x 2
2)
x e  2 xde x e  2 xe  2 e dx 
2 x x 2 x x x

x2e x  2 xe x  2e x  c ;
1
3)  ln xdx  x ln x   xd ln x  x ln x   x  x dx 
x ln x   1dx  x ln x  x  c;

4)  a 2  x 2 dx  x a 2  x 2   xd a 2  x 2 
2 x
x a2  x2   x  dx 
2 a2  x2

27
 (a 2  x 2 )  a 2
x a2  x2   dx 
a2  x2

a2 x
x a 2  x 2   a 2  x 2 dx   d 
 x a
2

1  
a
x
x a 2  x 2  a 2 arcsin   a 2  x 2 dx , a  0,
a

saidanac miviRebT:

x 2 a2 x
 a 2  x 2 dx 
2
a  x 2  arcsin  c .
2 a

s a v a r j i S o e b i

1. gamoTvaleT f funqciis darbus zeda da qveda integraluri jamebi

miTiTebuli Sualedis n tol nawilad danawilebis SemTxvevaSi. ganixileT
SemTxvevebi: 1) n  2 ; 2) n  3 ; 3) n  4 .

a) a) f ( x)  x , x [1; 2] b) f ( x)  2 x  1 , x [0; 5]
g) f ( x)  3x  2 , x [1; 4] d) f ( x)   x  4 , x [2; 3]
a) f ( x)  x , x [1; 2] b) f ( x)  2 x  1 , x [3; 0]
2 2
b)
g) f ( x)  x  2 x , x [2; 3] d) f ( x)   x  x , x [0; 2]
2 2

2. CawereT f funqciis darbus zeda da qveda integraluri jamebi miTiTebuli

Sualedis n tol nawilad danawilebis SemTxvevaSi:

a) f ( x)  x  1 , x [2; 3] b) f ( x)  2 x  1 , x [3; 0]
1 1
g) f ( x)  x  2 , x [2; 2] d) f ( x)   x  , x [0; 6]
4 2
e) f ( x)  x  1 , x [1; 3] v) f ( x)  x  4 x , x [2; 3]
2 2

z) f ( x)  x  2 , x  [0;1] T) f ( x)  x  1 , x  [2;3]
3

3. gamoTvaleT f funqciis rimanis integraluri jamebi miTiTebuli Sualedis

n tol nawilad danawilebis SemTxvevaSi. c i (i  0, 1, 2, ..., n 1) argumentis
28
mniSvnelobebad aarCieT danawilebis Sualedebis Suawertilebi. ganixileT
SemTxvevebi: 1) n  2 ; 2) n  3 ; 3) n  4 ; 4) n  5 .

a) f ( x)  x  1 , x [1; 3] b) f ( x)  3x  2 , x [2; 3]
1
g) f ( x)   x  2 , x [1; 2] d) f ( x)  x  2 , x [0; 4]
2
e) f ( x)  x , x [0; 2] v) f ( x)  x  2 x , x [2; 3]
2 2

z) f ( x)   x  1 , x [3;  1] T) f ( x)  x , x [0; 1]
2 3

4. gamoTvaleT gansazRvruli integrali, rogorc rimanis integraluri

jamebis zRvari. amisaTvis miTiTebuli Sualedi daanawileT n tol nawilad da c i
(i  0, 1, 2, ..., n 1) argumentis mniSvnelobebad aarCieT danawilebis Sualedebis Sua
wertilebi:

1 2
a)  ( x  3)dx
1
b)  (4 x  3)dx
0
2 2

x  (x  2 x)dx .
2 2
g) dx d)
1 1

5. ipoveT ganusazRvreli integrali:

5.1) a)  xdx b)  ( x  2)dx

1
g)  (2 x  3)dx d)  ( 4 x  5)dx
 (x
3
 2 x  1)dx  (2 x  3x  x  2)dx
2 2
5.2) a) b)
 1
 (2 x  x 3  2 x 2  1)dx   5x  x  dx
5 3
g) d)
3

 1  1 3 4 1
5.3) a)   x  3 x   dx
x
b)   x
 x  2 dx
x 
 1 
  2x  
2
 x     x  x2 x  1 dx
4 3
g) x 4 dx d)

3 2
3x x x

x 1 3
x2  4 x
5.4) a)  x dx b)  x

29
 x  23 x 2  1  1 
g)  4
x
dx d)  1  x 2 

x x dx

 5 2 
5.5) a)  (2 sin x  3 cos x  5)dx b)   cos 2
x
 2
sin x
 2  dx

 tan  cot
2 2
g) xdx d) xdx

 2 1   1 3 
5.6) a)   1  x2 x2  1 dx
  b)    2  dx
 x 1 2x  2 
2

x2 x2
g)  dx d)  dx
1 x2 1 x2

 (e  2 x )dx  (2  e 3 x )dx
x 2x
5.7) a) b)
2 x 2  3 x2
 6 x dx  (2  3 x ) 2 dx
x
g) d)

6. ipoveT ganusazRvreli integrali cvladis gardaqmnis gziT:

1
 (2 x  1) dx  ( 3 x  5) dx
20 10
6.1) a) b)

g)  3x  2dx d)  4 x  2dx 3

1 1
6.2) a) 2  9x 2
dx b)  1  2x
dx

1 1
g)  dx d)  dx
2  3x 2 3  4x 2
 4 1 
6.3) a)  (cos 2x  sin(3x  2))dx b)    dx
 cos (4 x  3) 1  cos x 
2

 1 1 
  1  sin x  2 x  (sin x  cos 4 x)dx
4
g)  d)
2
1 

6.4) a)  tan xdx b)  cot xdx

xdx e x dx
g)  d)  2  ex
1 x2

dx sin x
6.5) a)  (1  x) x
b)  2 x
dx

30
 1
3 cos
x dx
x 
g) d) x dx
8
5 x2

ln 2 x arctan x
6.6) a) 
x
dx b) 
1 x2
dx
dx dx
g)  d) 
sin x cos x

 x(1  x) x 3  4 x dx
50
6.7) a) dx b)
x2
 x 1  xdx 
23
g) d) dx
2 x

7. ipoveT ganusazRvreli integrali nawilobiTi integrebis gziT:

x
7.1) a)  x sin xdx b)  x sin dx
2
x
g)  x cos 3xdx d)  x cos
4

 xe  xe dx
x 2x
7.2) a) dx b)
g)  xe x
d)  x ln xdx

 x e dx x
2 2 x 2
7.3) a) b) cos xdx

 x sin 2 xdx x
2 2
g) d) cos 4 xdx

7.4) a)  arctan xdx b)  arcsin x

 arctan xdx  e dx
x
g) d)

 4  x dx  9  x 2 dx
2
7.5) a) b)
g)  e cos xdx x
d) e
2x
sin 3xdx

8. gamoTvaleT gansazRvruli integrali:

2 8

 (x  2 x  3)dx ( x  2 x  1)dx
2 3
8.1) a) b)
1 1

31
  3
1
g)  (3 cos x  2 sin x)dx
0
d) 1 x
1
2
dx

2 4

8.2 ) a)  1  x dx
0
b)  x  3 dx
2
1 1

g)  ( x  2 x)dx
1
d)  ( x x  1)dx
2

ln 2 

 xe b)  x sin xdx
x
8.3 ) a) dx
0 0
 e

g)  x cos x dx

d)  ln x dx
1
3 e

9. gamoTvaleT  f ( x)dx , Tu:

1

 x2 ,  1  x  0,  2x ,  1  x  0,
 
a) f ( x)   2 x  1, 0  x  1, b) f ( x)  2 x  3, 0  x  1,
 x 3  3, 1  x  2.  x 2  1, 1  x  2.
 

 x,  1  x  0,  3 x ,  1  x  0,
 x 
g) f ( x)   e , 0  x  1, d) f ( x)   3 x , 0  x  1,
 x  3, 1  x  2. 4 x , 1  x  2.
 

10. ipoveT f funqciis saSualo mniSvneloba [a, b] segmentze Tu

a) f ( x)  x , [a, b]  [0,1]; [0,10]; [0,100]
b) f ( x)  10  2sin x  3cos x; [a, b]  [ ,  ]
g) f ( x)  sin x; [a, b]  [ ,  ], [0,  ]
d) f ( x)  sigx; [a, b]  [2, 1]; [2,1]; [1,3]; [2, 2]; [1, 2]

11. gamoTvaleT im figuris farTobi, romelic SemosazRvrulia wirebiT:

11.1) a) y  x, y  0, x  1, x3
b) y  x , y  0, x  1, x2
3

g) y   x , y  0 , x  1, x2
4

d) y  e , y  0, x  0, x  ln 5
x

32
11.2) a) xy  4 , y  0 , x  1 , x3
b) y  sin x , y  0 , 0  x  
g) y  2 , y  2x  x 2 , x  0 , x  2
x

x
d) y  e , y  0 , x  1 , x  2

a) y  x , y3 x
2
11.3)
b) y   x , y  x 2  2x
2

g) y  6 x  x , y  0
2

5
d) y  , y  6  x
x

11.4) a) y  2 x  1 , y  0 , 1  x  4
b) y  x , y  0 ,  1  x  2
3

g) y  2 x  x , y  0 , 1  x  4
2

5 
d) y  sin x , y  0,  x
6 4

33
 1.14 ტრიგონომეტრიული ჩასმები

წრის ფართობის გამოსათვლელად გამოიყენება  a 2  x 2 dx სახის ინტეგრალი, სადაც a  0 .

ამ ინტეგრალის გამოსათვლელად მოხერხებულია ჩასმის მეთოდი: x  a sin t . გვაქვს

a 2  x 2  a 2  a 2 sin 2 t  a 2 cos2 t  a cos t

  
თუ დავუშვებთ, t   ; 
რომ , მაშინ x  g (t )  a sin t ფუნქცია იქნება
 2 2
x
ურთიერთცალსახა, t  arcsin , x    a; a  , cos t  0 და თუ ვისარგებლებთ ცვლადის
a
გარდაქმნის ფორმულით  f ( x )dx   f ( g (t )) g (t ) dt , გვექნება:

2 2 2 2 2 a2
2 2 a2 1
 a  x dx   a  a sin t  a cos tdt   a cos t  2  (1  cos 2t )dt  2 (t  2 sin 2t )  c 
a2 a2 x x 2
 (t  sin t cos t )  c  arcsin  a  x 2  c.
2 2 a 2
ქვემოთ ცხრილში მოყვანილია ზოგიერთი სასარგებლო ჩასმა:

გამოსახულება ჩასმა
a2  x2   
x  a sin t , t   ; 
 2 2

a2  x 2   
x  a tan t , t   ; 
 2 2

x2  a2 a  3
x , 0t  ან   t 
cos t 2 2

9  x2
მაგალითი 1.გამოთვალეთ:  dx .
x2

  
გამოვიყენოთ ჩასმა x  3sin t , სადაც t    ;  . მაშინ
 2 2

34
 9  x2 9  9sin 2 t 3cos t 2 1
 x2 dx   9 sin 2 t  3cos tdt   9sin 2 t  3cos tdt   cot tdt   ( sin 2 t  1)dt 
  cot t  t  c.

9  x2
თუ გავითვალისწინებთ, რომ 9  x 2  9  9sin 2 t  3 cos t  3cos t , მაშინ cot t  .
x
x
ამავე დროს t  arcsin , ამიტომ
3

9  x2 9  x2 x
 2
dx    arcsin  c .
x x 3

x2 y2
მაგალითი 2. გამოთვალეთ 2  2  1 ელიფსის ფართობი:
a b

(0; b)

(a ;0) x

x2 y2 b 2
გვაქვს 2
 2 1  y   a  x2 . რადგან ელიფსი სიმეტრიულია აბსცისათა და
a b a
ორდინატთა ღერძების მიმართ, ამიტომ პირველ სააკორდინატო მეოთხედში მოქცეული
ელიფსის ნაწილის ფართობი იქნება მთელი ელიფსის ფართობის მეოთხედი. ამიტომ
a
b 2  
S  4 a  x 2 dx . გამოვიყენოთ ჩასმა x  a sin t , t  0;  . მაშინ
0
a  2
a  /2  /2  /2
b 2 4b 4b
S  4 a  x 2 dx  
2 2 2
a  a sin t  a cos tdt  a
2 2
cos tdt  2ab  (1  cos 2t )dt 
0
a a 0
a 0 0

2ab
 2abt |0 /2  sin 2t |0 / 2   ab  0  0  0   ab.
2
1
მაგალითი 3.გამოთვალეთ: dx .
x 2
x2  4
  
გამოვიყენოთ ჩასმა x  2 tan t , t    ;  . გვაქვს
 2 2
35
 1 1 2 cos t 1 d (sin t ) 1
x dx   
2
dt   2
dt   2
  c.
2
x2  4 4 tan 2 t 4 tan 2 t  4 cos t 4 sin t 4 sin t 4 sin t

1 2 4 x2  4   
თუ გავითვალისწინებთ, რომ 2
 1  cot t  1  2
 2
და როცა t    ;  , მაშინ
sin t x x  2 2
x -ს და sin t =ს აქვთ ერთნაირი ნიშანი, ამიტომ
1 x2  4
x dx    c.
2
x2  4 4x

1.15 რაციონალური ფუნქციის ინტეგრება

P ( x)
ვთქვათ მოცემულია რაციონალური ფუნქცია f ( x)  , სადაც P( x) და Q( x)
Q( x )
P ( x) P ( x)
პოლინომებია.  Q( x) dx ინტეგრალის გამოთვლის მეთოდი ეფუძნება
Q( x)
ფუნქციის

P ( x)
მარტივი წილადების ჯამად წარმოდგენას, რომლის პირველი ეტაპია
Q( x)
გამოსახულებიდან მთელი ნაწილის გამოყოფა (პოლინომის სახით) იმ შემთხვევაში,
როდესაც P( x) პოლინომის ხარისხი მეტია ან ტოლი Q( x) პოლინომის ხარისხზე. ამის
R ( x)
შედეგად მივიღებთ f ( x)  S ( x) სახის ფუნქციას, სადაც S ( x) პოლინომია, ხოლო R( x)
Q ( x)
R ( x)
პოლინომის ხარისხი ნაკლები იქნება Q( x) პოლინომის ხარისხზე. შემდეგ მოხდება
Q( x)
გამოსახულების გაშლა მარტივი წილადების ჯამად განუსაზღვრელ კოეფიციენტთა
მეთოდით. ამ პროცესის შედეგად მივიღებთ წილადების ჯამს, რომლის თითოეული
A Ax  B
შესაკრები იქნება რომელიღაც შემდეგი სახის: k
ან , სადაც k , l  1
(ax  b) (ax  bx  c )l
2

მთელი რიცხვებია და A, B, a, b, c რაღაც ნამდვილი რიცხვებია. ამასთან ax 2  bx  c

კვადრატულ სამწევრს არ ექნება ნამდვილი ფესვები. ამრიგად საბოლოოდ ამოცანა
A Ax  B
დაიყვანება  (ax  b) k
dx ან  (ax 2
dx სახის ინტეგრალების დათვლაზე.
 bx  c )l

ქვემოთ ჩვენ შემოვიფარგლებით მხოლოდ რამოდენიმე ტიპური შემთხვევის აღმწერი

მაგალითით.

36
 x5
მაგალითი 1.გამოთვალეთ: x 2
dx
 x2
x5 x5 A B A( x  2)  B ( x  1)
გვაქვს  2
   . კოეფიციენტების
x  x  2 ( x  1)( x  2) x  1 x  2 ( x  1)( x  2)
შეჯერების შედეგად A  B  1 და 2 A  B  5 . სისტემის ამოხსნით ვიღებთ A  2, B  1.

x5 2 1
ამრიგად x 2
dx   (  )dx  2 ln x  1  ln x  2  c
 x2 x 1 x  2

x3  x
მაგალითი 2.გამოთვალეთ:  dx
x 1

x3  x 2 2 x3 x 2
 x 1 dx  ( x  x  2  )dx    2 x  2 ln x  1  c .
x 1 3 2
1
მაგალითი 3.გამოთვალეთ: x 2
dx
 a2

1 1 1 1 1 1 xa
x 2 2
dx   (  )dx  (ln x  a  ln x  a )  c  ln c.
a 2a x  a x  a 2a 2a x  a

x 4  2 x2  4 x  1
მაგალითი 4.გამოთვალეთ:  x3  x 2  x  1 dx
x 4  2 x2  4 x  1 4x 4x
 x3  x 2  x  1 dx   ( x  1  x3  x 2  x  1)dx   ( x  1  ( x  1)2 ( x  1) )dx 
A B C 1 2 1
  (x 1  2
 )dx   ( x  1   2
 )dx 
x  1 ( x  1) x 1 x  1 ( x  1) x 1
x2 2 x2 2 x 1
  x  ln x  1   ln x  1  c   x   ln  c.
2 x 1 2 x 1 x 1

აქ A, B, C კოეფიციენტები დადგენილ იქნა განუსაზღვრელ კოეფიციენტთა მეთოდით (

გაერთმნიშვნელიანებით, შესაბამისი კოეფიციენტების გატოლებით და მიღებული სისტემის
ამოხსნით).

2x2  x  4
მაგალითი 5.გამოთვალეთ:  dx
x3  4 x

37
 2x2  x  4 1 x 1 1 x 1
 x3  4 x dx   ( x  x2  4 )dx   xdx   x 2  4dx   x 2  4dx 
1 1 x
 ln x  ln( x 2  4)  arctan  c .
2 2 2

4 x 2  3x  2
მაგალითი 6.გამოთვალეთ:  4 x 2  4 x  3dx
4 x 2  3x  2  x 1  1 x 1
 4 x2  4 x  3dx   1  4 x 2  4 x  3 dx  x  2  (2 x  1) 2  2d (2 x  1) 
1 u 1 1 1 1 u
 x  2 du   2 du  x  ln(u 2  2)  arctan c 
4 u 2 4 u 2 8 4 2 2
1 1 2x 1
 x  ln(4 x 2  4 x  3)  arctan  c.
8 4 2 2
აქ გამოვიყენეთ აღნიშვნა u  2 x  1 .

1.16 ინტეგრალის მიახლოებითი მნიშვნელობის გამოთვლა

როგორც ვნახეთ, განსაზღვრული ინტეგრალის გამოსათვლელად ძირითადად

b
ვსარგებლობთ ნიუტონ-ლაიბნიცის ფორმულით  f ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a) ,
a
სადაც F ( x) არის

f ( x) ფუნქციის პირველყოფილი ფუნქცია, მაგრამ გვხდება შემთხვევები, როდესაც ვერ

ხერხდება პირველყოფილი ფუნქციის ჩაწერა ელემენტარული ფუნქციების გამოყენებით.
ასეთ შემთხვევებში განსაზღვრული ინტეგრალის მნიშვნელობის გამოთვლა შესაძლებელია
მიახლოებით შესაბამისი ინტეგრალური ჯამების გამოყენებით. მაგალითად, შესაბამისი
b n
რიმანის ჯამით:  f ( x )dx   f (ck )xk , სადაც a  x0  x1  ...  xn  b, xk   xk 1 , xk  და
a k 1

ck   xk 1 , xk  , k  1, 2,..., n .
ba
 a, b  შუალედის დანაწილებას ახდენენ ფორმულით: xk  a  k , k  0,1, 2,..., n . ამ
n
ba
დროს x  xk  xk  xk 1  , k  1, 2,..., n . ck წერტილების შესარჩევად კი იყენებენ
n
სხვადასხვა წესებს. ქვემოთ აღვწერთ რამოდენიმეს.

38
 ba
შუაწერტილის წესი: ამ წესით ვიღებთ x  xk  , k  1, 2,..., n და
n
_
1
ck  xk  ( xk 1  xk ), k  1, 2,..., n .
2
b n _ _ _
ba
მაშინ a f ( x ) dx  
k 1
f (ck )x 
n
( f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )  ...  f ( xn ))  M n .

ვთქვათ f ( x )  K , როდესაც a  x  b . მაშინ RM ცდომილებისთვის ადგილი აქვს

K (b  a )3
შეფასებას: RM  .
24n 2

თუ ck წერტილების როლში ავიღებთ ჯერ დანაწილების შუალედების მარცხენა ბოლოებს,

შემდეგ დანაწილების შუალედების მარჯვენა ბოლოებს და განვიხილავთ შესაბამისი
ინტეგრალური ჯამების საშუალოს, მივიღებთ:
b
1 n n
 ba
 f ( x )dx    f ( xk 1 )x   f ( xk )x    f (a)  2 f ( x1 )  2 f ( x2 )  ...  2 f ( xn1 )  f (b)  .
a
2  k 1 k 1  2n
აღნიშნულ წესს უწოდებენ ტრაპეციის წესს.

ba ba
ტრაპეციის წესი: ვიღებთ xk  a  k , k  0,1, 2,..., n და x  xk  , k  1, 2,..., n .
n n
b
ba
 f ( x)dx   f (a )  2 f ( x1 )  2 f ( x2 )  ...  2 f ( xn1 )  f (b)   Tn .
a
2n
ვთქვათ f ( x )  K , როდესაც a  x  b . მაშინ RT ცდომილებისთვის ადგილი აქვს
K (b  a )3
შეფასებას: RT  .
12n 2

ba ba
სიმპსონის წესი: ვიღებთ xk  a  k , x  xk  , k  1, 2,..., n და n ლუწია.
n n
b
ba
 f ( x)dx   f (a )  4 f ( x1 )  2 f ( x2 )  4 f ( x3 )  ...  2 f ( xn 2 )  4 f ( xn1 )  f (b)   Sn .
a
3n
ვთქვათ f (4) ( x )  K , როდესაც a  x  b . მაშინ RS ცდომილებისთვის ადგილი აქვს
K (b  a ) 5
შეფასებას: RS  .
180n 4

39
 2
1
მაგალითი გგამოთვალეთ  xdx ინტეგრალის მიახლოებითი მნიშვნელობა ა) შუაწერტილის
1

წესით n  5 შემთხვევაში, ბ) ტრაპეციის წესით n  5 შემთხვევაში, გ) სიმპსონის წესით n  4

შემთხვევაში:

2 1
ა) გვაქვს n  5. მაშინ x   0, 2 და
5
a  x0  1; x1  1, 2; x2  1, 4; x3  1, 6; x4  1,8; b  x5  2.
_
1
ამ შემთხვევაში ck  xk  ( xk 1  xk ), k  1, 2,3, 4,5. ამიტომ
2
c1  1,1; c2  1,3; c3  1,5; c4  1, 7; c5  1,9. ამრიგად
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
 xdx  M
1
5  x( f (1,1)  f (1,3)  f (1,5)  f (1, 7)  f (1,9))  0, 2(     )  0, 692.
1,1 1,3 1,5 1, 7 1,9

2 1
ბ) გვაქვს n  5, x   0, 2 და a  x0  1; x1  1, 2; x2  1, 4; x3  1, 6; x4  1,8; b  x5  2.
5
მაშინ
2
1 x
 xdx  T
1
5 
2
( f (1)  2 f (1, 2)  2 f (1, 4)  2 f (1, 6)  2 f (1,8)  f (2)) 

1 2 2 2 2 1
 0,1(      )  0, 696 .
1 1, 2 1, 4 1, 6 1,8 2

2 1
გ) გვაქვს n  4, x   0, 25 , a  x0  1; x1  1, 25; x2  1,5; x3  1, 75; b  x4  2.
4
მაშინ
2
1 x 1 1 4 2 4 1
 xdx  S
1
4 
3
( f (1)  4 f (1, 25)  2 f (1,5)  4 f (1, 75)  f (2))  (     )  0, 693.
12 1 1, 25 1, 5 1, 75 2

თუ ზუსტად დავთვლით ნიუტონ-ლაიბნიცის ფორმულით, გვექნება:

2
1 2
 xdx  ln x |  ln 2  ln1  ln 2  0, 693 .
1
1

ახლა შევაფასოთ ცდომილება ტრაპეციის წესის შემთხვევაში, როცა n  5 . გვაქვს:

1 2 2
f ( x)   2
, f ( x )  3 , 1  x  2 . ამიტომ f ( x )  3  2 , ე.ი. K  2 . ამრიგად
x x x
K (b  a )3 2
RT  2
  0, 00667 .
12n 12  25

40
 2
1
დავსვათ კითხვა: როგორი უნდა იყოს n , რომ ტრაპეციის წესით  xdx ინტეგრალის
1

მნიშვნელობის დათვლისას ცდომილება არ აღემატებოდეს 0, 0001 -ს?

K (b  a)3 2 1
გვაქვს: RT  2
 2
 0, 0001  n 2   n  41 .
12n 12n 6  0, 0001

1.17 არასაკუთრივი ინტეგრალი

gansazRvreba 1. vTqvaT funqcia f : [a,)  R rimanis azriT integrebadia

b
nebismier [a, b]  [a, ) segmentze. sidides lim  f ( x)dx Tu es zRvari arsebobs
b  
a

uwodeben rimanis arasakuTriv integrals f funqciidan [a, ) simravleze da


mas aRniSnaven simboloT  f ( x)dx .
a

SemdgomSi vityviT, rom arasakuTrivi integrali



 f ( x)dx
a

Kkrebadia Tu zemoT miTiTiTebuli zRvari arsebobs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

vityviT, rom arasakuTrivi integrali ganSladia.

1
magaliTi 1. gamovikvlioT arasakuTrivi integralis  x dx
1
krebadobis sakiTxi.

b
1 1 1 b
Ggvaqvs : roca   1 , maSin x 
dx  x |1
1 1
b
1 b
roca   1 , maSin x dx  ln x 1
.
1
b
1
Aamitom zRvari lim x 
dx arsebobs mxolod maSin, roca   1 da
b 
1
b
1 1
lim
b    x  dx    1 .
1

41
 
1 1
MmaSasadame  x  dx    1 Tu   1 da  parametris sxva mniSvnelobisaTvis
1
arasakuTrivi integrali ganSladia.

gansazRvreba 2. vTqvaT funqcia f : [a, B)  R rimanis azriT integrebadia

b
nebismier [a, b]  [a, B) segmentze. sidides lim  f ( x)dx Tu es zRvari arsebobs
b B
a

uwodeben rimanis arasakuTriv integrals f funqciidan [a, B) simravleze da

B
mas aRniSnaven simboloTi  f ( x)dx .
a

Aam ganmartebis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom f funqcia B wertilis ragind

mcire midamoSi SesaZlebelia aRmoCndes SemousazRvreli.
gansazRvreba 3. vTqvaT funqcia f : ( A, b]  R rimanis azriT integrebadia
b
nebismier [a, b]  ( A, b] segmentze. sidides lim  f ( x)dx Tu es zRvari arsebobs
a A
a

uwodeben rimanis arasakuTriv integrals f funqciidan ( A, b] simravleze da

b
mas aRniSnaven simboloTi  f ( x)dx .
A
Aanalogiurad SegviZlia ganvmartoT
b b

 f ( x)dx  lim  f ( x)dx

a  
 a

1
1
magaliTi 2. gamovikvlioT arasakuTrivi integralis  x dx
0
krebadobis

sakiTxi.
1
1 1 1 1
Ggvaqvs : roca   1 , maSin x 
dx  x |a ,
a
1

b
1 b
roca   1 , maSin x dx  ln x 1
.
1

1
1
Aamitom zRvari lim x 
dx arsebobs mxolod maSin, roca   1 da
a  0
a

1
1 1
lim
a0  x  dx  1   .
a

42
 1
1 1
MmaSasadame  x dx  1  
0
Tu   1 da  parametris sxva mniSvnelobisaTvis

arasakuTrivi integrali ganSladia.

arasakuTrivi integralis absoluturi krebadoba


gansazRvreba 4. vityviT, rom arasakuTrivi integrali  f ( x)dx
a
krebadia


absoluturad, Tu krebadia arasakuTrivi integrali  | f ( x) | dx .
a
gansazRvreba 5. Tu arasakuTrivi integrali krebadia, magram araa absoliturad
krebadi, maSin amboben rom arasakuTrivi integrali pirobiT krebadia

arasakuTrivi integralis krebadobis Sedarebis niSani

Teorema 1. 2 vTqvaT mocemulia funqciebi f , g : [a,  )  R , romlebic nebismier

[a, b]  [a,  ) segmentze integrebadi arian. Tu [a,  ) simravleze 0  f ( x)  g ( x ),
 
maSin  g ( x)dx
a
integralis krebadobidan gamomdinareobs integralis  f ( x)dx
a
krebadoba da samarTliania utoloba
 

 f ( x )dx   g ( x)dx ,
a a
 
xolo  f ( x)dx
a
integralis ganSladobidan gamomdinareobs  g ( x)dx
a
integralis

ganSladoba.

cos x cos x 1
magaliTi 3. integrali  2
dx absoliturad krebadia vinaidan 2
 2 ,
1 x
x x
roca x  1 da amitom

43
  
cos x 1
1 x 2 dx  x
1
2
dx  1 .


2
 x2
magaliTi 4. e dx krebadia, vinaidan e  x  e  x roca x  1 da
1
 
 x2 1
e dx   e  x dx  .
1 1 e

1 1 1
magaliTi 5.  ln x dx ganSladia vinaidan sakmaod didi x -ebisaTvis  da
10
ln x x

1
 x dx
10
ganSladia.


sin x
magaliTi 6.. vaCvenoT, rom integrali  dx pirobiT krebadia.
 /2 x

Tu visargeblebT nawilobiTi integrebis formuliT nebismieri b   / 2

ricxvisaTvis, gveqneba
b b b
sin x cos x cos x
 / 2 x dx   x  / 2  / 2 x 2 dx . (1)

Tu am tolobis orive mxareSi gadavalT zRvarze roca b   , gveqneba

 
sin x cos x
 / 2 x dx  / 2 x2 dx
 
cos x sin x
vinaidan  2
dx krebadia amitom integralic  dx krebadia. vaCvenoT,
 /2 x /2 x
rom es ukanaskneli integrali ar aris absoliturad krebadi.

marTlac, nebismieri b   / 2 ricxvisaTvis gveqneba

b b
sin x sin 2 x 1 b 1 1 b cos 2 x
 dx   dx   dx   dx (2)
 /2
x  /2 x 2  /2 x 2  /2 x

cos 2 x
integrali  dx krebadia, es ukanaskneli SegviZlia davamtkicoT
 /2
x

sin x
analogiurad rogorc vaCveneT  dx krebadoba (ix. (1) toloba).
 /2 x

44
(2) tolobaSi Tu gadavalT zRvarze, roca b   , davaskvniT, rom
  
sin x 1 cos 2 x
 dx   (vinaidan  dx   da  dx krebadia).
/2 x  /2 x /2
x

1.18 wiris sigrZe

vTqvaT mocemulia y  f ( x ) uwvetad warmoebadi funqcia da gvinda

gamovTvaloT funqciis grafikis rkalis im nawilis sigrZe, romelic eTanadeba
a  x  b monakveTs. rkalis sigrZis qveS vigulisxmoT rkalze moniSnuli
A0 , A1 , A2 ,..., An wertilebiT Sedgenili texilis sigrZis zRvari, rodesac am
texilis udidesi mdgenis sigrZe miiswrafis nulisken. vTqvaT a  x0 , x1 , ..., xn  b
wertilebi warmoadgenen A0 , A1 , A2 ,..., An wertilebis Sesabamis abscisebs. maSin Tu
l aris rkalis sigrZe , L aris texilis sigrZe, xolo  aris texilis udidesi
mdgenis sigrZe, gveqneba

2
n
2 2
n
 f ( xk )  f ( xk 1 ) 
l  lim L  lim   xk  xk 1    f ( xk )  f ( xk 1 )   lim   xk  xk 1  1  2

 0  0
k 1
 0
k 1  xk  xk 1 
n b
lim   xk  xk 1  1  ( f (k )) 2   1  ( f ( x )) 2 dx .
 0
k 1 a

b
amrigad l   1  ( f ( x )) 2 dx warmoadgens rkalis sigrZis gamosaTvlel formulas.
a

45
 სავარჯიშოები

1. გამოთვალეთ ინტეგრალები ტრიგონომეტრიული ჩასმების გამოყენებით:

dx x3
ა) x 2
4  x2
, x  2 sin t ; ბ)  x2  4
dx, x  2 tan t ;

dx x2  4 2
გ) x , x  3sin t ; დ)  dx, x ;
2
9  x2 x cos t

2. გამოთვალეთ ინტეგრალი:

x2 x2 1
ა)  dx, ბ)  dx;
9  x2 x4
x x2  1
გ)  dx ; დ)  dx .
x2  7 x

3. იპოვეთ განსაზღვრული ინტეგრალი:

3 2/3
x
ა)  dx ; ბ)  4  9 x 2 dx ;
2
0 36  x 0
2 1
1
გ)  dx ; დ)  x 2  1 dx .
2
0 4 x 0

4. მოახდინეთ რაციონალური ფუნქციის ინტეგრება

3 2x  3
ა)  ( x  1)( x  2)dx ; ბ)  ( x  2)( x  5)dx ;
x4 x4
გ)  x  1dx ; დ) x 2
 5x  6
dx ;

x 2  5x  4 x3  1
ე)  x 4  5x 2  4dx ; ვ)  x 3  5x 2  6 xdx ;
46
 5. შუაწერტილის, ტრაპეციის და სიმპსონის წესების გამოყენებით იპოვეთ განსაზღვრული
ინტეგრალის მიახლოებითი მნიშვნელობა მითითებულ შემთხვევებში:

2 3 1
ა)  x 3  1 dx , n  4; ბ)  e x dx , n  8;
1 1
2 3
1 sin x
გ) 0 x6  1 dx , n  8; ; დ) 
1 x
dx , n  4.

3
1
6. როგორი უნდა იყოს n , რომ ტრაპეციის წესით  x  1dx ინტეგრალის მნიშვნელობის
2

დათვლისას ცდომილება არ აღემატებოდეს ა) 0, 002 -ს? ბ) 0, 0005 -ს?

7. კრებადია თუ განშლადი არასაკუთრივი ინტეგრალი?

 
5 4
ა) 3 ( x  2)3/ 2 dx ; ბ)  (2 x  1)
1
3
dx ;

 
3 x2
გ)  dx ; დ)  dx ;
0 1 x 0 1  x3
 0
5 x x
ე) e
2
dx ; ვ)

2 dx ;
 
1 1
ზ) x 1
2
x
dx ; თ) x
2
2
 2x  3
dx ;
1 
ln x
ი)  ln x dx
0
; კ) 1 x
dx .

2
8. გამოთვალეთ y  x პარაბოლის რკალის სიგრძე  0; 0  წერტილიდან 1;1 წერტილამდე.
9. გამოთვალეთ y  1  6 x3/ 2 ფუნქციის გრაფიკის რკალის სიგრძე 0  x  1 შემთხვევაში.

10. გამოთვალეთ y  1  x 2 ფუნქციის გრაფიკის რკალის სიგრძე 0  x  1 შემთხვევაში.

47
 2.1 ricxviTi mwkrivebi da maTi
krebadoba

vTqvaT, ( x n ) n1 ricxvTa raime mimdevrobaa. Cveni survilia azri mivaniWoT am

mimdevrobis yvela wevris jams:


x n 1
n  x1  x 2  ...  x n  ... . (1. 1)

amasTan, es jami ise unda iyos gansazRvruli, rom, roca yvela x n , Tu n  N  1 ,

nulis tolia, (1. 1) gvaZlevdes x1  x 2  ...  x N jams.

(1. 1) saxis jams Cven x1 , x 2 ,..., x n ,... wevrebian mwkrivs vuwodebT. x1 Aam mwkrivis

pirveli wevria, x 2 - meore wevri, x n -s Mmwkrivis n -ur wevrs uwodeben.

ganvixiloT (1.1) mwkrivis e. w. kerZo jamebi:

S1  x1 ,
S2  x1  x2 ,

Sn  x1  x2  ...  xn ,

yovel n (n  N ) ricxvs Seesabameba (1. 1) mwkrivis n -uri kerZo jami - S n .

amgvarad, miiReba (1. 1) mwkrivis Sesabamisi n -uri kerZo jamebis ( S n ) n1 mimdevroba.

Aamboben, rom (1. 1) mwkrivi krebadia da S aris misi jami, Tu krebadia am

mwkrivis kerZo jamebis (S n ) n1 mimdevroba da lim Sn  S . aseT SemTxvevaSi weren
n 

S  x1  x 2  ...  xn  ...

48
 im SemTxvevaSi, roca (S n ) n1 mimdevroba ganSladia, (1. 1) mwkrivs ganSladi
mwkrivi ewodeba.

Teorema 1. lim x n  0.
Tu (1. 1) mwkrivi krebadia, maSin n 

damtkiceba. marTlac, vTqvaT mwkrivis ( S n ) n1 kerZo jamTa mimdevroba krebadia.

maSin
lim xn  lim (S n  S n1 )  lim S n  lim S n1  S  S  0 .
n n n n
Teorema damtkicebulia.

magaliTi 1. ganvixiloT mwkrivi

a  a  ...  a  ... .
Tu a  0, maSin yoveli n -Tvis S n  0 da lim S n  0 . Aam SemTxvevaSi mwkrivi krebadia da
n 

misi jami S  0 . roca a  0, piroba lim

n 
xn  0 araa Sesrulebuli da amitom, Teorema 1.
-is ZaliT, es mwkrivi ganSladia.

ganvixiloT mwkrivi, romlisTvisac x n  (1) . mas aseTi saxe aqvs:

n
magaliTi 2.
(1)  1  (1)  ...  (1)n  ... .…
am SemTxvevaSi piroba lim x n  0 araa Sesrulebuli da amitom mwkrivi ganSladia.
n 

magaliTi 3. ganvixiloT raime a da q ricxvebi (a  0) da SevadginoT mwkrivi

a  aq  aq 2  ...  aq n  ... . (1. 2)
n 1 n 1
ukanasknel mwkrivSi x n  aq n 1 . Tu q  1, maSin xn  aq  a q  a  0 nebismieri
n N -sTvis. Aradgan piroba lim xn  0 araa Sesrulebuli, amitom (1. 2) mwkrivi
n 
ganSladia.
axla ganvixiloT SemTxveva, roca q  1. geometriuli progresiis jamis
formulis gamoyenebiT miviRebT:
aq n  a a a
Sn  a  aq  ...  aq n 1   qn  .
q 1 q 1 q 1
aqedan gveqneba:

49
  q a  q a
lim Sn  lim   qn    lim  q n  lim 
n  q  1 q  1  n q  1 n  q  1
n 


a a a a
lim q n   0  .
q 1 n  q 1 q 1 1  q

es ki niSnavs, rom (1. 2) mwkrivi krebadia da

a
a  aq    aq n    ( q 1).
1 q

magaliTi 4. ganvixiloT mwkrivi


1 1 1 1
n 1 n
 1    ...   ... .
2 3 n
am mwkrivs harmoniuli mwkrivi ewodeba.
1 1 1
ganvixiloT S 2 k  1    ...  k . davajgufoT S 2k jamSi Sesakrebebi Semdegnairad
2 3 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 1
S2k  1               ...   k 1  k 1  ...  k  .
 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  2 1 2  2 2 
S 2 k jamSi k sxvadasxva jgufia, romlebic frCxilebiTaa gamoyofili. Yyovel
maTgans aqvs saxe:
m1
1 1 1 2 1
m 1
 m 1
 ...    m1 (m  1, 2,,..., k ) .
2 1 2  2 2 m
i 1 2 i

k
amrigad, S 2k  1 
.
2
vTqvaT, axla, rom A nebismieri dadebiTi ricxvia. aviRoT iseTi naturaluri k
ricxvi, rom k  2 A  1 . maSin

k 2( A  1)
S 2k  1   1  A.
2 2

ukanaskneli Sefaseba niSnavs, rom S n n1 mimdevroba araa zemodan

SemosazRvruli.
AmaSasadame, harmoniuli mwkrivi ganSladia.

50
 magaliTi 5 . gamoTvaleT usasrulo jami
1 1 1 1
   ...   ... .
1 2 2  3 3  4 n(n  1)
aviRoT
1 1 1 1 2 1 3  2 n 1 n
Sn     ...     ...  
1 2 2  3 3  4 n(n  1) 1  2 23 n(n  1)
 1  1 1  1 1 1 1  1
= 1        ...        1 .
 2  2 3  n 1 n   n n  1  n 1
amitom
 1  1
lim Sn  lim 1    1 lim S n  lim (1  )  1.
n  n 
 n 1  n n n 1
Aamrigad,
1 1 1 1
   ...   ... =1.
1 2 2  3 3  4 n(n  1)


gansazRvreba 1. vTqvaT, mocemulia xn mwkrivi. ganvixiloT mwkrivi
n 1

xn1  xn2  xn3  ...  x
k  n 1
k .A

am mwkrivs uwodeben mocemuli mwkrivis n -ur naSTs da aRvniSnavT simboloTi rn .


SeniSvna 1. vTqvaT, x
n 1
n mwkrivi krebadia da misi jamia S . maSin
 n  
S   xn   xk   xk  S n  x k .
n 1 k 1 k n 1 k n 1
aqedan

rn  x
k  n 1
k  S  Sn .
amitom
lim rn  lim (S  S n )  S  S  0 .
n n

2.2 absoluturad da pirobiT krebadi mwkrivebi

ganvixiloT mwkrivi

x1  x2  ...  xn  ... (1. 3)

da SevadginoT mwkrivi

51
 x1  x 2  ...  x n  ... (1. 4)
(1. 3) mwkrivs absoluturad krebadi ewodeba, Tu krebadia (1. 4) mwkrivi. Tu (1.
3) mwkrivi krebadia, xolo (1. 4) ganSladia, maSin (1. 3) mwkrivs pirobiT krebadi
mwkrivi ewodeba.

1 1 1 1
magaliTi 6. ganvixiloT mwkrivi 1  1      ... . am ukanasknelis n  uri
2 2 3 3
1
kerZo jamia an 0, imis mixedviT n kentia, Tu – luwi. amitom kerZo jamTa mimdevroba
n
krebadia nulisken, maSasadame, mwkrivi krebadia da misi jami 0-is tolia. meore mxriv,
1 1 1 1
mwkrivis wevrebis modulebisagan Sedgenili mwkrivi 1  1      ... ganSladia
2 2 3 3
(ratom?), e. i. mocemuli mwkrivi ar aris absoluturad krebadi, e.i. igi aris pirobiT
krebadi.
A
vityviT, rom



n 1
n

mwkrivi warmoadgens (1. 3) mwkrivis maJorants (maJorantul mwkrivs), Tu

moiZebneba iseTi naturaluri N ricxvi, rom, roca n  N , maSin xn  C n , sadac  n  0,

xolo C raRac fiqsirebuli dadebiTi ricxvia.

Teorema 2 (mwkrivTa Sedarebis niSani). Tu (1. 3) mwkrivs gaaCnia krebadi

maJoranti, maSin (1. 3) mwkrivi absoluturad krebadia.

 
1 1
  n(n  1) .
1 1
magaliTi 7. ganvixiloT mwkrivi da vinaidan  ,
n 1 n
2
n2 n 2
n(n  1)

1
roca n  2, amitom mwkrivTa Sedarebis niSnis Tanaxmad (ix. Teorema 2) n n 1
2 mwkrivi

krebadia. Aamis garda, mtkicdeba, rom


1 2

n 1 n
2

6
.

52
 
sin n
magaliTi 8. ganvixiloT mwkrivi n 1 n
2
. radgan adgili aqvs Sefasebas

sin n 1 1
n 2

n 2
da, amasTan, 
n 1 n
2
mwkrivi krebadia, amitom Sedarebis Teoremis ZaliT

mocemuli mwkrivi absoluturad krebadia.


1
magaliTi 9. vTqvaT, mocemulia mwkrivi n
n 1
p
. Mmtkicdeba, rom roca p  1 ,

maSin mwkrivi krebadia, xolo roca p  1 , maSin ganSladia.

Teorema 3 (mwkrivis absoluturi krebadobis dalamberis sakmarisi

niSani).

vTqvaT, mocemulia  xn mwkrivi da lim n1  q . maSin samarTliania:
x
n x
n 1 n


a) Tu q  1, maSin x
n 1
n mwkrivi absoluturad krebadia;

b) Tu q  1 , maSin x
n 1
n mwkrivi ganSladia;

g) q  1 SemTxvevaSi mocemuli mwkrivis krebadobis Sesaxeb arafris Tqma ar

SeiZleba. kerZod, arsebobs rogorc absoluturad krebadi, ise ganSladi
mwkrivebi, romelTaTvisac q  1 .

 
2 n n! 3n n!
magaliTi 10. K krebadia Tu ara mwkrivebi: 1)  n n da 2)  n ?
n 1 n 1 n

1) gamoviyenoT dalamberis niSani:

2n 1 (n  1)! n n 2n n 2 2
lim 
  lim  lim   1,
n  ( n  1) n 1
2 n ! n (n  1)
n n n
n 
 1 e
1  
 n
e. i. mwkrivi krebadia.
3n 1 (n  1)! n n 3n n 3 3
2) lim   lim  lim   1,
n  ( n  1) n 1 n
(n  1) n n
3 n! n  n 
 1 e
1  
 n
e. i. mwkrivi ganSladia.
Teorema 4 (mwkrivis absoluturi krebadobis koSis sakmarisi niSani)

vTqvaT, mocemulia x
n 1
n mwkrivi da lim n xn  q . maSin samarTliania:
n

53
 
a) Tu q  1, maSin x
n 1
n mwkrivi absoluturad krebadia;

b) Tu q  1 , maSin x
n 1
n mwkrivi ganSladia;

g) q  1 SemTxvevaSi mocemuli mwkrivis krebadobis Sesaxeb arafris Tqma ar

SeiZleba. kerZod, arsebobs rogorc absoluturad krebadi, ise ganSladi
mwkrivebi, romelTaTvisac q  1 .

 n
 n 
magaliTi 11. gaarkvieT    mwkrivis krebadobis sakiTxi.
n 1  4n  2 
gamoviyenoT koSis niSani:

n
 n  n 1
lim n    lim   1,
n 
 4n  2  n  4n  2 4
e. i. mwkrivi krebadia.

2.3 niSanmonacvle mwkrivebi

MricxviT mwkrivs (ix. (1. 3)) ewodeba niSanmonacvle, Tu xn xn1  0 (roca

n  1, 2, ...) . Uukanaskneli, cxadia, imas niSnavs, rom mwkrivis yoveli ori mezobeli wevri
sxvadasxva niSnis namdvili ricxvia. garkveulobisaTvis vigulisxmoT, rom x1  0 .
aRniSvnebis erTgvari SecvliT (1. 3) mwkrivi aseTi saxiT gadavweroT

a1  a 2  a3  a 4  ...   1
k 1
a k  ... , (1.5)

sadac, a1 , a 2 ,...a n ,... dadebiTi ricxvebia.

Teorema 5 (niSanmonacvle mwkrivis krebadobis laibnicis sakmarisi

niSani).
Tu niSanmonacvle


  1 a n  a1  a2  a3  a4  ...   1
n 1 n 1
an  ... ( a n  0 , n  1, 2, ... )
n 1
mwkrivisTvis Sesrulebulia pirobebi:
1) a1  a 2  ...  a n  ... ,
2) lim a n  0 ,
n 

54
maSin (1. 5) mwkrivi krebadia da misi S jamisTvis gvaqvs: 0  S  a1 .

magaliTi 12. ganvixiloT Semdegi niSanmonacvle mwkrivi

1    ...   1
1 1 n 1 1
 ... .
2 3 n
1
am magaliTisTvis a n  , (a n ) n1 klebadia da lim a n  0 . Aamitom leibnicis niSnis
n n 

Tanaxmad, es mwkrivi krebadia.

M mwkrivis wevrTa modulebisgan Sedgenili mwkrivi harmoniuli mwkrivia
1 1 1
1   ...   ... ,
2 3 n
is ki ganSladia. Aamrigad, mocemuli mwkrivi pirobiT krebadia.
 s a v a r j i S o e b i

1. CawereT ricxviTi mwkrivi romlis kerZo jamebia:

n 1 2n  1
a) Sn  , n  N; b) Sn  n , n  N
n 2
(1) n
g) Sn  , n  N ; d) Sn  arctgn, n  N
n

2. ipoveT mwkrivebis n -uri kerZo jamis formula da gamoTvaleT maTi

jami.
1 1 1
a)   
1 3 3  5 2n  12n  1
1 1 1
A b)   
1 4 4  7 3n  23n  1

(1) n 1
  n   
3 2  3 7
g)  n ; d)  (1)   ; e)
n
 (1) 3 ; v) 
n n
; z)   4  
3 5n 5n 
n
n 1 5 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1


2n  1 
n  n2  1  


n 1
T) 
n 1 n ( n  1)
2 2
; i)
n 1 n(n  1)
; k) 
n 1 (2n  1) (2n  1)
2 2
; l)  4n
n 1
2
1

1 
(2n  1)n 
(n  1)(3n  1)
m) 
n 1 ( n  n  1) n( n  1)
; n)  ln
n 1 (n  1)(2n  1)
; o)  ln
n 1 n(3n  4)

 1 
p)  ln 1  2 
n2  n 

3. mwkrivTa Sedarebis niSnis gamoyenebiT gamoikvlieT Semdegi

mwkrivebis krebadobis sakiTxi.

1 1 1
a)   
1 2 3  2 3
2n  1  2 2n1

1 1 1 (1) n 1
b) 1       n1  
2 4 8 2
56
  1 1  1 1  1 1
g)      2  2      n  n   
 2 3  2 3  2 3 

1 1 1
d)   
2 4 2n

4. dalamberis an koSis niSnis gamoyenebiT daamtkiceT Semdegi mwkrivebis

krebadoba.
a a2 an
a)     , sadac a nebismieri namdvili ricxvia;
1! 2! n!
2  1! 2 2  2! 2 3  3! 2 n  n!
b)  2  3  n 
1 2 3 n

 n 1 
2 3 n
2  3 4
g)          
1  3 5  2n  1 

1 22 32 n2
d)  2
 3
   n

3  1  1  1
2   2   2  
 2  3  n

5. gamoiyeneT ricxviTi mwkrivis krebadobis aucilebeli piroba da

daadgineT, rom mwkrivi ganSladia


2n  1 
2n 2  5n  1
a) 
n 1 5n  7
b)  (1)n
n 1 7n 2  n  9
n2
 n 1 

 3n 2  1 
 n

g)   
n 1  n  1 
d)   2
n 1  3n  5 

 
1
e) 
n 1
n
0.003 v)  (n  1)arctg n  1
n 1

n 
1 
n
z)  cos
n 1 2
T)  cos
n 1 n
i)  sin n
n 1

6. gamoikvlieT Semdegi mwkrivebis krebadoba da absoluturad

krebadobis sakiTxi


(1) n 
 1n 
 1n 
 1n n
a) 
n 1 n
b) 
n 1 n
g)  n 1
3
2
d) 
n 1 n 1
n

57
 2.4 რიცხვითი მწკრივის კრებადობის ინტეგრალური ნიშანი

Teorema 1. vTqvaT funqcia f : [a,  )  R sadac rimanis azriT integrebadia

nebismier [a, b]  [a,  ) segmentze da x  [a,  ) f ( x )  0 . AarasakuTrivi

integrali  f ( x)dx
a
krebadia maSin da mxolod maSin, roca funqcia

t
F (t )   f ( x )dx SemosazRvrulia [a,  ) -ze.
a

Ddamtkiceba. sakmarisia SevniSnoT, rom funqcia F zrdadia [a,  ) -ze, amitom mas
gaaCnia zRvari roca b   maSin da mxolod maSin, roca is SemosazRvrulia.
Sedegi. (ricxviTi mwkrivis krebadobis integraluri niSani) Tu funqcia

f : [1,)  R arauaryofiTi, klebadi funqciaa, maSin ricxviTi mwkrivi

f (1)  f (2)  ...  f (n)  ...


Dda arasakuTrivi integrali  f ( x)dx
1
erTdroulad krebadia an ganSladi.

Ddamtkiceba. n  N gvaqvs
n 1
f (n  1)   f ( x)dx  f (n)
n

Aam utolobebis Sekrebis Sedegad miviRebT

k k 1 k

 f (n  1)  
n 1
f ( x )dx   f (n)
n 1
(1)
1

t
Aanu S k 1  f (1)  F (k  1)  S k , sadac S k  f (1)  f (2)  ....  f (k ) da F (t )   f ( x)dx .
1

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT (1) utolobas da im faqts, rom S k mimdevroba da F (t )

funqcia zrdadia, miviRebT dasamtkicebel debulebas.

1 1
magaliTi 1. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom  x  dx    1 Tu   1 da 
1
parametris sxva mniSvnelobisaTvis arasakuTrivi integrali ganSladia.

1
davaskvniT, rom n
n 1

krebadia maSin mxolod maSin, roca   1 .

58
სავარჯიშო... integraluri niSnis gamoyenebiT daadgineT ricxviT mwkrivTa
krebadobis xasiaTi

1 
1 
1 
arctgn 
e arctgn
a) 
n 2 n ln n
; b)  2
n 2 n ln n
; g) 
n 2 n ln
1/ 2
n
; d) 
n 2 1  n
2
; e) 
n 2 1  n
2
;


1 
n 2  2n 
e1 / n 
 n 
v)  2 2/3
n  2 (1  n )
; z)  2
n  2 1  3n  n
3
; T) 
n 2 n
2
; i)  ln  1  n
n 2
.


2.5 xarisxovani mwkrivebi

Semdegi saxis mwkrivs


n
 a (x  x )
n 0
n 0 (5.1)

xarisxovani mwkrivi ewodeba, sadac x,x0 da an, n=0,1,... namdvili ricxvebia.

Tu mwkrivis krebadobis koSis niSans gamoviyenebT (5.1) xarisxovani

mwkrivisTvis, miviRebT

  lim n an ( x  x0 ) n  x  x0 lim n an ,
n  n 

da, maSasadame, (5.1) mwkrivi krebadia im x -ebisTvis, romelTaTvisac

| x  x0 | lim n an  1 ,
n 

an, rac igivea,

| x  x0 | 1/ lim n an ;
n

ganSladia, roca

| x  x0 | 1/ lim n an .
n 

Tu SemoviRebT aRvniSnas

R  1/ lim n an , (5.2)
n

maSin Cven miviRebT, rom samarTliania Semdegi debuleba.

59
 Teorema 1. nebismieri xarisovani mwkrivisaTvis arsebobs arauaryofiTi
namdvili ricxvi R, romelic gamoiTvleba (5.2) formuliT da romelsac is
Tviseba aqvs, rom mwkrivi krebadia im x-ebisTvis, romelTaTvisac |x-x0|<R da
ganSladi iq, sadac |x-x0|>R.

R-s uwodeben xarisxovani mwkrivis krebadobis radiuss.

im SemTxvevaSi, roca xarisxovani mwkrivi krebadia namdvil ricxvTa 

simravlis yovel wertilSi, maSin amboben, rom xarisxovani mwkrivis kre-
badobis radiusi aris +.

cxadia, nebismieri xarisxovani mwkrivi krebadia x=x0 wertilSi. Tu xa-

risxovani mwkrivi krebadia mxolod x=x0 wertilSi, maSin amboben, rom
xarisxovani mwkrivis krebadobis radiusi aris 0.

SeniSvna. Tu |x-x0|=R, maSin x wertilSi mwkrivi SeiZleba krebadi iyos,

SeiZleba – ganSladi.


magaliTi 1.  x
n 1
n
/ n  mwkrivis krebadobis radiusia R=1, magram roca x  1
mwkrivi ganSladia, xolo roca x  1 - krebadia.


magaliTi 2.  x n 1
n
/ n 2  mwkrivis krebadobis radiusia R=1, xolo x  1
wertilSi mwkrivi krebadia.


magaliTi 3.  n 1
x n mwkrivis krebadobis radiusia R=1, magram ro-ca x  1 da
aseve roca x  1 mwkrivi ganSladia.

60
 Teorema 2. (abelis I Teorema). Tu xarisxoxvani mwkrivi
n
a (x - x )
n 0

krebadia xx0 wertilSi, maSin is absoluturad krebadia im x-ebisTvis,

romelTaTvisac |x-x0|<|x-x0|.
damtkiceba. radganac mwkrivi

n
 a ( x ' x )
n 1
n 0

krebadia, amitom | an ( x ' x0 ) n | 0, roca n   ; e.i. mimdevroba an ( x ' x0 ) n , n=1, 2,...

SemosazRvrulia, amitom M  0 iseTi, rom

| an ( x ' x0 ) n | M   .

amrigad,
n n
  
n x  x0 x  x0
| a (x  x )
n 0 | | an || ( x ' x0 ) n | M   .
n 1 n 1 x ' x0 n 1 x ' x0

Tu axla gamoviyenebT mwkrivis krebadobis Sedarebis niSans da gaviTva-

liswinebT utolobas

x  x0
q :  1,
x ' x0

davaskvniT, rom Teorema 2 damtkicebulia.

Sedegi . Tu (5.1) mwkrivi ganSladia x wertilSi, maSin is ganSladia im x-

ebisaTvis, romelTaTvisac

|x-x0|>| x0-x|.

vTqvaT, mocemulia xarisxovani mwkrivi


n
 a (x  x )
n 0
n 0 . (5.3)

ganvixiloT mocemuli mwkrivis formalurad gawarmoebis da integrebis Sedegad

miRebuli mwkrivebi
61
 
n 1
 na ( x  x )
n 1
n 0 , (5.4)


an n 1
 n 1 (x  x )
n 0
0 (5.5)

da davamtkicoT, rom (5.3)-(5.5) mwkrivebis krebadobis radiusebi erTmaneTs

emTxveva. marTlac vTqvaT, (5.3) mwkrivis krebadobis radiusi aris R ,

R  1/ lim n | an | ;
n 

(5.4) mwkrivis krebadobis radiusi aRvniSnoT R ' -iT. maSin

R '  1/ lim n 1 n | an | .
n

davamtkicoT, rom R  R ' .

rogorc viciT nk : k  1 mimdevroba iseTi, rom

lim n1 n | an |  lim nk 1 nk | ank |  lim nk | ank | ;

n  k  k 

e.i.

lim n1 n | an |  lim n | an | ,

n  n 

an, rac igivea,

R  1/ lim n | an |  1/ lim n1 n | an |  R ' . (5.6)

n  n 

analogiurad damtkicdeba, rom

R' R . (5.7)

(5.6), (5.7)-dan gamomdinareobs, rom R  R ' . analogiurad damtkicdeba, rom R  R '' .

Teorema 3. (xarisxovani mwkrivis gawarmoeba da integreba). vTqvaT, R>0

xarisxovani mwkrivis krebadobis radiusia da

n
f(x)= a (x - x )
n =0
n 0 .

maSin

1) maSin f funqcias x(x0-R, x0+R) wertilSi gaaCnia nebismieri rigis

warmobuli da is gamoiTvleba formuliT
62
 
f(k)(x)=  n( n - 1) ...( n - k + 1)a ( x - x ) n 0
n-k
;
n=k

2) x  (x0-R, x0-R) wertilisTvis samarTliania toloba

x 
( x - x0 )n+1
 f ( t )dt =  an .
x0 n= 0 n+1

gansazRvreba. vityviT, rom f funqcia analizuria x wertilSi, Tu

arsebobs R>0 iseTi, rom adgili aqvs warmodgenas

n
f(x)= a (x - x )
n =0
n 0 ,  x(x0-R, x0+R).

Teorema 4. Tu funqcia f analizuria x0 wertilSi maSin adgili aqvs

tolobas

f ( n ) ( x0 )
f ( x)   ( x  x0 ) n .
n0 n!
damtkiceba. marTlac,

f ( k ) ( x0 )  n( n  1) 1  n ! ak ,

saidanac

f ( k ) ( x0 )
ak  .
k!

f ( n ) ( x0 )
gansazRvreba. Tu adgili aqvs f ( x )   ( x  x0 )n warmodgenas, maSin
n0 n!
 (n)
f ( x0 )
 ( x  x0 )n mwkrivs uwodeben f funqciis teiloris mwkrivs x0 wertilSi.
n0 n!

f ( n ) (0) n 
f ( n ) (0) n
Tu x0  0 , maSin gveqneba f ( x )  
n0 n!
x , Sesabamisad 
n0 n!
x mwkrivs

uwodeben f funqciis maklorenis mwkrivs.

qvemoT moviyvanT ramodenime elementaruli funqciis warmodgenas teiloris

polinomisa da maklorenis mwkrivis saxiT:

63
 2.6 teiloris formula

gansazRvreba 1. vityviT rom f  x   O  g  x   , roca x  a , Tu arsebobs K

dadebiTi ricxvi, romlisTvisac
| f  x  | K | g  x  |
utoloba sruldeba a wertilis raRac midamoSi.

gansazRvreba 2. vityviT rom f  x   o  g  x   , roca x  a , Tu

f  x
lim  0.
x a g  x

Semdegi saxis funqcias

Pn  x   b0  b1  x  x0   b2  x  x0    bn  x  x0  bn  0
2 n

ewodeba n -uri xarisxis polinomi (mravalwevri).

am paragrafSi Cvens mizans warmoadgens mocemuli f funqciis miaxloeba

polinomebis saSualoebiT. Tu funqcia uwyvetad warmoebadia  a, b  intervalze,

maSin, lagranJis formulis ZaliT, nebismieri x da x0 -Tvis  a, b  -dan arsebobs

   x0 , x  iseTi, rom adgili aqvs Semdeg warmodgenas

f  x   f  x0   f '   x  x0  ,
anu rac igivea,
f  x   f  x0   O   x  x0   .

teiloris formula warmoadgens lagranJis Teoremis ganzogadoebas. kerZod,

samarTliania Semdegi

Teorema 1 (teiloris formula). Tu f funqcias  a, b  intervalSi gaaCnia

 n  1 -uri
rigis CaTvliT warmoebuli da x0 , x   a, b  , maSin arsebobs x0  sa da x  s
Soris arsebobs iseTi  wertili, rom
f ( x0 ) f ( n ) ( x0 ) 1
f ( x)  f ( x0 )  ( x  x0 )  ...  ( x  x0 ) n  f ( n1) ( )  ( x  x0 ) n 1.
1! n! (n  1)!

64
 თეორემა 2.თუ f funqcias  a, b  intervalSi gaaCnia  n  1 -uri rigis CaTvliT
warmoebuli da x0 , x   a, b  , maSin samarTliania formula:
f ( x0 ) f ( n ) ( x0 )
f ( x)  f ( x0 )  ( x  x0 )  ...  ( x  x0 ) n  o  ( x  x0 ) n  , roca x  x0 .
1! n!

zogierTi elementaruli funqciis warmodgena teiloris

formuliT

vTqvaT, f ( x)  e . Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom f ( x)  e , n  , maSin x0  0

x (n) x

wertilSi miviRebT:
x x2 xn
e x  1    ...   o  x n  , x  0.
1! 2! n!

cxadia, n  2 -Tvis x0  0 wertilSi teiloris mravalwevrs eqneba saxe:

1 2
1 x  x.
2
qvemoT mocemulia f ( x)  e x funqciisa ( x [4, 4]) da ukanaskneli teiloris
mravalwevris grafikebis eskizebi [4, 4] segmentze (ix. nax. 1).

N naxazi 1

advili saCvenebelia, rom n  4 -Tvis x0  0 wertilSi igive funqciis teiloris

mravalwevri iqneba:

N 65
 1 1 1
1  x  x 2  x3  x 4 .
2 6 24
axla ganvixiloT mocemuli funqciisa da ukanaskneli teiloris mravalwevris
grafikebis eskizebi erTsa da imave naxazze ( [4, 4] segmentze) (ix. nax. 2).

naxazi 2

advili SesamCnevia, rom wina SemTxvevasTan SedarebiT funqciisa da Sesabamisi

me-4 rigis teiloris mravalwevris grafikebis eskizebi ufro “mWidrod ekvrian”
erTmaneTs. es efeqti gacilebiT ufro TvalsaCino gaxdeba, Tu mocemuli
funqciisaTvis ganvixilavT me-14 rigis teiloris mravalwevrs (ix. nax. 3):

1 1 1 1 5 1 6 1 7 1
1  x  x 2  x3  x 4  x  x  x  x8 
2 6 24 120 720 5040 40320
1 1 1 1 1
x10  x11  x12  x13  x14 .
3628800 39916800 479001600 6227020800 87178291200

naxazi 3
66
 2. vTqvaT, f ( x)  sin x . radgan
  
f ( n ) ( x)  sin  x  n  , n N ,
 2 
amitom adgili aqvs warmodgenas:
x 2 n1
 o  x 2 n1  ,
1 3 1 5
sin x  x  x  x  ...   1
n
x  0.
3! 5!  2n  1!
ukanaskneli warmodgenidan advilad davadgenT, rom me-3 rigis teiloris
mravalwevria
1
x  x3 ,
6
amasTan am mravalwevrisa da mocemuli funqciis grafikebis eskizebs ( [4, 4]

segmentze) erTsa da imave naxazze aqvs saxe (ix. nax. 4):

Nnaxazi 4
imave teiloris formulidan advilad davaskvniT, rom me-5 xarisxis teiloris
mravalwevria
1 1 5
x  x3  x.
6 120
Sesabamis naxazs eqneba saxe (ix. nax. 5):

67
 naxazi 5
SevniSnoT, rom me-11 xarisxis teiloris mravalwevri ase Caiwereba:
1 1 5 1 7 1 1
x  x3  x  x  x9  x11 ,
6 120 5040 362880 39916800
xolo Sesabamis naxazs eqneba saxe (ix. nax. 6)

N naxazi 6
rogorc vxedavT, mocemuli funqciisa da misi me-11 xarisxis teiloris
mravalwevris grafikis eskizebi praqtikulad emTxveva erTmaneTs.

3. vTqvaT, f (x)  cos x , maSin

(1)n 2 n
x  o  x2n  ,
1 2 1 4
cos x  1  x  x  ...  x  0.
2! 4! (2n)!

68
 Aam funqciisaTvis me-4 xarisxis teiloris mravalwevria
1 1
1  x2  x4 .
2 24
ukanaskneli mravalwevrisa da mocemuli funqciis grafikebis eskizebs ( [4, 4]

segmentze) erTsa da imave naxazze aqvs saxe (ix. nax. 7):

naxazi 7

Aadvili dasadgenia, rom f ( x)  cos x funqciis me-8 rigis teiloris mravalwevri

ase Caiwereba:
1 1 1 6 1
1  x2  x4  x  x8 .
2 24 720 40320
aA xla dagvrCa erTmaneTs SevadaroT mocemuli funqciisa da ukanaskneli
mravalwevris grafikebis eskizebi (ix. nax. 8):

69
 N naxazi 8

4. vTqvaT f  x   ln 1  x  . maSin gvaqvs warmodgena:

x 2 x3 x 4 xn
ln 1  x   x    1  o  x n  , x  0.
n 1
  
2 3 4 n
Mme-4 xarisxis teiloris mravalwevrs eqneba saxe:

x 2 x3 x 4
x   .
2 3 4

მე-9 naxazze mocemulia ukanaskneli mravalwevrisa da mocemuli funqciis

grafikebis eskizebi.

naxazi 9
70
 zogierTi elementaruli funqciis warmodgena

maklorenis mwkriviT

magaliTi 1. vTqvaT, f ( x)  e x . gvaqvs

x x x2 xn
e  1   ...   rn (0; x) , xR
1! 2! n!

e | | e |x| | x | n1
sadac | rn (0; x ) | | x | n1  , Aamitom gvaqvs lim rn (0; x )  0 . maSasadame
(n  1)! (n  1)! n

f ( x)  e x funqciis Sesabamisi
maklorenis mwkrivi krebadia yovel x R
wertilSi da adgili aqvs warmodgenas

x x2 xn
ex  1    ...   ... , x R.
1! 2! n!

magaliTi 2. vTqvaT, f ( x )  sin x . x0  0 wertilSi gvaqvs

1 
rn (0; x)  sin(  (n  1)) x n1 , xR.
(n  1)! 2

Aamitom gvaqvs lim rn (0; x )  0 . amitom f ( x )  sin x funqciis Sesabamisi

n

maklorenis mwkrivi krebadia yovel x  R , adgili aqvs warmodgenas

1 3 1 5 (1) n 2n1
sin x  x  x  x  ...  x  ... , xR
3! 5! (2n  1)!

Dda asimptotur formulas

1 3 1 5 (1) n 2n 1
sin x  x  x  x  ...  x  O ( x 2 n 3 ) roca x  0 .
3! 5! (2n  1)!

magaliTi 3. vTqvaT, f ( x )  cos x . x0  0 wertilSi gvaqvs

1 
rn (0; x)  cos(  (n  1)) x n1 , xR.
(n  1)! 2

71
amitom gvaqvs lim rn (0; x)  0. maSasadame f ( x )  cos x funqciis Sesabamisi
n 

maklorenis mwkrivi krebadia yovel x  R da adgili aqvs warmodgenas

1 2 1 4 (1) n 2 n
cos x  1  x  x  ...  x  ... , xR
2! 4! (2n)!

Daseve samarTliania asimptoturi formula

1 2 1 4 (1) n 2n
cos x  1  x  x  ...  x  O( x 2 n  2 ) , roca x  0 .
2! 4! (2n)!

( n) (1) n1 (n  1)!

magaliTi 4. vTqvaT f ( x)  ln( x  1) . gvaqvs f ( x)  . teiloris n -
(1  x ) n
uri rigis formulas x0  0 wertilSi (makloranis formula) aqvs saxe

1 2 1 3 (1) n1 n
ln( x  1)  x  x  x  ...  x  rn (0, x )
2 3 n

naSTiTi wevrisTvis mtkicdeba, rom | rn (0, x) || x | n 1 . Aam utolobidan

davaskvniT, rom Tu | x | 1 naSTiTi wevri miiswrafis nulisaken, roca n   .
maSasadame roca | x | 1 samarTliania warmodgena

1 2 1 3 (1) n 1 n
ln( x  1)  x  x  x  ...  x  ...
2 3 n
Dda asimptoturi formula

1 2 1 3 (1) n 1 n
ln( x  1)  x  x  x  ...  x  O( x n 1 ) roca x  0 .
2 3 n

SevniSnoT, rom ukanaskneli mwkrivi roca | x | 1 , araa krebadi, vinaidan mwkrivis

zogadi wevri ar miiswrafis nulisaken.

magaliTi 5. vTqvaT, f ( x )  (1  x)  ,   R . mtkicdeba, rom maklorenis mwkrivia

  (  1) 2  (  1)...(  n  1) n
(1  x )   1  x x  ...  x  ... , roca | x | 1
1! 2! n!
da adgili aqvs asimptotur formulas
  (  1) 2  (  1)...(  n  1) n
(1  x )   1  x x  ...  x  O ( x n 1 ) roca x  0 .
1! 2! n!

72
magaliTi 6. vTqvaT, gvinda gamovTvaloT f ( x )  sin x funqciis miaxloebiTi
mniSvneloba  1  x  1 monakveTze 0,001 sizustiT.

x0  0 wertilSi gvaqvs:

1 3 1 5 (1) n 2 n1
sin x  x  x  x  ...  x  0  x 2 n 2  r2 n 2 (0; x ) ,
3! 5! (2n  1)!


sin(  (2n  3))
sadac r2n 2 (0; x )   2 x 2 n 3 .
(2n  3)!

1
maSin roca x  1 , gveqneba r2n 2 (0; x )  .
(2n  3)!

1 1 3 1 5
magram  0,001 roca n  2 . amitom sin x  x  x  x .
(2n  3)! 3! 5!

s a v a r j i S o e b i

განსაზღვრეთ შემდეგი ხარისხოვანი მწკრივების კრებადობის რადიუსი და კრებადობის

სიმრავლე.

(4 x  5) n 
(5 x  8) n 
3n  (2) n 3n  (2) n

ა)  ; ბ)  n ; გ)  ( x  1) n ; დ)  (2 x  1)n ;
n 1 n2 n  0 8 (4n  9) n 1 n n 1 n
n

 3  (1) 
n
n

 1
n2

(2 x  1) ; ვ)   1   ( x  1)n ;

3 n x n 
2
( x  1)n
ე)  n n
ზ)  ; თ) 
2n
;
n 1 n 1  n 1 n2  1 n 1

ტეილორის ფორმულის გამოყენებით დაითვალეთ

ა) 3
9 10 3 სიზუსტით; ბ) 4
90 10 4 სიზუსტით; გ) sin 18  10 4 სიზუსტით;

დ) sin 1 10 4 სიზუსტით; ე) cos 6  10 5 სიზუსტით; ვ) e 0, 2 10 5 სიზუსტით.

73
 3.1 mravali cvladis funqciebi

vTqvaT, mocemulia R n wrfivi sivrce da Sesabamisobis wesi, romelic

R n -is yovel elements x -s uTanadebs R namdvil ricxvTa simravlis
erTaderT y ricxvs. maSin Sesabamisobis am wess uwodeben n cvladis
funqcias da es faqti ase Caiwereba
f : Rn  R .
y -s uwodeben x -is anasaxs da is aRiniSneba y  f  x   f ( x1 , x2, ..., xn ) -iT.
SeiZleba moxdes, rom f funqcia (anu Sesabamisobis wesi) gansazRvruli
iyos ara mTlian R n -ze, aramed mis raRac A qvesimravleze, maSin es funqcia
Caiwereba
f : A  R, A  R n .
A -s uwodeben f funqciis gansazRvris ares da mas aRniSnaven D  f  -iT.
vTqvaT, B  A , maSin f  B  -s qveS gvesmis simravle im f  x  -ebisa, sadac x  B ,
e.i.
f  B    f  x  : x  B .
f  B  -s uwodeben B simravlis anasaxs f funqciiT. Tu A f funqciis
gansazRvris area, maSin f  A  -s uwodeben mniSvnelobaTa ares da aRniSnaven
E  f  -iT.
vTqvaT, mocemulia funqciebi
f , g : A  R, A  R n ,
maSin am funqciebis jami da namravli ganimarteba Semdegnairad
 f  g  x   f ( x )  g  x  , ( f  g )( x )  f ( x)  g ( x ) .
vTqvaT, mocemulia funqciebi f : A  R, A  R n da g : R  R . maSin
ganimarteba kompozicia g  f : A  R formuliT: ( g  f )( x)  g ( f ( x))
magaliTi 1. 1. vTqvaT, mocemulia funqciebi
f ( x )  f ( x1 , x2 ,...xn )  x1  x2  ...  xn da g ( x )  g ( x1 , x2 ,...xn )  x1  x2  ...  xn .
maSin
( f  g )( x )  2 x1 da ( f  g )( x )  x12  ( x2  x3  ...  xn )2 ,
magaliTad, ( f  g )(e1 )  2 da ( f  g )(e2 )  ( f  g )(e3 )  ...  ( f  g )(en )  0 ;
aseve, ( f  g )(e1 )  1 da ( f  g )(e2 )  ( f  g )(e3 )  ...  ( f  g )(en )  1
magaliTi 1. 2. vTqvaT, mocemulia funqcia f : R n  R formuliT
f ( x )  a1 x1  a2 x2  ...  an xn , x  R n
sadac a1 , a2 ,..., an nebismieri fiqsirebuli namdvili ricxvebia. am saxis
funqcias n cvladis wrfiv funqcias uwodeben. mas aqvs Semdegi Tvisebebi:
1) f ( x  y )  f ( x)  f ( y ) , x, y  R n -isTvis;
2) f ( x)   f ( x) , x  R n -isTvis da   R -isTvis.
74
magaliTi 1. 3. vTqvaT, mocemulia funqcia f : R n  R formuliT f ( x)  x, a  ,
sadac a  R n raime fiqsirebuli veqtoria. cxadia, es aris wrfivi funqcia.
magaliTi 1. 4. vTqvaT, mocemulia funqcia
f  x   f ( x1 , x2, ..., xn )  1  x12  x22  ...  xn2 .
am funqciis gansazRvris area D ( f )   x  R n : x12  x22  ...  xn2  1 , rac
warmoadgens Caketil birTvs radiusiT r  1 da centriT koordinatTa
saTaveSi. xolo mniSvnelobaTa simravlea E ( f )   0;1 .
SeniSvna 1. 1. rodesac mocemuli gvaqvs ori cvladis funqcia f : R 2  R an
sami cvladis funqcia f : R 3  R , maSin zogjer arguments ( x1 , x2 ) -is an
Sesabamisad ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) -is nacvlad aRvniSnavT ( x, y ) -iT an Sesabamisad
( x, y , z ) -iT.

donis wirebi

vTqvaT mocemulia z  f ( x, y ) funqcia. vTqvaT c  R . f ( x, y )  c gantolebis

amonaxsnTa simravle aris garkveuli wiri z  c sibrtyeSi. Tu yoveli
c  R ricxvisTvis am wirebs orTogonalurad davagegmilebT xoy sibrtyeze,
maSin xoy sibrtyeSi miviRebT wirebs, romlebsac donis wirebs uwodeben.
magaliTad, Tu samganzomilebian sistemaSi raime sibrtye xoy sibrtyes
kveTs y  kx  b wrfeze, maSin Sesabamisi funqciis donis wirebi iqnebian
y  kx  b wrfis paraleluri wrfeebi xoy sibrtyeSi.

magaliTi 1. 5. vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia

f ( x, y )  1  x  y .
am funqciis gansazRvris area D ( f )  R 2 , xolo mniSvnelobaTa simravlea
E ( f )  R . misi grafiki warmoadgens sibrtyes da samganzomilebian marTkuTxa
sakoordinato sistemaSi gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:

donis wirebi iqnebian y  1  x wrfis paraleluri wrfeebi.

75
magaliTi 1 6. vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia
f ( x, y )  1  x 2  y 2 .
am funqciis gansazRvris area D ( f )  ( x, y )  R 2 : x 2  y 2  1 , rac warmoadgens
erTeulovan wres xoy sibrtyeSi. xolo mniSvnelobaTa simravlea
E ( f )   0;1 . funqciis grafiki warmoadgens naxevarsferos da
samganzomilebian marTkuTxa sakoordinato sistemaSi gamoisaxeba
Semdegnairad:

donis wirebi iqnebian x 2  y 2  R 2 wrewirebi, sadac 0  R  1 .

76
magaliTi 1. 7. vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia
x2  y2
f ( x, y )  .
10
am funqciis gansazRvris area D ( f )  R 2 , xolo mniSvnelobaTa simravlea
E ( f )   0,   . misi grafiki warmoadgens wriul paraboloids da
samganzomilebian marTkuTxa sakoordinato sistemaSi gamoisaxeba
Semdegnairad:

donis wirebi iqnebian x 2  y 2  R 2 wrewirebi, sadac R  0 .

77
magaliTi 1. 8. vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia
f ( x, y )  x 2  y 2 .
am funqciis gansazRvris area D ( f )  R 2 , xolo mniSvnelobaTa simravlea
E ( f )   0,   . misi grafiki warmoadgens konusur zedapirs da
samganzomilebian marTkuTxa sakoordinato sistemaSi gamoisaxeba
Semdegnairad:

donis wirebi iqnebian x 2  y 2  R 2 wrewirebi, sadac R  0 .

78
magaliTi 1. 9. 8vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia
x2 y2
f ( x, y )  2 1   .
16 9
 2 x2 y2 
am funqciis gansazRvris area D ( f )  ( x, y )  R :   1 ,rac warmoadgens
 16 9 
elifsis Siga ares xoy sibrtyeSi. xolo mniSvnelobaTa simravlea E ( f )   0; 2 .
funqciis grafiki warmoadgens elifsoidis zeda nawils da
samganzomilebian marTkuTxa sakoordinato sistemaSi gamoisaxeba
Semdegnairad:

x2 y2
donis wirebi iqnebian   1 elifsebi, sadac 0  a  1 .
16a 9a

79
magaliTi 1. 10. vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia
x2 y2
f ( x, y )   .
4 3
am funqciis gansazRvris area D ( f )  R 2 , xolo mniSvnelobaTa simravlea
E ( f )  R . misi grafiki warmoadgens hiperbolur paraboloids da
samganzomilebian marTkuTxa sakoordinato sistemaSi gamoisaxeba
Semdegnairad:

donis wirebi iqnebian parabolebi.

80
 3.2 mravali cvladis funqciis zRvari

ganmarteba 2. 1. vTqvaT, mocemulia funqcia

f : A  R, A  R n ,
a aris A -s dagrovebis wertili da b  R .
vityviT, rom f funqcias a wertilSi gaaCnia zRvari b ricxvi da CavwerT
lim f  x   b , Tu yoveli a -ken krebadi  xs : s  1 mimdevrobisaTvis A \ a -dan,
x a
gveqneba rom
lim f  xs   b , (1)
s 

e. i. Tu xs  A , xs  a da lim xs  a , maSin unda Sesruldes (1) tolobac.

s 

SeniSvna 2. 1. zRvris aRniSnuli ganmarteba tolfasia zRvris Semdegi

ganmartebis:

ganmarteba 2. 2. vTqvaT, mocemulia funqcia

f : A  R, A  R n ,
a aris A -s dagrovebis wertili da b  R .
vityviT, rom f funqcias a wertilSi gaaCnia zRvari b ricxvi da CavwerT
lim f  x   b , Tu
x a

  0,   0, x  A, 0  x  a   , f ( x)  b   .

Teorema 2. 1. vTqvaT, mocemulia funqciebi

f , g : A  R, A  R n ,
p aris A -s dagrovebis wertili da

 lim f  x   a     lim g  x   b ,
x p x p

maSin

1) lim  f  x   g  x    a  b
x p

2) lim  f  x    a
x p

3) lim f  x  g  x   ab
x p

f ( x) a
4) lim  , Tu g ( x)  0 da b  0
x p g ( x) b

5) lim f ( x)  a
x p

81
 3.3 ori cvladis funqciis ormagi da ganmeorebiTi zRvrebi
uwyveti funqciebi

vTqvaT mocemulia funqcia f : R 2  R da  a, b   R 2 . ganvixiloT zRvrebi

lim f  x, y  (i )
 x , y   a , b 
lim[lim f  x, y ] (ii )
x a y b

lim[lim f  x, y ] (iii)
y b x  a

( i ) zRvari, romelic zemoT ukve ganvixileT, aRniSnavs ormag zRvars,

xolo ( i i ) da ( i i i ) zRvrebs uwodeben ganmeorebiT zRvrebs.

magaliTi 3. 1. vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia

f ( x, y )  x 2  2 xy .

aviRoT wertili P  1, 3 da vipovoT am wertilSi mocemuli funqciis

zRvari. am funqciis gansazRvris area D ( f )  R 2 , amitom P  1, 3 wertilisken

krebadi nebismieri  x1 , y1  ,  x2 , y2  ,  x3 , y3  ,...,  xn , yn  ,... mimdevrobisaTvis R 2 -dan

gveqneba:
lim( xk2  2 xk yk )  12  2  1 3  7 .
k 
amrigad,
lim ( x 2  2 xy )  7 .
( x , y )  (1,3)

82
 x3  y3
magaliTi 3. 2. vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia f ( x, y )  .
x y
x3  y 3
vipovoT zRvari lim .
( x , y )  (0,0) x  y

am funqciis gansazRvris area D ( f )  ( x, y )  R 2 : x  y . aviRoT wertilTa

nebismieri  x1 , y1  ,  x2 , y2  ,  x3 , y3  ,...,  xn , yn  ,... mimdevroba R 2 -dan iseTi, rom
xk  yk , xk  0, yk  0, maSin
x3  y3
lim  lim( xk2  xk yk  yk2 )  0 .
( x , y )  (0,0) x  y k 

xy
magaliTi 3. 3. vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia f ( x, y )  .
x  y2
2

davamtkicoT, rom am funqcias ara aqvs zRvari  0, 0  wertilSi.

83
am funqciis gansazRvris area D ( f )  R 2 \  0, 0  . gansazRvris aridan avirCioT
1 1
 0, 0 wertilisken krebadi ori mimdevroba pk   ,  , k  1 da
k k
 1
pk   0,  , k  1 . maSin gveqneba:
 k
1/ k 2 1 0
lim f ( pk  )  lim 2
 da lim f ( pk  )  lim  0.
k  k  2 / k 2 k  k  1/ k 2

radganac zRvrebi gansxvavebuli ricxvebi miviReT, amitom mocemul

funqcias ara aqvs zRvari  0, 0  wertilSi.

magaliTi 3. 4. 4arsebobs funqcia, romlisTvisac ( i i ) da ( i i i ) ganmeorebiTi

zRvrebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. marTlac, ganvixiloT

 x2  y2 2
 2 2
, x  y 2  0,
f  x, y    x  y
0, x 2  y 2  0


84
advili dasanaxia, rom

lim[lim f  x, y ]  1
x0 y0

lim[lim f  x, y ]  1 .
y  0 x 0

magaliTi 3. 5. sazogadod ( i i ) da ( i i i ) ganmeorebiTi zRvrebis toloba ar

uzrunvelyofs ( i ) zRvris arsebobas. marTlac, ganvixiloT funqcia
x2 y 2
f  x, y   2 2 .
x y  ( x  y)2

85
advili dasanaxia, rom

lim[lim f  x, y ]  0
x  0 y 0

lim[lim f  x, y ]  0
y  0 x 0

e. i. ( i i ) da ( i i i ) ganmeorebiTi zRvrebi tolia.

meores mxriv,
lim f  x, 0   0 da lim f  x, x   1.
x0 x0
maSasadame ( i ) ormagi zRvari ar arsebobs.

magaliTi 3. 6. sazogadod ( i ) zRvris arsebobidan ar gamomdinareobs ( i i ) da

( i i i ) ganmeorebiTi zRvrebis arseboba, marTlac ganvixiloT funqcia

 x  y sin 1/ x  , x  0
f  x, y    ,
0 , x0

86
cxadia, rom
lim f  x, y   0,
 x , y   0,0 
lim[lim f  x, y ]  0,
x0 y 0

amasTan,
lim[lim f  x, y ]
y 0 x0

ar arsebobs.

samarTliania Semdegi

Teorema 3. 1. vTqvaT f  x, y  funqcia gansazRvrulia  a, b  wertilis

Semcvel  a  1 , a  1    b   2 , b   2  marTkuTxedSi, garda SesaZlebelia x  a
da y  b wrfeebze. vTqvaT

1)  y   b   2 , b   2  , y  b
 lim f  x , y  :   y 
x a

2)  x   a   1 , a   1  , x  a
 lim f  x , y  :   x 
yb

3)  lim f  x , y  : L
 x , y    a ,b 

maSin
 lim  y   lim   x   L
y b x a

87
ganmarteba 3. 1. vTqvaT, mocemulia funqcia
f : A  R, A  R n
da p , p  A aris A -s dagrovebis wertili. vityviT, rom f funqcia uwyvetia
p wertilSi , Tu adgili aqvs tolobas lim f  x   f ( p) .
x p

f funqcias uwodeben uwyvets A simravleze, Tu is uwyvetia A simravlis

yovel wertilSi.
Teorema 3. 2. vTqvaT, mocemulia funqciebi
f , g : A  R, A  R n ,
Tu f da g funqciebi uwyvetia p  A wertilSi, maSin p  A wertilSi
f
uwyveti iqneba  f   g , (  ,   R ) , f  g da Tu g ( x)  0 , maSin funqciebic.
g
Teorema 3. 3. (ori uwyveti funqciis kompoziciis uwyvetobis Sesaxeb) vTqvaT,
f : A  R, A  R n da g : R  R mocemuli funqciebia. Tu f uwyveti funqciaa
a  A wertilSi da g uwyvetia b  f  a  wertilSi, maSin
h g f
uwyvetia a  A wertilSi.

s a v a r j i S o e b i
1. mravali cvladis funqciebi

1.1. daStrixeT sakoordinato sibrtyeze Semdegi simravleebi:

1. A   x, y  : 0  x  1,1  y  4 ;
2. A   x, y  : 4  x  4,  x 2  y  x 2  ;
3. A   x, y  :1  y  2   x, y  : y  x 2  ;
4. A   x, y  : x 2  y 2  1, x  0 ;
5. A   x, y  : x 2  y 2  1   x, y  : y  x 2  ;
6. E   u , v  : u  v  ;
7. E   u , v  : u  v  1 ;
8. E   u , v  : u  v  1 ;
9. E   u , v  : u 2  v 2  ;
10. E   u , v  : u 2  v 2  ;

88
11. E   u, v  : max  u , v   1 ;
12. E   u , v  : max  u , v   1 .

1.2. ipoveT funqciaTa gansazRvris areebi da daStrixeT marTkuTxa

sakoordinato sistemaze:

1. f ( x, y )  x  y ;
2. f ( x, y )  1  x 2  y 2  1 ;
3. f ( x, y )  1  x 2  y 2 ;
1
4. f ( x, y )  ;
x  y2 1
2

5. f ( x, y )  ( x 2  y 2  1)(4  x 2  y 2 ) ;
x2  y2  x
6. f ( x, y )  ;
2x  x2  y2
7. f ( x, y )  1  ( x 2  y ) 2 ;
8. f ( x, y )  ln( x  y ) ;
y
9. f ( x, y )  arcsin ;
x
10. f ( x, y )  ln( xyz ) ;

2. mravali cvladis funqciis zRvari

2.1. gamoTvaleT ormagi zRvrebi:

x 2  4 xy
1) lim
 x , y   2,3 5x y 
2 2
x 6y 2
 3) lim
 x , y   1,3 x3 y 2  2

5 x3 y 2  6 x  x  2 x 2 y  3x
2) lim 4) lim
 x , y   2,0  y2 1  x , y   1,3 2 xy  2

2.2. gamoTvaleT Semdegi funqciebis ganmeorebiTi zRvrebi:

2 x 2  3 xy  y 2 5sin | x | 2tg | y |
1) f  x, y   (0, 0)  Si 3) f  x, y   (0, 0)  Si
x 2  5 xy  y 2 x2  y 2

89
 sin(5 x )  tg (7 y ) tg  2 x  7 y 
2) f  x, y   (0, 0)  Si 4) f  x, y   (0, 0)  Si
8x  5 y sin  3x  5 y 

2.3. gamoTvaleT ormagi zRvrebi:

| x |3  | y |3 xy 2
1) lim 3) lim
 x , y   0,0  x 2  y 2  x , y   0,0  x 2  y 2

xy x4  y 4
2) lim 4) lim
 x , y   0,0  x2  y 2  x , y   0,0  x 2  y 2

2.4. aCveneT, rom ar arsebobs zRvari

xy | x |3  | y |3
1) lim 3) lim
 x , y   0,0  x 2  y 2  x , y    ,   1   x  y
4

x2 y 2 x2 y2
2) lim 4) lim
 x , y   0,0  x 2 y 2  | x |  | y |  x , y   0,0  x2 y2   x  y 
2

2.5. arsebobs Tu ara Semdegi funqciebis ganmeorebiTi da ormagi

zRvrebi:

x x2  y 2
1) f  x, y   ,  0,0  -Si 3) f  x, y   ,  0, 0  -Si
x  y2 x2  y 2


 x 2  y2  sin  x   sin  y 
1 e
2) f  x, y   ,  0, 0  -Si 4) f  x, y   ,  0, 0  -Si
x2  y 2 x y

x2 y2 1 1
5) f ( x, y )  , (0,0)-Si 6) f ( x, y )  ( x  y ) sin sin , (0,0)-Si
x 2 y 2  ( x  y) 2 x y

90
 2 xy
7) f ( x, y )  , (0,0)-Si
x  y2
2

3. mravali cvladis funqciis uwyvetoba

3.1. SeiswavleT uwyvetobaze Semdegi funqciebi:

   x2  y 2 
 1  e
,  x, y    0, 0 
f  x, y    x 2  y 2
1) 
1,  x, y    0, 0 

 x2 y2
4 
 4 , x, y    0,0 
f  x, y    x  y
2) 1,  x, y    0, 0 


 3 x5 y 2
6 
 6 , x, y    0, 0 
f  x, y    x  y
3) 1,  x, y    0, 0 


 x2  y 2
2 
 2 , x, y    0,0 
f  x, y    x  y
4)
1,  x, y    0, 0 


3.2. aCveneT, rom Semdegi funqciebi (0,0) wertilSi uwyvetia calcalke

cvladebis mimarT, magram am wertilSi ganicdis wyvetas, rogorc ori
cvladis funqcia

 xy  x2 y
 2 , x 2  y 2  0, , x 2  y 2  0,
2 2  3

1) f  x, y    x  y  3) f  x, y    | x |  | y |3

 2 2 0, x 2  y 2  0
0, x  y  0 

91
  x2 y  | xy |
 4 4
, x 2  y 2  0,  , x 2  y 2  0,
2) f  x, y    x  y 4) f  x, y    | x |  | y |
0, x 2  y 2  0  2 2
 0, x  y  0

3.4 mimarTuli warmoebuli

vTqvaT, mocemulia f : E  R funqcia, sadac E  R n . vTqvaT x0  E .

Gganmarteba 4. 1. f funqciis mimarTuli warmoebuli u veqtoris gaswvriv

aRiniSneba f '  x0 ; u  -Ti da ganimarteba Semdegnairad
f  x0  ut   f  x0 
f '  x0 ; u  : lim .
t 0 t

vTqvaT u : ek   0,..., 0,1, 0,..., 0  , maSin gvaqvs

f  x0  tek   f  x0 
f '  x0 ; ek  : lim
t 0 t
.
 lim
 0 0 0
 
f x1  ,..., xk 1 , t  xk  , xk 1 ,..., xn   f x1  ,..., xn 
0 0 0 0

t 0 t

Gganmarteba 4. 2. f '  x0 ; ek  -s ewodeba f funqciis kerZo warmoebuli k -uri

f
cvladis mimarT da AaRiniSneba  x0  -iT. kerZo warmoebulis
xk
aRniSvnisaTvis gamoiyeneba agreTve Dk f  x0  an f x'k  x0  .

magaliTi 4. 1. vTqvaT F  t   f  x0  tu  . maSin cxadia rom F '  0   f '  x0 ; u  .

2
magaliTi 4. 2. vTqvaT f  x   x , maSin
2 2 2
F  t   f  x0  tu   x0  tu  x0  tu , x0  tu  x0  2t  x0 , u  t 2 u
maSasadame

92
 F t   F  0
f '  x0 ; u   F '  0   lim
t 0 t
2 2 2
x0  2t  x0 , u  t 2 u  x0
 lim
t 0 t

 lim 2  x0 , u  t u
t 0
2
  2  x ,u  .
0

3.5 ori cvladis funqciis kerZo warmoebulebis geometriuli

Sinaarsi

vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia z  f ( x, y ) . maSin ( x0 , y0 )

wertilSi kerZo warmoebulebis gansazRvreba miiRebs Semdeg saxes:
f ( x0  h, y0 )  f ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x0 , y0  h)  f ( x0 , y0 )
f x( x0 , y0 )  lim da f y( x0 , y0 )  lim .
h 0 h h 0 h
axla gavarkvioT kerZo warmoebulebis geometriuli Sinaarsi.
vTqvaT, z  f ( x, y ) ori cvladis funqciis grafikia raime Q zedapiri.
aviRoT raime P  ( x0 , y0 )  D ( f ) wertili. mas Q zedapirze Seesabameba
M  ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) wertili. Q zedapiri gadavkveToT y  y0 sibrtyiT. kveTaSi
miviRebT z  f ( x, y0 ) wirs, romelic grafikze AMB wiriT aris gamosaxuli.
es wiri SegviZlia ganvixiloT rogorc z  f ( x, y0 ) erTi cvladis funqciis
grafiki y  y0 sibrtyeSi.

93
maSin erTi cvladis funqciis warmoebulis geometriuli Sinaarsis
Tanaxmad z  f ( x, y ) funqciis f x( x0 , y0 ) kerZo warmoebuli tolia im  kuTxis
tangesis, romelic Seqmnilia AMB wirisadmi M wertilSi gavlebuli
mxebiTa da OX RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT, e. i. f x( x0 , y0 )  tan  .
analogiurad ganixileba y cvladiT kerZo warmoebulis geometriuli
Sinaarsi.

magaliTi 5. 1. arsebobs f : R 2  R funqcia, romelsac gaaCniaT kerZo

warmoebulebi, xolo yvela danarCeni mimarTulebiT warmoebulebi ar
arseboben, marTlac

 x  y, x  0  y  0
f  x, y  : 
1, x  0,  y  0

maSin

f f  x, 0   f  0, 0 
 0, 0   lim 1
x x 0 x
f f  0, y   f  0, 0 
 0, 0   lim 1
y x 0 y

meores mxriv, Tu u   a1 , a2  , a1  0, a2  0, maSin

f  0  tu   f  0  f  tu  f  ta1 , ta2  1
lim  lim  lim  lim  .
t 0 t t  0 t t  0 t t  0 t

erTi cvladis SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom Tu funqcia

warmoebadia wertilSi, maSin is uwyvetia, mravali cvladebis SemTxvevaSi
arsebobs funqcia, romelsac yvela mimarTulebiT gaaCnia warmoebuli,
magram funqcia wyvetilia am wertilSi, marTlac

 x2 y
 , y  0,
f  x, y  :  x 4  y 2
0, y0


vTqvaT u   a1 , a2  . maSin gvaqvs

94
 f  0  tu   f  0  f  ta1 , ta2  a2a a2
lim  lim  lim 2 41 2 2  1
t 0 t t 0 t t 0 t a  a a2
1 2
e. i. arsebobs warmoebuli yvela mimarTulebiT, meores mxriv, es funqcia
wyvetilia, marTlac
1
lim f  x, x 2   ,
x0 2
amasTan f  0, 0   0.

3.6. mravali cvladis funqciis diferenciali

Gganmarteba 6. 1. vTqvaT, mocemulia f : E  R funqcia, sadac E  R n .

davuSvaT, rom x0  E .
vityviT, rom f funqcia deferencirebadia x0 wertilSi, Tu arsebobs
wrfivi asaxva Lx0 : R n  R iseTi, rom
f  x0  h   f  x0   Lx0  h   h E x0  h  (10.1)
sadac E x0  h   0, h  0.

(10. 1) tolobas pirveli rigis teiloris formulas uwodeben. Lx0 : R n  R

wrfiv asaxvas f funqciis diferencials uwodeben x0 wertilSi. f
funqciis diferenciali x0 wertilSi aRiniSneba df  x0  -iT.

Teorema 6. 1. vTqvaT f funqcia diferencirebadia x0 wertilSi. maSin

nebismieri h  R n veqtoris gaswvriv arsebobs f '  x0 ; h  warmoebuli da
samarTliania Semdegi toloba
df  x0  h  f '  x0 ; h  .
Ddamtkiceba. diferencialis ganmartebis ZaliT vwerT
f  x0  th   f  x0   Lx0  th   th E x0  th 
,
 tLx0  h   | t | h Ex0  th 
maSasadame
f  x0  th   f  x0  |t |
f '  x0 ; h   lim  Lx0  h   lim h E x0  th   Lx0  h  .
t 0 t t 0 t

Teorema 6. 2 vTqvaT f funqcia diferencirebadia x0 wertilSi da

h  h1e1    hn en , maSin adgili aqvs tolobas
f f
df  x0  h   x0  h1     x0  hn . (10.2)
x1 xn
95
Ddamtkiceba. radganac df  x0  wrfivi asaxvaa gvaqvs

n
df  x0  h  df  x0  h1e1    hn en    hk df  x0  ek
k 1
n n
.
f
  hk f '  x0 ; ek   hk  x0 
k 1 k 1 xk

SeniSvna 6. 1. ganvixiloT funqcia  i : R n  R gansazRvruli tolobiT

 i  x   xi . maSin  i  x  h    i  x   hi , meores mxriv,
 i  x  h    i  x   d  i  x  h  h Ex  h 
e. i.
dxi h  d i  x  h  hi .
maSin (10.2) toloba miiRebs Semdeg saxes
f f
df  x  h   x  dx1h     x  dxn h
x1 xn
an rac igivea
f f
df  x    x  dx1     x  dxn .
x1 xn

SeniSvna 6. 2. vTqvaT h  1 . radganac hk  cos( k ) , sadac  k aris kuTxe h

veqtorsa da k -ur RerZs Soris, miviRebT

f f
f '  x0 ; h    x0  cos(1 )     x0  cos( n ). (10.3)
x1 xn
G
SeniSvna 6. 3. 3oori cvladis f ( x, y ) funqciis SemTxvevaSi diferencialis
f ( x, y ) f ( x, y )
formula miiRebs Semdeg saxes: df ( x, y )  dx  dy .
x y

ganmarteba 6. 2. veqtors
 f f 
  x0  ,...,  x0  
 x1 xn 
uwodeben f funqciis gradients x0 wertilSi da aRiniSneba gradf  x0  -iT.
maSin (10.2) formula Caiwereba Semdegnairad

96
 f '  x0 ; h   df  x0  h  gradf  x0  , h  .

samarTliania Semdegi
Teorema 6. 3. Tu f : E  R, E  R n funqcia diferencirebadia x0  E
wertilSi, maSin is uwyvetia x0 -Si.
D
damtkiceba. vTqvaT h  h1 e1    hn en , maSin
n
f  x0  h   f  x0   Lx0  h   h E x0  h    hk Lx0  ek   h Ex0  h   0  h  0  .
k 1

SeniSvna 6. 4. arsebobs funqcia, romelsac gaaCnia warmoebuli wertilSi

yvela mimarTulebiT, magram diferencirebadi ar aris. (ix. magaliTi me-9
paragrafis bolos)

magaliTi 6. 1.1 vTqvaT f  x1 , x2   x23  3 x12 x22  4 x13 . vipovoT mocemuli funqciis
mimarTuli warmoebuli u  (2,1) veqtoris gaswvriv  1, 2  wertilSi.
amoxsna:
f f
f '   1, 2  ;  2,1   2  1, 2    1, 2 
x1 x2
da

f
 x1 , x2   6 x1 x22  12 x12 ,
x1
f
 x1 , x2   3x22  6 x2 x12 ,
x2
maSin
f f
f '   1, 2  ;  2,1   2  1, 2    1, 2   2  (36)  24  96
x1 x2

Teorema 6. 4 vTqvaT f , g : E  R, E  R n diferencirebadia x  E wertilSi,

maSin maTi wrfivi kombinacia  f   g  : E  R diferencirebadia da
samarTliania toloba
d  f   g  x    d  f  x    d  g  x  .

Teorema 6. 5. vTqvaT f , g : E  R, E  R n diferencirebadia x  E wertilSi,

maSin

1) diferencirebadia maTi namravli da adgili aqvs Semdeg tolobas

d  fg  x   g  x  df  x   f  x  dg  x  ; .

97
2) Tu g  x   0, x  E , maSin diferencirebadia f / g da adgili aqvs tolobas
1
d  f / g  x   2  g  x  df  x   f  x  dg  x   .
g  x
amave dros, samarTliania Semdegi:
  fg  g f
 x  f  x  x  g  x  x,
xi xi xi
 f / g 1  f g 
 x  2  g  x  x  f  x  x
xi g  x  xi xi 

Teorema 6. 6. (funqciaTa kompoziciis diferencirebadobis Sesaxeb) vTqvaT

f : X  Y , X  R n , Y  R, g : Y  R . f diferencirebadia x  X wertilSi, xolo
g ki y  f  x  -Si. maSin  : g  f : X  R diferencirebadia x -Si da adgili
aqvs tolobas
d  g  f  x   dg  y   df  x  .

3.7 rTuli funqciis warmoebuli

vTqvaT, mocemulia z  f (u , v) ori cvladis funqcia, romlis TiToeuli

cvladi aris ori damoukidebeli x da y cvladebis funqcia, e. i. u  u ( x, y )
da v  v( x, y ) . maSin z  f (u ( x, y ), v( x, y )) aris ori damoukidebeli x da y
cvladebis rTuli funqcia, xolo u  u ( x, y ) da v  v( x, y ) Sualeduri
argumentebia.

Teorema 7. 1. Tu z  f (u , v) funqcia diferencirebadia M  (u0 , v0 ) wertilSi,

xolo u  u ( x, y ) da v  v( x, y ) funqciebi diferencirebadia P  ( x0 , y0 )  D ( f )
wertilSi, maSin z  f (u ( x, y ), v( x, y )) rTuli funqcia diferencirebadia
P  ( x0 , y0 )  D ( f ) wertilSi da misi kerZo warmoebulebi gamoiTvleba
formulebiT:

z z u z v z z u z v
  da   .
x u x v x y u y v y

es formulebi SegviZlia asec CavweroT:

z x  zu u x  zv vx da z y  zu u y  zv v y .

98
 SeniSvna 7. 1. vTqvaT, mocemulia w  f (u , v, t ) sami cvladis funqcia,
romlis TiToeuli cvladi aris ori damoukidebeli x da y cvladebis
funqcia, e. i. u  u ( x, y ) , v  v( x, y ) da t  t ( x, y ) . maSin w  f (u ( x, y ), v ( x, y ), t ( x, y ))
aris ori damoukidebeli x da y cvladebis rTuli funqcia, romlis kerZo
warmoebulebi gamoiTvleba formulebiT:

wx  wu ux  wv vx  wtt x da wy  wu u y  wvv y  wtt y

magaliTi 7. 1 vipovoT Semdegi ori cvladis rTuli funqciis kerZo

warmoebulebi:
f (u , v)  u ln v , sadac u  2 x  3 y da v  x 2  y 2 .
u
gvaqvs: u x  2 , vx  2 x , u y  3 , v y  2 y , fu  ln v da f v  . maSin miviRebT
v

u 2x  3 y
f x  fuu x  f vvx  2 ln v  2 x  2 ln( x 2  y 2 )  2 x 2
v x  y2
da

u 2x  3 y
f y  fuu y  f vv y  3ln v  2 y  3ln( x 2  y 2 )  2 y 2 .
v x  y2

3.8 mravali cvladis aracxadi funqciebi.

maTi diferencireba

vTqvaT, mocemulia erTi cvladis funqcia y  f ( x ) . maSin es funqcia

SesaZlebelia mocemul iqnas aracxadi saxiT x da y cvladebis
x2
damakavSirebeli F ( x, y )  0 gantolebiT. magaliTad, y  funqcia
3
SesaZlebelia mocemul iqnas gantolebiT 3 y  x  2  0 ; gantoleba x 2  y 2  0
gansazRvravs mxolod erT (0, 0) wertils, xolo gantoleba x 2  y 2  5  0
saerTod aranair y  f ( x ) saxis funqcias ar gansazRvravs.
CamovayaliboT pirobebi, romlis drosac F ( x, y )  0 gantolebidan
erTerTi cvladi ganisazRvreba, rogorc meore cvladis funqcia:

Teorema 8. 1. (aracxadi funqciis arsebobis Sesaxeb) vTqvaT, mocemulia

F ( x, y )  0 gantoleba Semdegi pirobebiT:
1) arsebobs wertili P0  ( x0 , y0 ) , romlisTvisac F ( x0 , y0 )  0 ;
2) Fy ( x0 , y0 )  0 ;

99
 3) Fx( x, y ) da Fy ( x, y ) funqciebi uwyvetebia P0  ( x0 , y0 ) wertilis
momcvel raime birTvSi;
maSin arsebobs erTaderTi y  f ( x ) funqcia, romelic gansazRvrulia x0
wertilis momcvel raime intervalze da am intervalidan aRebuli
nebismieri x -isTvis es funqcia akmayofilebs F ( x, y )  0 gantolebas da
y0  f ( x0 ) pirobas.

magaliTi 8. 1.d davamtkicoT, rom y 3  2 xy  x 4  4  0 gantoleba gvaZlevs

aracxad funqcias.
vTqvaT, F ( x, y )  y 3  2 xy  x 4  4 . SevarCioT wertili P0  (1,1) . cxadia, rom
F (1,1)  0 . aseve, Fy (1,1)  (3 y 2  2 x ) |( x , y )(1,1)  5  0 . amasTan Fx  2 y  4 x 3 da
Fy  3 y 2  2 x kerZo warmoebulebi uwyveti funqciebia P0  (1,1) wertilis
momcvel nebismier birTvSi. amitom arsebobs erTaderTi y  f ( x ) funqcia,
romelic akmayofilebs y 3  2 xy  x 4  4  0 gantolebasa da f (1)  1 pirobas.

ori cvladis aracxadi funqcia moicema F ( x, y , z )  0 gantolebiT,

romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs sam cvlads. am SemTxvevaSic samarTliania
zemoT moyvanili Teoremis analogiuri:

Teorema 8. 2. vTqvaT, mocemulia F ( x, y , z )  0 gantoleba Semdegi pirobebiT:

1) arsebobs wertili P0  ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) , romlisTvisac F ( x0 , y0 , z0 )  0 ;
2) Fz( x0 , y0 , z0 )  0 ;
3) Fx( x, y , z ) , Fy ( x, y , z ) da Fz( x, y , z ) funqciebi uwyvetebia P0  ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
wertilis momcvel raime birTvSi;
maSin arsebobs erTaderTi z  f ( x, y ) funqcia, romelic gansazRvrulia
( x0 , y0 ) wertilis momcvel raime birTvSi da am birTvidan aRebuli
nebismieri ( x, y ) wertilisTvis es funqcia akmayofilebs F ( x, y , z )  0
gantolebas da z0  f ( x0 , y0 ) pirobas.

vTqvaT, mocemulia F ( x, y )  0 gantoleba, romlisTvisac sruldeba

Teorema 12.1-is pirobebi da am gantolebidan ganisazRvreba y  f ( x ) funqcia.
Tu F ( x, y )  0 gantolebaSi y -is magivrad CavsvamT f ( x ) -s, miviRebT
F ( x, f ( x ))  0 .
aqedan ki rTuli funqciis gawarmoebis wesiT gveqneba:
dy
Fx 1  Fy 0.
dx
maSin
dy F ( x, y )
 x .
dx Fy( x, y )

100
magaliTi 8. 2. vTqvaT, mocemulia aracxadi funqcia gantolebiT:
x2 y 2
  1  0 . vipovoT am funqciis warmoebuli:
4 9
x2 y2 x 2y dy 9x
vTqvaT F ( x, y )    1 . maSin Fx( x, y )  da Fy ( x, y )  . amitom  .
4 9 2 9 dx 4y

vTqvaT, axla F ( x, y , z )  0 gantolebidan ganisazRvreba z , rogorc x da y

damoukidebeli cvladebis funqcia, e.i. z  f ( x, y ) . maSin miviRebT
F ( x, y, f ( x, y ))  0 ,
saidanac gveqneba
z z
Fx  Fz  0 da Fy  Fz  0 .
x y
maSasadame
z F ( x, y, z ) z Fy ( x, y , z )
 x da  .
x Fz( x, y , z ) y Fz( x, y, z )

magaliTi 8. 3. vTqvaT, mocemulia aracxadi funqcia gantolebiT:

e  xy  2 z  e z  0 . vipovoT aracxadi funqciis kerZo warmoebulebi:
gvaqvs, Fx   ye  xy , Fy   xe  xy , Fz  2  e z . amitom
z ye  xy z xe  xy
 da  .
x e z  2 y e z  2

s a v a r j i S o e b i

1. mimarTuli warmoebuli. kerZo warmoebulebi

ipoveT f funqciis mimarTuli warmoebuli x0  x10  , x 20   wertilSi u

veqtoris gaswvriv, Tu
1. 1. 1) f ( x1 , x 2 )  2 x1  3 x 2 , u  (1;2) ;
2) f ( x1 , x 2 )  2 x1  x 2 , u   1;1 ;
3) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x1  3 x1 x 2 , u  0;3 ;
2

4) f ( x1 , x 2 )  2 x12  x 22 , u   1;0  .

1. 2. 1) f ( x1 , x 2 )  ( x1 , x 2 ), p  , p   3;1 , u   2;3 ;
2) f ( x1 , x 2 )  p,  x1 , x 2   , p   1;1 , u  2;1 ;
101
 2
3) f ( x1 , x 2 )   x1 ,2 x 2 ,  x1 , x 2     x1 , x 2  , u   4;1 ;
2
4) f ( x1 , x 2 )   x1 , x 2 , 2 x1 , x 2   3  x1 , x 2  , u   2;2  .

ipoveT f ( x0 ; ei ) , i  1,2,3 , Tu x0  (1;0;2) da

1. 3. 1) f ( x1 , x 2 , x3 )  2 x1  x 2  x32 ;
2) f ( x1 , x 2 , x3 )  4 x12  x 22  3 x32 ;
3) f ( x1 , x 2 , x3 )  3x12  x1 x 2  x 2 x 3 ;
4) f ( x1 , x 2 , x3 )  x1 x 2 x3 .

1. 4. 1) f ( x1 , x 2 , x3 )  x, 0;2;1  ;
2) f ( x1 , x 2 , x3 )   3;1;1, x  ;
2
3) f ( x1 , x 2 , x3 )  2 x1 , x 2 ,2 x 3  ;

4) f ( x1 , x 2 , x3 )  x, 1, x ,1  .
2

ipoveT pirveli da meore rigis kerZo warmoebulebi:

1. 5. 1) f ( x, y )  x 2  2 xy  y 2 ; 2) f ( x, y )  x 3  y 3  4 x 2 y 2 ;
x x
3) f ( x, y )  xy  ; 4) f ( x, y )  .
y x  y2
2

cos x 2
1. 6. 1) f ( x, y )  x sin( x  y ) ; 2) f ( x, y )  ;
y
x2
3) f ( x, y )  ln( x 2  y 2 ) ; 4) f ( x, y )  tan .
y
y x y
1. 7 1) f ( x, y )  arctan ; 2) f ( x, y )  arctan ;
x 1  xy
x
3) f ( x, y )  arcsin ; 4) f ( x, y )  2 x ln( x  y ) .
2 2
x y

1. 8. 1) f ( x, y , z )  x 2  y 2  z 2  3 xyz ; 2) f ( x, y , z )  sin( xyz )  cos( xy  yz ) ;

z y
x z
3) f ( x, y, z )    ; 4) f ( x, y , z )  x .
 y

aqvs Tu ara funqcias kerZo warmoebulebi O (0,0) wertilSi?

1. 9. 1) f ( x, y )  3 xy ; 2) f ( x, y )  3 x 3  y 3 ;

102
 3) f ( x, y )  3 x 2 y 2 ; 4) f ( x, y )  3 x 4  y 4 .

1. 10. 1) f ( x, y )  x 4  y 4 ; 2) f ( x; y )  4 x 4  y 4 ;
3) f ( x, y )  3 x sin y ; 4) f ( x, y )  3 y  tgx .
  21 2
 x  y , x 2  y 2  0,
1. 11. 1) f ( x, y )  e
 0, x 2  y 2  0.
 x4  y4
 2 , x 2  y 2  0,
2) f ( x, y )   x  y 2

 0, x 2  y 2  0.


gamoTvaleT Semdegi Ffunqciis gradienti:

1. 12. 1) f ( x, y )  2 x 2  xy ; 2) f ( x, y )  x 2  xy  y 2 ;
3) f ( x, y )  x 2 y 3  yx 3 ; 4) f ( x, y )  x 4  2 x 2 y 2 .

1. 13. 1) f ( x, y , z )  xyz ; 2) f ( x, y , z )  cos( xyz ) ;

2
3) f ( x1 , x 2 ,...x n )  ln( x1 x 2    x n ) ; 4) f ( x )  x .

2. mravali cvladis funqciis diferenciali

2.1 gamoTvaleT df ( x0 )h , Tu f ( x1 , x 2 )  2 x12  x1 x 2 , h  h1 , h2  da

1) x 0   1,2  ; 2) x0  3,2  ;
3) x0  1,3 ; 4) x0  0,3 .
2.2 gamoTvaleT df ( x0 )h , Tu f ( x1 , x 2 )  x13 x 22  3 x1 x 23 , h  h1 , h2  da

1) x0  2,3 ; 2) x0  1,2 ;
3) x 0   1,0  ; 4) x0  4,2  .

2.3 gamoTvaleT df ( x0 )h , Tu f ( x1 , x 2 )  sin( x1  x 2 ) , h  h1 , h2  da

103
      
1) x 0   ,  ; 2) x 0   ,  ;
4 3 2 3
   
3) x0    ,  ; 4) x 0   ,0  .
 2 4 
2.4 gamoTvaleT df ( x0 )h , Tu f ( x1 , x 2 , x3 )  x12  2 x 22  x 2 x3 , h  h1 , h2 , h2  da

1) x 0   1,1,2  ; 2) x 0  0,2, 1 ;

3) x 0  (3,2, 2) ; 4) x 0  2, 4,0  .

aris Tu ara diferencirebadi funqcia O (0,0) wertilSi?

2.5 1) f ( x, y )  3 xy ; 2) f ( x, y )  3 x 3  y 3 ;
3) f ( x, y )  3 x 2 y 2 ; 4) f ( x, y )  3 x 4  y 4 .
2.6 1) f ( x, y )  x 4  y 4 ; 2) f ( x; y )  4 x 4  y 4 ;
3) f ( x, y )  3 x sin y ; 4) f ( x, y )  3 y  tgx .
  21 2
 x  y , x 2  y 2  0,
2.7 1) f ( x, y )  e
 0, x 2  y 2  0.
 x4  y4
 , x 2  y 2  0,
2) f ( x, y )   x 2  y 2
 0, x 2  y 2  0.


3. rTuli funqciis warmoebuli

gamoTvaleT w rTuli funqciis pirveli da meore rigis kerZo

warmoebulebi da diferenciali, sadac x1 , x 2 ,..., x k damoukidebeli cvladebia:

3.1. 1) w  f ( x1  x 2 ) ;
2) w  f (2 x1  3 x 2 ) ;
3) w  f ( x12  x 22 ) ;
x
4) w  f ( 1 ) .
x2
3.2. 1) w  f ( x1  x 2  x3 ) ;
2) w  f (2 x1  x 2  4 x3 ) ;
3) w  f ( x12  x 22  x32 ) ;

104
 4) w  f ( x1 x 2 x3 ) .

3.3. 1) w  f ( x1  x 2  ...  x n ) ;
2) w  f ( x1  2 x 2  ...  nx n ) ;
3) w  f ( x12  x 22  ...  x n2 ) ;
4) w  f ( x1 x 2  ...  x n ) .

3.4. 1) w  f (1 ,  2 ) , sadac 1  2x1 da  2  3x 2 ;

2) w  f (1 ,  2 ) , sadac 1   x1 da  2  4x 2 ;
3) w  f (1 ,  2 ) , sadac 1  2 x1  5 da  2   x 2  1 ;
4) w  f (1 ,  2 ) , sadac 1  px1 da  2  qx 2 .

3.5. 1) w  f (1 ,  2 ) , sadac 1  x1  x 2 da  2  x1  x 2 ;

2) w  f (1 ,  2 ) , sadac 1  x12  x 22 da  2  x12  x 22 ;
3) w  f (1 ,  2 ) , sadac 1  x1  x 2 da  2  x1 x 2 ;
x
4) w  f (1 ,  2 ) , sadac 1  x1 x 2 da  2  1 .
x2

3.6. 1) w  f (1 ,  2 ) , sadac 1  x1  x 2  x3 da  2  x12  x 22  x32 ;

2) w  f (1 ,  2 ) , sadac 1  x1  x 2 da  2  x 2  x3 ;
3) w  f (1 ,  2 ) , sadac 1  x1  x 2 da  2  x 3 ;
x1 x2
4) w  f (1 ,  2 ) , sadac 1  da  2  ;
x2 x3

3.7. 1) w  f (1 ,  2 ,  3 ) , sadac 1  x1  x 2 ,  2  x1  x 2 da  3  x1 x 2 ;

2) w  f (1 ,  2 ,  3 ) , sadac 1  x1  x 2 ,  2  2 x1  3 x 2 da  3  2 x1 x 2 ;
3) w  f (1 ,  2 ,  3 ) , sadac 1  x1 x 2 ,  2  x12  x 22 da  3  x1  x 2 ;
4) w  f (1 ,  2 ,  3 ) , sadac 1  x12  x 22 ,  2  x12  x 22 da  3  2 x1 x 2 ;

3.8. 1) w  f (1 ,  2 ,  3 ) , sadac 1  x1  x 2 ,  2  x1  x3 da  3  x 2  x3 ;

2) w  f (1 ,  2 ,  3 ) , sadac 1  x1 ,  2  2x 2 da  3  3x 3 ;
3) w  f (1 ,  2 ,  3 ) , sadac 1  x1 ,  2  x1  x 2 da  3  x1  x 2  x 3 ;
4) w  f (1 ,  2 ,  3 ) , sadac 1  x1 x 2 ,  2  x1 x 3 da  3  x 2 x3 ;

3.9. 1) w  f ( x1 , x1  x 2 ,..., x1  x 2  ...  x n ) ;

2) w  f ( x1 , x1 x 2 ,..., x1 x 2 ...x n )

105
 4. aracxadi funqciebi

4.1. ipoveT mocemuli aracxadi funqciis warmoebuli:

1) x 2  xy  2 y 2  x  y  1 ;
2) x 2  xy  y 2  3 ;
y
3) y  2 x arctan  0 ;
x
y
4) ln x 2  y 2  arctan .
x
4.2. ipoveT mocemuli aracxadi funqciis kerZo warmoebulebi:
1) z 3  3 xyz  1 ;
2) x  y  z  e z ;
z
4.3. mocemulia aracxadi funqcia z 3  xyz  y 2  16 . ipoveT
x
x1
4.4. ipoveT Tu x1 x23  x2  x3 .
x2
x3 xx
4.5. ipoveT Tu x32  x1 x23  1 3 .
x2 x2
x2
4.6. ipoveT Tu e x2 x3  x12 x3 ln x2   .
x3

3.9 mxebi sibrtye da zedapiris normali

vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia z  f ( x, y ) , romlis grafiki R 3

sivrceSi aris raRac Q zedapiri. avirCioT masze raime M  ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
wertili.
Gganmarteba 9. 1. 1 Q zedapiris mxebi sibrtye mocemul M wertilSi ewodeba
sibrtyes, romelic moicavs M wertilze zedapirSi gavlebuli yvela
SesaZlo wirebis mxebebs.

106
 vipovoT z  f ( x, y ) zedapiris M wertilSi gavlebuli mxebi sibrtyis
gantoleba. amisaTvis ganvixiloT Q zedapiris kveTa x  x0 da y  y0
sibrtyeebiT.
vTqvaT, L1 wiri aris Q zedapiris kveTa x  x0 sibrtyiT, maSin is moicema
 z  f ( x, y )  z  f ( x, y )
sistemiT  . analogiurad, L2 wiri moicema  sistemiT.
 x  x0  y  y0
vTqvaT, L1 da L2 wirebis mxebebi M  ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) wertilSi aris T1 da T2
wrfeebi. maSin isini moicema sistemebiT:
 z  z0  f y( x0 , y0 )( y  y0 )  z  z0  f x( x0 , y0 )( x  x0 )
 da  . (13.1)
 x  x0  y  y0
M  ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) wertilze gamavali nebismieri sibrtyis gantoleba aris
A( x  x0 )  B ( y  y0 )  C ( z  z0 )  0 saxis, saidanac (13.1) sistemebis
gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT, rom T1 da T2 mxebebze gamavali sibrtyis
gantoleba iqneba

f x( x0 , y0 )( x  x0 )  f y ( x0 , y0 )( y  y0 )  ( z  z0 )  0 .

Tu Q zedapiri mocemuli iqneba F ( x, y , z )  0 aracxadi funqciiT, maSin

F ( x , y , z ) Fy ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
f x( x0 , y0 )   x 0 0 0 da f y( x0 , y0 )   ,
Fz( x0 , y0 , z0 ) Fz( x0 , y0 , z0 )
amitom T1 da T2 mxebebze gamavali sibrtyis gantoleba miiRebs saxes:
107
 Fx( x0 , y0 , z0 )( x  x0 )  Fy ( x0 , y0 , z0 )( y  y0 )  Fz( x0 , y0 , z0 )( z  z0 )  0 .

axla aviRoT Q zedapirze nebismieri sxva L wiri, romelic gadis

M  ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) wertilze. vTqvaT, is mocemulia parametruli saxiT:
x  x(t ), y  y (t ), z  z (t ) , sadac t  S . maSin F ( x (t ), y (t ), z (t ))  0 , t  S . aqedan ki
gawarmoebiT viRebT Fxxt  Fy yt  Fzzt  0 . miRebuli toloba sruldeba
M  ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) wertilSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom M  ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) wertilSi
L wirisadmi gavlebuli mxebis mgezavi  ( xt, yt, zt ) veqtori  mxebi sibrtyis
n( Fx, Fy, Fz) normalis marTobulia, amitom M  ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) wertilSi
L wirisadmi gavlebuli mxebi wrfe  mxeb sibrtyeSi mdebareobs.
Gganmarteba 9. 2. wertils, romelSic Fx  Fy  Fz  0 , an erTi mainc
aRniSnuli warmoebulebidan ar arsebobs, zedapiris gansakuTrebul
wertils uwodeben. aseT wertilSi zedapirs SesaZloa ar qondes mxebi
sibrtye.
Gganmarteba 9. 3. Q zedapiris normali M  ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) wertilSi ewodeba
wrfes, romelic gadis M  ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) wertilze Q zedapirisadmi am
wertilSi gavlebuli mxebi sibrtyis marTobulad.
z  f ( x, y ) zedapirisadmi M  ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) wertilSi gavlebuli normalis
gantolebas eqneba saxe:

x  x0 y  y0 z  z0
  . (13.2)
f x( x0 , y0 ) f y ( x0 , y0 ) 1

Tu Q zedapiri mocemulia F ( x, y , z )  0 aracxadi funqciiT, maSin (13.2)

gantoleba miiRebs saxes:

x  x0 y  y0 z  z0
  .
Fx( x0 , y0 , z0 ) Fy( x0 , y0 , z0 ) Fz( x0 , y0 , z0 )

3.10 maRali rigis kerZo warmoebulebi da diferenciali.

teiloris formula

maRali rigis kerZo warmoebulebi. vTqvaT, mocemulia z  f ( x, y ) funqcia,

romelsac P  ( x, y )  D( f ) wertilSi gaaCnia uwyveti kerZo warmoebulebi
f x( x, y ) da f y( x, y ) . maT vuwodoT pirveli rigis kerZo warmoebulebi. isini
Tavis mxriv arian funqciebi x da y cvladebis mimarT, amitom maT P  ( x, y )
wertilSi SesaZloa kvlav gaaCndeT kerZo warmoebulebi x da y cvladebis

108
mimarT, romlebsac z  f ( x, y ) funqciis meore rigis kerZo warmoebulebs
vuwodebT da aRvniSnavT:
a) Tu f gawarmoebulia TanmimdevrobiT orjer x cvladiT, maSin
 2 f ( x, y )
an f xx ( x, y ) simboloTi;
x 2
b) Tu f gawarmoebulia jer x cvladiT, Semdeg y cvladiT, maSin
 2 f ( x, y )
an f xy ( x, y ) simboloTi;
yx
g) Tu f gawarmoebulia jer y cvladiT, Semdeg x cvladiT, maSin
 2 f ( x, y )
an f yx ( x, y ) simboloTi;
xy
d) Tu f gawarmoebulia TanmimdevrobiT orjer y cvladiT, maSin
 2 f ( x, y )
an f yy ( x, y ) simboloTi.
y 2
meore rigis warmoebulebi SeiZleba kvlav gavawarmooT rogorc x
cvladiT, ise y cvladiT, ris Sedegadac miviRebT mesame rigis rva kerZo
warmoebuls:

 3 f ( x, y )  3 f ( x, y )  3 f ( x, y )  3 f ( x, y )  3 f ( x, y )  3 f ( x, y )  3 f ( x, y )  3 f ( x, y )
, , , , , , , .
x 3 x 2 y xy 2 xy x yxy y x 2 y 2 x y 3

amrigad, n  1 rigis kerZo warmoebulebis gawarmoebis Sedegad vRebulobT

n rigis kerZo warmoebulebs.
sxvadasxva cvladiT gawarmoebis Sedegad miRebul kerZo warmoebulebs
Sereul kerZo warmoebulebs uwodeben. samarTliania Semdegi
Teorema 10. 1. Tu z  f ( x, y ) funqcia da misi kerZo warmoebulebi f x( x, y ) ,
f y( x, y ) , f xy ( x, y ) da f yx ( x, y ) gansazRvrulia da uwyvetia P  ( x0 , y0 ) wertilis
momcvel raime birTvSi, maSin f xy ( x, y ) = f yx ( x, y ) .
qvemoT moyvanili magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom sazogadod f xy ( x, y ) = f yx ( x, y )
toloba samarTliani ar aris

magaliTi 10. 1. vTqvaT

 xy ( x 2  y 2 ) 2
 2 2
, x  y2  0
f ( x, y )   x  y
0, x  y  0

f ( y ( x 2  y 2 )  2 x 2 y )( x 2  y 2 )  2 x 2 y ( x 2  y 2 )
( x, y )  
x ( x2  y2 )2
y[(3 x 2  y 2 )( x 2  y 2 )  2 x 4  2 x 2 y 2 ]
 
( x2  y2 )2

109
 y( x4  4 x 2 y 2  y 4 )
 , ( x, y )  0
( x2  y2 )2
f f  x, 0   f  0,0 
 0, 0   lim 0
x x  0 x
maSin
f f
2
 f  0, y    0, 0 
 0, 0   lim x x  1 .
yx y  0 y
meores mxriv,
f x  x 4  4 x2 y 2  y 4 
 x, y   2
y  x2  y 2 
f
 0, 0   0,
y
f f
2  x, 0    0, 0 
 f y y
 0, 0   lim 1
xy x  0 x
e. i.
2 f 2 f
 0, 0    0, 0  .
xy yx

analogiuri gziT ganimarteba maRali rigis kerZo warmoebulebi n

cvladis f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) funqciis SemTxvevaSi. kerZod:
vTqvaT f : G  R gansazRvruli funqciaa, xolo G  R n area da am
funqcias gaaCnia kerZo wamoebuli romeliRac xi cvladis mimarT, e.i.
arsebobs

f
Di f ( x)  ( x) .
xi

110
gawarmoebis Sedegad miRebuli axali funqcia isev aris G areze
gansazRvruli e.i.

Di f : G  R .

vTqvaT Di f funqcias Tavis mxriv gaaCnia kerZo warmoebuli j -uri

cvladis mimarT. funqcias

D j ( Di f ) : G  R

uwodeben f funqciis meore rigis warmoebuls jer i -uri, xolo Semdeg j -

uri cvladebis mimarT da is ase aRiniSneba

2 f
D ji f ( x) an ( x) .
x j xi

Tu gansazRvrulia kerZo warmoebuli

k f
Dik ,...,i1 f ( x )  ( x) ,
xik  xi1

maSin k  1 rigis kerZo warmoebuli ganimarteba Semdegnairad

 k 1 f   k f 
   ( x)  Dik 1 ,ik ,...,i1 f ( x ).
xik 1 xik  xi1 xik 1  xik  xi1 

Teorema 10. 2. vTqvaT f : G  R , sadac G  R n area da x  G arsebobs kerZo

warmoebulebi

2 f 2 f
 x da  x .
xi x j x j xi

Tu es warmoebulebi uwyvetia x wertilis momcvel raime birTvSi, maSin

adgili aqvs tolobas

2 f 2 f
 x   x .
xi x j x j xi

maRali rigis diferenciali. vTqvaT, mocemulia z  f ( x, y ) funqcia,

romelic diferencirebadia D ( f ) gansazRvris areze, e. i. adgili aqvs
tolobas

111
 df ( x, y )  f x( x, y )dx  f y( x, y )dy ,

romelsac pirveli rigis diferencials uwodeben.

vTqvaT, pirveli rigis diferenciali kvlav diferencirebadia. pirveli
rigis diferencialis diferencials P  ( x, y )  D( f ) wertilSi uwodeben
meore rigis diferencials da misTvis adgili aqvs tolobas

d 2 f ( x, y )  f xx ( x, y )dx 2  2 f xy ( x, y )dxdy  f yy ( x, y )dy 2 .

analogiuri gziT miviRebT mesame rigis diferencials da misTvis adgili

aqvs tolobas:

d 3 f ( x, y )  f xxx
 ( x, y )dx 3  3 f xxy
 ( x, y )dx 2 dy  3 f xyy
 ( x, y )dxdy 2  f yyy
 ( x, y )dy 3 .

sazogadod, n -uri rigis diferencialisTvis adgili aqvs formalur

tolobas:

 
d n f ( x, y )  ( dx  dy ) n f ( x, y ) .
x y

teiloris formula. vTqvaT, mocemulia z  f ( x, y ) funqcia, romelic ( n  1 )-

jer diferencirebadia raime B( P, r ) birTvze, sadac P  ( x0 , y0 ) fiqsirebuli
wertilia gansazRvris aridan. maSin samarTliania teiloris formula:
1 1 1 1
f ( x, y )  f ( x0 , y0 )  df ( x0 , y0 )  d 2 f ( x0 , y0 )  ...  d n f ( x0 , y0 )  d n 1 f ( , ) ,
1! 2! n! (n  1)!
sadac x0    x da y0    y .
Tu teiloris formulaSi x0  y0  0 , maSin miviRebT maklorenis
formulas ori cvladis funqciisaTvis.

s a v a r j i S o e b i
1. zedapiris mxebi sibrtye da normali

dawereT zedapiris mxebi sibrtyisa da normalis gantolebebi miTiTebul

wertilebSi:
1.1. z  x 2  y 2 , M  (1, 2, 5) ;
2 2
1.2. z  5  x  y , M  (1,1,3) ;

112
 y 
1.3. z  arctan , M  (1,1, ) ;
x 4
2 2 2
1.4. x  y  z  169 , M  (3, 4,12) ;
1.5. x 2  2 y 2  3 z 2  5 , M  (0,1,1)

2. maRali rigis warmoebulebi

gamoTvaleT Semdegi maRali rigis warmoebulebi:

 3w  3w
2.1 1) da , Tu w  cos( x1 x 2 ) ;
x1x 22 x12 x 2
 3w  3w
2) da , Tu w  sin( x1 x 2 ) ;
x1x 22 x12 x 2
3w 3w
3) da , Tu w  cos(2 x1  x 2 ) ;
x13 x 23
3w 3w
4) da , Tu w  sin( 3x1  4 x 2 ) .
x13 x 23

6w
2.2 1) , Tu w  x13 cos x 2  x 23 cos x1 ;
x13 x 23
6w
2) , Tu w  x13 sin x 2  x 23 sin x 1 ;
x13 x 23
8 w
3) , Tu w  x14 cos x 2  x 24 cos x 1 ;
x14 x 24
8 w
4) , Tu w  x14 sin x 2  x 24 sin x1 ;
x14 x 24

 3w
2.3 1) , Tu w  e x1 x2 x3 ;
x1x 2 x3
 3w
2) , Tu w  x1 ln( x1 x 2 ) ;
x12 x 2
6w x1  x 2
3) , Tu w ;
x13 x 23 x1  x 2

8 w
4) , Tu w  ( x1 x 2 ) 4 .
x14 x 24
113
 nw nw
2.4 1) da , Tu w  cos( x1  x 2 ) ;
x1n x 2n
nw nw
2) da , Tu w  sin( x1  x 2 ) ;
x1n x 2n
 mn w
3) , Tu w  x1m x 2n ;
x1m x 2n
 mn w
4) , Tu w  ( x12  x 22 )e x1  x2
x1m x 2n

gamoTvaleT dw , d 2w da d 3 w , Tu

2.5 1) w  sin( x12  x 22 ) ; 2) w  cos( x12  x 22 ) ;

3) w  x1 x 2 ; 4) w  ln( x1  x 2 ) .

3. teiloris formula

3.1 gaSaleT mocemuli funqcia mocemuli wertilis midamoSi teiloris

formuliT:
1) f ( x1 , x 2 )  ( x1  1) 2  ( x1  x 2 ) 2 , M  (0;0) ;
2) f ( x1 , x 2 )  2 x12  x1 x 2  x 22  6 x1  3x 2  5 , M  (1; 2) ;
3) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x1  2 x 2  x12  3x1 x 2  4 x 22 , M  (1; 2)
4) f ( x1 , x2 )  x13  x23  3 x1 x2 , M  (1;1) .

3.11 ori cvladis funqciis eqstremumi

vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia z  f ( x, y ) .

114
Gganmarteba 11. 1. P0  ( x0 , y0 ) wertils ewodeba z  f ( x, y ) funqciis
lokaluri minimumis (maqsimumis) wertili, Tu arsebobs birTvi B ( P0 ,  )
iseTi, rom yoveli ( x, y )  B( P0 ,  ) wertilisTvis adgili eqneba
f ( x, y )  f ( x0 , y0 ) ( f ( x, y )  f ( x0 , y0 ) ) utolobas. TviT f ( x0 , y0 ) mniSvnelobas ki
uwodeben lokalur minimums (maqsimums) da weren : min f ( x, y )  f ( x0 , y0 ) ,
( x , y )B ( P0 , )

( max f ( x, y )  f ( x0 , y0 ) ). im SemTxvevaSi, roca f ( x, y )  f ( x0 , y0 ) an

( x , y )B ( P0 , )

f ( x, y )  f ( x0 , y0 ) utolobaSi toloba sruldeba mxolod P0  ( x0 , y0 )

wertilisaTvis, vambobT, rom gvaqvs mkacri lokaluri minimumi an maqsimumi.
minimumisa da maqsimumis wertilebs eqstremumis wertilebs uwodeben, xolo
TviT minimumsa da maqsimums uwodeben eqstremums.

Teorema 11. 1. vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia z  f ( x, y ) da

P0  ( x0 , y0 ) wertilSi arseboben f x( x0 , y0 ) da f y( x0 , y0 ) kerZo warmoebulebi.
maSin, imisaTvis, rom z  f ( x, y ) funqcias P0  ( x0 , y0 ) wertilSi gaaCndes
lokaluri eqstremumi, aucilebelia Sesruldes toloba
f x( x0 , y0 )  f y ( x0 , y0 )  0 .
damtkiceba. vTqvaT, z  f ( x, y ) funqcias P0  ( x0 , y0 ) wertilSi gaaCnia
lokaluri eqstremumi, maSin arsebobs birTvi B ( P0 ,  ) iseTi, rom yoveli
( x, y )  B( P0 ,  ) wertilisTvis adgili eqneba f ( x, y )  f ( x0 , y0 ) an f ( x, y )  f ( x0 , y0 )
utolobas. ganvixiloT B ( P0 ,  ) birTvidan yvela is wertili, romlisTvisac
y  y0 . maSin miRebuli z  f ( x, y0 )   ( x ) funqcia iqneba erTi cvladis
funqcia, romelsac x0 wertilSi eqneba lokaluri eqstremumi, amitom
 ( x0 )  f x( x0 , y0 )  0 . analogiurad mtkicdeba, rom f y( x0 , y0 )  0 .

Gganmarteba 11. 2. 2 P0  ( x0 , y0 ) wertils, romelSic sruldeba

f x( x0 , y0 )  f y ( x0 , y0 )  0 toloba, stacionalur wertils uwodeben, xolo
wertils, romelSic kerZo warmoebulebi nulis tolia, an erTi mainc ar
arsebobs, kritikuli wertili ewodeba.
SeniSvna 11. 1. z  f ( x, y ) funqciis stacionaluri wertili yovelTvis ar
aris eqstremumis wertili. marTlac, ganvixiloT z  xy 2 funqcia. (0,0)
wertilSi gvaqvs f x(0, 0)  f y(0, 0)  0 , meore mxriv funqciis mniSvneloba (0,0)
wertilSi aris nulis toli, xolo (0,0) wertilis nebismier midamoSi
funqcia Rebulobs rogorc dadebiT, ise uaryofiT mniSvnelobebs, amitom am
funqcias (0,0) wertilSi ara aqvs eqstremumi.
Teorema 11. 2. vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia z  f ( x, y ) , romelsac
gaaCnia meore rigis uwyveti kerZo warmoebulebi B ( P0 ,  ) birTvSi da
P0  ( x0 , y0 ) aris misi stacionaluri wertili. vTqvaT,
f xx ( P0 ) f xy ( P0 ) A B
D ( P0 )    AC  B 2 .
f xy ( P0 ) f yy ( P0 ) B C
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maSin P0  ( x0 , y0 ) stacionaluri wertili aris:
1) lokaluri maqsimumis wertili, Tuki D ( P0 )  0 da f xx ( x0 , y0 )  0 ;
2) lokaluri minimumis wertili, Tuki D ( P0 )  0 da f xx ( x0 , y0 )  0 ;
3) Tu D ( P0 )  0 , maSin P0  ( x0 , y0 ) stacionaluri wertili ar aris lokaluri
eqstremumis wertili.
damtkiceba. vTqvaT, z  f ( x, y ) funqcias P0  ( x0 , y0 ) wertilSi aqvs
lokaluri maqsimumi, maSin arsebobs birTvi B ( P0 ,  ) iseTi, rom yoveli
( x, y )  B( P0 ,  ) wertilisTvis adgili eqneba utolobas z  f ( x, y )  f ( x0 , y0 )  0 ,
xolo lokaluri minimumis SemTxvevaSi ki adgili eqneba utolobas:
z  f ( x, y )  f ( x0 , y0 )  0 .
z -is niSnis garkvevisaTvis P0  ( x0 , y0 ) wertilis midamoSi z  f ( x, y )
funqcia gavSaloT teiloris formulis gamoyenebiT:
1 1 1
z  df ( x0 , y0 )  d 2 f ( x0 , y0 )  d 3 f ( , ) ,
1! 2! 3!
1 1
sadac x0    x da y0    y . aqedan ki gveqneba z  df ( x0 , y0 )  d 2 f ( x0 , y0 ) .
1! 2!
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom df ( x0 , y0 )  0 , miviRebT
1 1
z  d 2 f ( x0 , y0 )  ( f xx ( x0 , y0 )h12  2 f xy ( x0 , y0 )h1h2  f yy ( x0 , y0 )h22 ) 
2 2
2
h2  h  h h2
 2 ( A  1   2 B 1  C )  2 ( At 2  2 Bt  C )
2  h2  h2 2
h
sadac t  1 .
h2
miRebuli gamosaxulebidan Cans, rom z -is niSani ganisazRvreba
2
At  2 Bt  C kvadratuli samwevris niSniT, amitom gveqneba:
1) Tu D ( P0 )  AC  B 2  0 da A  f xx ( x0 , y0 )  0 , maSin P0  ( x0 , y0 ) aris
lokaluri maqsimumis wertili;
2) Tu D ( P0 )  AC  B 2  0 da A  f xx ( x0 , y0 )  0 , maSin P0  ( x0 , y0 ) aris
lokaluri minimumis wertili;
3) Tu B 2  AC  0 , maSin At 2  2 Bt  C kvadratuli samwevri Rebulobs
rogorc dadebiT, ise uaryofiT mniSvnelobas, amitom P0  ( x0 , y0 )
stacionaluri wertili ar aris lokaluri eqstremumis wertili.
damatebiT SevniSnoT, rom Tu B 2  AC  0 , maSin z -is niSani ganisazRvreba
P0  ( x0 , y0 ) wertilis midamoSi damatebiTi SeswavliT.
SeniSvna 11. 2. Teoremis damtkicebis dros vigulisxmeT, rom h2  0 . Tu
davuSvebT, rom h2  0 , maSin saqme daiyvaneba z  f ( x, y0 ) erTi cvladis
funqciis eqstremumis Seswavlaze.

x
magaliTi 11. 1. vipovoT f ( x, y )  e 2 ( x  y 2 ) funqciis eqstremumi.

116
amoxsna: gamovTvaloT mocemuli funqciis pirveli rigis kerZo
warmoebulebi:
1 x x
f x( x, y )  e 2 ( x  y 2  2) da f y ( x, y )  2 ye 2 ;
2
axla vipovoT savaraudo eqstremumis wertilebi, risTvisac amovxsnaT
sistema:
 1 2x 2

 f x ( x, y )  e ( x  y  2)  0
 2  x0  2, y0  0
x

 f y( x, y )  2 ye 2  0

amrigad, miviReT wertili P0  (2; 0) . axla gavarkvioT, aqvs Tu ara am

wertilSi funqcias eqstremumi. amisaTvis vipovoT meore rigis kerZo
warmoebulebi:
x x x
1 2 1 2
A  f xx ( P0 )  e ( x  y 2  4)  , B  f xy ( P0 )  ye 2  0, C  f yy ( P0 )  2e 2  ,
4 P
2 e P0 P0
e
0

A B 1
vinaidan D ( P0 )    0 da A  0 , amitom P0  (2; 0) wertili iqneba
B C e2
2
lokaluri minimumis wertili da f min  f (2,0)   .
e

3.12 ori cvladis funqciis pirobiTi eqstremumi

z  f ( x, y ) funqciis eqstremumebis moZebnisas zogjer saWiroa ara mTel

gansazRvris areze mocemuli funqciis eqstremumis wertilebis moZebna,
aramed gansazRvris aris raime qvesimravleze, magaliTad raime T  D( f )
wirze mocemuli funqciis eqstremumis wertilebis moZebna. aseT wertilebs
z  f ( x, y ) funqciis T wirze pirobiTi eqstremumis wertilebs uwodeben.
Cveulebrivi (upirobo) eqstremumis wertilebis moZebnisagan gansxvavebiT, am
SemTxvevaSi amocanaa vipovoT T wirze P0  ( x0 , y0 ) wertili, romelSic

117
funqciis mniSvneloba udidesi an umciresia T wirze P0  ( x0 , y0 ) wertilis
raime midamodan aRebul wertilebSi funqciis mniSvnelobebs Soris.

Gganmarteba 12. 1. vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia z  f ( x, y ) da

T  ( x, y ) :  ( x, y )  0 . P0  ( x0 , y0 )  T wertils ewodeba z  f ( x, y ) funqciis
pirobiTi minimumis (maqsimumis) wertili  ( x, y )  0 pirobiT, Tu arsebobs
birTvi B ( P0 ,  ) iseTi, rom yoveli ( x, y )  T  B ( P0 ,  ) wertilisTvis adgili
eqneba f ( x, y )  f ( x0 , y0 ) ( f ( x, y )  f ( x0 , y0 ) ) utolobas. TviT f ( x0 , y0 )
mniSvnelobas ki uwodeben pirobiT minimums (maqsimums) .
pirobiTi minimumisa da maqsimumis wertilebs pirobiTi eqstremumis
wertilebs uwodeben.

Teorema 12. 1. vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia z  f ( x, y ) da

 ( x, y )  0 piroba. vTqvaT, f da  funqciebs P0  ( x0 , y0 ) wertilis momcvel
raime B ( P0 ,  ) birTvSi gaaCniaT uwyveti kerZo warmoebulebi da  y  x0 , y0   0 .
Tu P0  ( x0 , y0 ) wertili aris z  f ( x, y ) funqciis pirobiTi eqstremumis
wertili  ( x, y )  0 pirobiT, maSin arsebobs  namdvili ricxvi iseTi, rom
Sesruldeba tolobebi:
 f 
 x ( x0 , y0 )   x ( x0 , y0 )  0
 f .
 ( x0 , y0 )    
( x0 , y0 )  0
 y y

qvemoT gamoviyenebT damxmare funqcias, romelsac lagranJis funqcias

uwodeben.
Gganmarteba 12. 2. vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia z  f ( x, y ) da
 ( x, y )  0 piroba. maSin L( x, y )  f ( x, y )   ( x, y ) funqcias lagranJis funqcias
uwodeben.

Teorema 12. 2. vTqvaT, mocemulia ori cvladis funqcia z  f ( x, y ) da

 ( x, y )  0 piroba. vTqvaT, f da  funqciebs P0  ( x0 , y0 ) wertilis momcvel
raime B ( P0 ,  ) birTvSi gaaCniaT meore rigis uwyveti kerZo warmoebulebi da
 y  x0 , y0   0 . vTqvaT, P0  ( x0 , y0 ) wertili aris z  f ( x, y ) funqciis savaraudo
pirobiTi eqstremumis wertili, e. i. sruldeba tolobebi
 f 
 x ( x0 , y0 )   x ( x0 , y0 )  0

 f ( x , y )    ( x , y )  0 .
 y 0 0 y
0 0


 ( x0 , y0 )  0
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ganvixiloT L( x, y )  f ( x, y )   ( x, y ) lagranJis funqcia da Sesabamisi
kvadratuli forma
 2 L( x0 , y0 ) 2  2 L( x0 , y0 )  2 L ( x0 , y0 ) 2
h 2 h   ,
x 2 xy y 2
sadac h da  akmayofileben gantolebas
 ( x0 , y0 )  ( x0 , y0 )
h  0.
x y
maSin samarTliania Semdegi:
1) Tu kvadratuli forma dadebiTadaa gansazRvruli, maSin  x0 , y0 
warmoadgens pirobiTi lokaluri minimumis wertils;
2) Tu kvadratuli forma uaryofiTadaa gansazRvruli, maSin  x0 , y0 
warmoadgens pirobiTi lokaluri maqsimumis wertils.
3) Tu kvadratuli forma niSangansazRvruli ar aris, maSin  x0 , y0  ar
aris eqstremumis wertili.
magaliTi 12. 1. vTqvaT f  x, y   x 2  y 2 ,   x, y   2 x  y  3  0 . ganvixiloT
lagranJis funqcia
L  x, y   x 2  y 2    2 x  y  3 .
davweroT pirobiTi eqstremumis arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebi
 L
  x  2 x  2  0

 L
  2 y    0
 y
2 x  y  3  0


saidanac miviRebT, rom   2, x  2, y  1. ganvixiloT forma
2 L 2 2 L 2 L 2
h  2 h   : A  h,   ,
x 2 xy y 2
meores mxriv
2 L 2 L 2 L
 2,  0,  2
x 2 xy y 2
da maSasadame
A  h,    2h 2  2 2 .
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom
 
  h, e. i.   2h ,
y x
miviRebT
A  h,    2h 2  8h 2  6h 2  0.
rac imas niSnavs, rom (2,1) wertili pirobiTi maqsimumis wertilia.

119
 s a v a r j i S o e b i

1. ori cvladis funqciis eqstremumi

ipoveT Semdegi funqciis lokaluri eqstremumis wertilebi da lokaluri

eqstremumebi:

1.1. 1) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x12  x1 x 2  x 22 ;
2) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x12  x1 x 2  x 22 ;
3) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x12  2 x1  x 22  1 ;
4) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x12  x 22  2 x 2  1 .

1.2. 1) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x12  x1 x 2  x 22  2 x1  x 2 ;
2) f ( x1 , x 2 )  2 x12  2 x1 x 2  x 22  2 x 2 ;
3) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x12  2 x1 x 2  2 x 22  2 x1 ;
4) f ( x1 , x 2 )  ( x1  x 2  1) 2 .

1.3. 1) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x13  x 23  ( x1  x 2 ) 2 ;
2) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x13  2 x 23  3 x1  6 x 2 ;
3) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x14  x 24  ( x1  x 2 ) 2 ;
4) f ( x1 , x 2 )  2 x14  x 24  x12  2 x 22 .

1.4. 1) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x14  2 x12 x 22  x 23 ;

2) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x13  x 23  3( x1 x 2  1) ;
3) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x12 x 23 (6  x1  x 2 ) ;
1
4) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x1 x 2  .
2( x1  x 2 )
1.5. 1) f ( x1 , x 2 )  e x1  2 x2 ( x12  x 22 ) ;
2) f ( x1 , x 2 )  e x1  x2 ( x12  2 x1 x 2  2 x 22 ) ;
3) f ( x1 , x 2 )  e 2 x1 3 x2 (8 x12  6 x1 x 2  3x 22 ) ;
2
4) f ( x1 , x 2 )  e x1  x2 (5  2 x1  x 2 ) .

2 2
1.6. 1) f ( x1 , x 2 )  ( x1  2 x 2 )e  ( x1  x2 ) ;
2 2
2) f ( x1 , x 2 )  ( x12  x 22 )e  ( x1  x2 ) ;
3) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x12  x1 x 2  x 22  4 ln x1  10 ln x 2 ;
4) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x1 x 2 ln( x12  x 22 ) .
120
1.7. 1) f ( x1 , x 2 )  1  x12  x 22 ;
2) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x1 x 2 1  x12  x 22 ;
 
3) f ( x1 , x 2 )  sin x1  cos x 2  cos( x1  x 2 ) , 0  x1  , 0  x2  ;
2 2
4) f ( x1 , x 2 )  sin x1 sin x 2 sin( x1  x 2 ) , 0  x1   , 0  x 2   .

ipoveT Semdegi funqciis is kritikuli wertilebi, romlebSic eqstremumi

ar arsebobs:
1.8 1) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x13 x 23 ;
2) f ( x1 , x 2 )  3 x12 x 2  x13  x 24 ;
3) f ( x1 , x 2 )  4 x14  x 24  8 x12 ;
4) f ( x1 , x 2 )  12 x1 x 22  x14  8 x 23 .

ipoveT f aracxadi funqciis eqstremumebi:

1.9. 1) ( f ( x1 , x 2 )) 3  x1 x 2 f ( x1 , x 2 )  x 22  16  0 ;
2) x12  x 22  ( f ( x1 , x 2 )) 2  2 x1  2 x 2  4 f ( x1 , x 2 )  10  0 ;
3) x12  x 22  ( f ( x1 , x 2 )) 2  ( x1  x 2  2) f ( x1 , x 2 )  2 x1  2 x 2  2  0 ;
4) [ x12  x 22  ( f ( x1 , x 2 )) 2 ] 2  x12  x 22  ( f ( x1 , x 2 )) 2 .

2. pirobiTi eqstremumebi

ipoveT Semdegi funqciis pirobiTi eqstremumebi:

2.1. 1) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x1 x 2 , Tu x1  x 2  2 ;
2) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x1 x 2 , Tu x1  x 2  2 ;
3) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x1  x 2 , Tu x12  x 22  1 ;
4) f ( x1 , x 2 )  x12  x 22 , Tu x1  x 2  1

3.13. jeradi integralebi marTkuTxedebze

Gganmarteba 13. 1. simravles

I : ( x1 , x2 )  R 2 : a1  x1  b1 , a2  x2  b2 
ewodeba organzomilebiani marTkuTxedi, an pirdapir marTkuTxedi.

121
mocemuli marTkuTxedis zoma ewodeba mis farTobs da aRiniSneba I
simboloTi:
| I | (b1  a1 )(b2  a2 ) .

Gganmarteba 13. 2. vTqvaT, Pk aris [ak , bk ] (k  1, 2) segmentis danawileba. maSin

I marTkuTxedis danawileba ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad
P : P1  P2 .
kerZod, vTqvaT P1   x0 , x1 , x2 ,..., xn  da P2   y0 , y1 , y2 ,..., ym  Sesabamisad  a1 , b1  da
 a2 , b2  segmentebis danawilebebia, sadac a1  x0  x1  ...  xn  b1 da
a2  y0  y1  ...  ym  b2 ; maSin I marTkuTxedi P : P1  P2 danawilebiT
warmodgindeba mn cali marTkuTxedis gaerTianebis saxiT, romelTagan
TiToeulis saxea  xi 1 , xi    y j 1 , y j  , i  1, 2,..., n da j  1, 2,..., m .

Gganmarteba 13. 3. vTqvaT P da P ' I marTkuTxedis ori danawilebaa.

vityviT, rom P ' danawileba aris Caxazuli P danawilebaSi da vwerT P '  P
(an P ' warmoadgens P danawilebis gagrZelebas) Tu I k'  P ', I j  P , iseTi,
rom
I k'  I j .

GSeniSvna 13. 1. nebismieri ori P ' da P '' danawilebisaTvis arsebobs P

danawileba, romelic Caxazulia rogorc P ' -Si, aseve P '' -Si, e. i. P  P ', P '' .
marTlac, vTqvaT
P ' :  I k' , P '' :  I ''j .
k j

Tu ganvixilavT danawilebas P :  I  I ,
'
k
''
j maSin advili dasanaxia, rom
k, j

P  P ', P '' .

Gganmarteba 13. 4 I  R 2 marTkuTxedze gansazRvruli da

vTqvaT f
SemosazRvruli funqciaa da P :  I k ,  k  I k . maSin jams
k
m
  f ; p,   :  f k  | I k |
k 1
uwodeben f funqciis rimanis jams.

Gganmarteba 13. 5 vityviT, rom f funqcia integrebadia I marTkuTxedze,

Tu   0, P danawileba, iseTi rom masSi Caxazuli nebismieri P
danawilebisaTvis adgili aqvs utolobas
|   f , P ,    J | 
nebismieri  SerCeuli wertilebisaTvis. J ricxvs ewodeba f funqciis
integrali I marTkuTxedze da aRiniSneba Semdegnairad
122
 J :  f  x  dx
I
an
b1 b2

J :   f  x , x  dx dx
a1 a2
1 2 1 2 .

I marTkuTxedze rimanis azriT integrebad funqciaTa klasi aRiniSneba

R  I  -Ti.

funqciis rimanis azriT integrebadobisaTvis aucilebeli piroba

Teorema 13. 1. Tu f  R  I  , maSin f funqcia SemosazRvrulia I -ze.

damtkiceba. vTqvaT f ar aris SemosazRvruli I -ze da P :  I j . radganac
j

f ar aris SemosazRvruli I -ze, amitom j0 iseTi, rom f ar aris

SemosazRvruli I j0 -ze, maSasadame  j0 -is SerCevis xarjze, sidide | f  j0 || I j0 |  
SeiZleba gavxadoT ragind didi, e. i. f  R  I  , rac amtkicebs Teoremis
samarTlianobas.
darbus zeda da qveda jamebi

I marTkuTxedis yvela P danawilebaTa simravle aRvniSnoT   I  -Ti.

ganmarteba 13. 6. vTqvaT P    I  da f aris SemosazRvruli funqcia I -ze.
SemoviRoT aRniSvnebi:
mk  f  : inf{ f  x  : x  I k } ,
M k  f  : sup{ f  x  : x  I k } ,
m
sadac P :  I j . ricxvebs
j 1
 m m
S  f , P  :  M k  f  | I k | da S  f , P  :  mk  f  | I k |

k 1 k 1
uwodeben f funqciis darbus zeda da qveda jamebs.
samarTliania Semdegi
Teorema 13. 2.


1) S  f , P   inf   f , P,      f , P,    sup   f , P,    S  f , P  ;
  

2) Tu P '  P , maSin

123
  
S  f , P   S  f , P '  S  f , P '   S  f , P  ;
 

3) P1 , P2   I   S  f , P1   S  f , P2  .


SeniSvna 13. 2. dirixles D[0,1] ( x) funqciebisaTvis adgili aqvs utolobas

J (D)  J (D) .
marTlac M k ( D)  1, mk ( D )  0 , amitom
J (D)  0  1  J (D) .

rimanis piroba

ganmarteba 13. 7. vityviT, rom f funqcia akmayofilebs rimanis pirobas, Tu

nebismieri   0, P danawileba, iseTi, rom P danawilebaSi
Caxazuli nebismieri P danawilebisTvis adgili aqvs utolobas
0  S ( f , P)  S ( f , P)   .
Teorema 13. 3. Semdegi sami winadadeba erTmaneTis eqvivalenturia
1) f  R( I ) ;
2) f akmayofilebs rimanis pirobas;
3) J ( f )  J ( f ) .

rimanis integralis Tvisebebi

Teorema 13. 4. vTqvaT, f da g integrebadi funqciebia raime I marTkuTxedze.

maSin
1)  ( f ( x, y )  g ( x, y ))dxdy   f ( x, y )dxdy   g ( x, y )dxdy ;
I I I

2)  kf ( x, y)dxdy  k  f ( x, y)dxdy , sadac k nebismieri namdvili ricxvia;

I I

3) Tu f ( x, y )  g ( x, y ) yoveli ( x, y )  I -Tvis, maSin  f ( x, y)dxdy   g ( x, y )dxdy .

I I

ganmarteba 13. 8. vTqvaT, f funqcia gansazRvrulia I   a, b   c, d 

marTkuTxedze da uwyvetia. ganmeorebiTi integralebi f funqciidan
v I   a, b   c, d  marTkuTxedze ganimarteba formulebiT:aT
d b b d

 dy  f ( x, y)dx da  .dx  f ( x, y)dy ..

c a a c

124
Teorema 13. 5. (fubinis). . vTqvaT, f uwyveti funqciaa raime I   a, b   c, d 
marTkuTxedze.. maSin adgili aqvs tolobas
d b b d

 f ( x, y )dxdy   dy  f ( x, y )dx =  .dx  f ( x, y )dy .

I c a a c

SeniSvna. fubinis Teorema samarTliania sazogadod integrebadi f funqciis

b d
SemTxvevaSic. Aam SemTxvevaSi .  .dx  f ( x, y)dy Canaweri gaigeba Semdegnairad:
a c
d
nebismieri fiqsirebuli x  [a, b] -Tvis gamoiTvleba  f ( x, y)dy , romelic
c
SeiZleba ar arsebobdes. am SemTxvevaSi igi Seicvleba Sesabamisi zeda an
qveda integraliT (dawvrilebiT ixileT saleqcio kursi: u. goginava.
analizi III. moodle.science.tsu.ge maTematikuri analizis mimarTuleba). am
SemTxvevaSi Teorema miiRebs saxes
Teorema 13. 6. (fubinis). f vTqvaT, f integrebadi funqciaa raime
I   a, b   c, d  marTkuTxedze.. maSin arsebobs integralebi
d b b d

 dy  f ( x, y)dx , .  .dx  f ( x, y)dy . u.

c a a c
da adgili aqvs tolobas
d b b d

 f ( x, y )dxdy   dy  f ( x, y )dx =  .dx  f ( x, y )dy ,

I c a a c

magaliTi 13. 1. vTqvaT, I  1, 2   0,1 . gamovTvaloT  x

2
ydxdy :
I
2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 2
2 x y x x 8 1 7
 x ydxdy    x 2 ydydx   dx   dx     .
I 1 0 1
2 0 1
2 6 1
6 6 6

2
magaliTi 13. 2..გამოთვალეთ ინტეგრალი  ( x  y )dxdy , სადაც G არე წარმოადგენს
G

მართკუთხედს 0  x  4 , 1  y  e. .
4 e 4
 x2  e
G x ln ydxdy  xdx
0 1 ln ydy     y ln y  y 1  8.
 2 0

2
magaliTi 13. 3..გამოთვალეთ ინტეგრალი  (cos x  sin 2 y )dxdy , სადაც G არე
G

წარმოადგენს მართკუთხედს 0  x   / 4 , 1  y   / 4.

125
  /4  /4
2 2
 (cos x  sin y )dxdy   dx  (cos2 x  sin 2 y )dy 
G 0 0
 /4  /4
2  /4  2  1
 ( y cos
0
x  y / 2  sin(2 y )) 
0
dx    4 cos
0
x  dx 
8 4 
 /4
  1   1  2
8  x  sin 2 x   x
  8 4   .
  2    0 16

3.14. rimanis orjeradi integralis ganmarteba zogadi aris

SemTxvevaSi

vTqvaT, S  R 2 raime SemosazRvruli area, romelsac aqvs saxe:

S  ( x; y )  R 2 | a  x  b, g1 ( x )  y  g 2 ( x ) , (1)
sadac g1 ( x ) da g 2 ( x ) uwyveti funqciebia  a; b  segmentze.

y  g2 ( x)
y

y  g1 ( x)

a b x

126
 ganmarteba 14. 1. vTqvaT, I  S Caketili marTkuTxedia, f S -ze
gansazRvruli SemosazRvruli funqciaa. ganvixiloT funqcia
 f ( x, y ), ( x, y )  S
g ( x, y )   .
0, ( x, y )  I \ S
vityviT, rom f funqcia integrebadia S simravleze, Tu g funqcia
integrebadia I -ze da
 f ( x, y )dxdy   g ( x, y)dxdy .
S I

SeniSvna 14.1. advili dasanaxia, rom integralis ganmarteba ar aris

damokidebuli I marTkudxedis SerCevaze, radgan g ( x, y )  0 , roca
( x, y )  I \ S

Teorema 14. 1. vTqvaT, f da g integrebadi funqciebia raime S

SemosazRvrul areze, romelsac aqvs (1) saxe. maSin
1)  ( f ( x, y )  g ( x, y ))dxdy   f ( x, y )dxdy   g ( x, y )dxdy ;
S S S

2)  kf ( x, y)dxdy  k  f ( x, y)dxdy , sadac k nebismieri namdvili ricxvia;

S S

3) Tu f ( x, y )  g ( x, y ) yoveli ( x, y )  S -Tvis, maSin  f ( x, y )dxdy   g ( x, y)dxdy .

S S

4) adiciurobis Tviseba: Tu S  S1  S2 , S1  S 2   da S1 , S2 -s aqvs (1)saxe, maSin

 f ( x, y)dxdy   f ( x, y)dxdy   f ( x, y)dxdy ;

S S1 S2
2
5) Tu f ( x, y )  1 da S  R raime SemosazRvruli area, romelsac aqvs (1) saxe,
maSin arsebobs integrali  1dxdy  S , sadac S aris S -is farTobi.
S

Teorema 14. 2. vTqvaT S SemosazRvruli area, romelsac aqvs (1) saxe,

f  R( S ) da A  f ( x, y )  B , ( x, y )  S . maSin
A S   f ( x, y )dxdy  B S .
S
damtkiceba. Teorema 14.1-is ZaliT gvaqvs
 Adxdy   f ( x, y)dxdy   Bdxdy
S S S
saidanac miiReba dasamtkicebeli utoloba.

127
 Teorema 14. 3. vTqvaT S SemosazRvruli area, romelsac aqvs (1) saxe,
f  R( S ) , A  inf f ( x ) , B  sup f ( x) , maSin   [ A, B] iseTi, rom
xS xS

 f ( x, y)dxdy   S .
S

1
damtkiceba. aRvniSnoT    f ( x, y)dxdy . maSin Teorema 14.2-is ZaliT
S S

  [ A, B] .

Teorema 14. 4 (saSualo mniSvnelobis Teorema). vTqvaT S Caketili

SemosazRvruli area, romelsac aqvs (1) saxe, f uwyvetia S -ze. maSin
arsebobs ( x0 , y0 )  S iseTi, rom

 f ( x, y)dxdy  f ( x , y ) S .
S
0 0

Teorema 14. 5. vTqvaT S SemosazRvruli area, romelsac aqvs (1) saxe da

f  R( S ) . maSin samarTliania toloba:
b g2 ( x )

 f ( x, y )dxdy   dx  f ( x, y )dy .
S a g1 ( x )

2
magaliTi 14. 1. გამოთვალეთ ინტეგრალი  ( x  y )dxdy , სადაც G არე
G

შემოსაზღვრულია წირებით y  x და y  x 2 .
1 x
2
 ( x  y )dxdy   dx  ( x  y 2 )dy
G 0 x2
x x
2 1 3 2 3 1 6
2 ( x  y )dy  xy  3 y  x2  x  x.
x x2 3 3
1 1
 2 2 3 1 6 1 3 1 4 1 7 5
0  x  3 x  3 x dx  3 x  6 x  21 x 0  42 .

magaliTi 14. 2. გამოთვალეთ ინტეგრალი  ( x  y)dxdy , სადაც G არე

G

შემოსაზღვრულია წირებით 2  x 2 და y  2 x  1.

128
 1 2  x2 1 2  x2
 1 2
G ( x  y)dxdy  3 dx 2 x1 ( x  y)dy  3  xy  2 y  2 x1 dx 
1
 1 4 1
   2 x  x 3  2 x 2  2 x   dx 
3
2
1
 1 5 1 4 2 3 2 1  4
  8 x  4 x  3 x  x  2 x   4 15 .
3
x x
2 1 3 2 3 1 6
2 ( x  y )dy  xy  3 y  x2  x  x.
x x2 3 3
1 1
 2 2 3 1 6 1 3 1 4 1 7 5
0  x  3 x  3 x dx  3 x  6 x  21 x 0  42 .

magaliTi 14. 3.დაიყვანეთ ინტეგრალი  f ( x, y)dxdy განმეორებით ინტეგრალზე ორი

G

გზით, თუ G არე შემოსაზღვრულია წირებით x  1, y  x 2 , y  2 x (0  x  1).

პირველი გზა:
1 2x

 f ( x, y )dxdy   dx  f ( x, y)dy.
G 0 x2

მეორე გზა
1 y 2 1

 f ( x, y)dxdy   dy 
G 0 y /2
f ( x, y )dx   dy  f ( x, y )dx.
1 y /2

3.15. samjeradi integrali. misi dayvana

ganmeorebiT integralze

rimanis samjeradi integralis cneba Semodis iseve, rogor es iyo

organzomilebian SemTxvevaSi jer samganzomilebian marTkuTxedebze, Semdeg
ufro zogad areebze gansazRvruli SemosazRvruli funqciebisaTvis. Cven
SemovifarglebiT mxolod gamoTvlis teqnikiT _ rogor daviyvanoT
ganmeorebiT integralze.
vTqvaT E  R3 raime SemosazRvruli area, romelsac aqvs saxe:
E  ( x; y; z )  R 2 | a  x  b, g1 ( x)  y  g 2 ( x ), u1 ( x; y )  z  u2 ( x; y )  , (1)
sadac g1 ( x ) , g 2 ( x ) uwyveti funqciebia  a; b  segmentze. u1 ( x; y ) da u2 ( x; y )
uwyveti funqciebia E aris proeqciaze xoy sibrtyeSi . maSin samarTliania
formula:

b g2 ( x ) u2 ( x ; y )

 f ( x; y; z)dxdydz   dx  dy  f ( x; y; z )dz .

E a g1 ( x ) u1 ( x ; y )

129
magaliTi 15. 1..იპოვეთ სამჯერადი ინტეგრალი  zdxdydz , თუ არე G
G

შემოსაზღვრულია სიბრტყეებით x  y  z  1, x  0, y  0, z  0.
G არე შეგვიძლია განვსაზღვროთ ასე
G  ( x, y, z ) : 0  z  1  x  y, 0  y  1  x, 0  x  1.
ვთქვათ  xoy სიბრტყეში მდებარე არეა, რომელიც შემოსაზღვრულია წრფეებით
x  y  1, x  0, y  0.
გვაქვს
1 x  y
1
 zdxdydz   dxdy  zdz   (1  x  y ) 2 dxdy 
G  0
2G
1 1 x 1 1
1 1 1 x 1 1
 dx  ( x  y  1) 2 dy   ( x  y  1)3 0 dx   (1  x)3dx  .
20 0 60 60 24
magaliTi 15. 2.. იპოვეთ სამჯერადი ინტეგრალი  xy zdxdydz , თუ არე G
G

შემოსაზღვრულია სიბრტყეებით y  1, y  x 2 , z  y, z  0.
G არე შეგვიძლია განვსაზღვროთ ასე G  ( x, y , z ) : ( x, y )  , 0  z  y , სადაც
  {( x, y ) :  1  x  1, x 2  y  1}.
გვაქვს
y 1 1 y

 xy zdxdydz   dxdy  xy zdz   dx  dy  xy zdz 

G  0 1 x2 0
1 1 1 0 1
2 5/ 2 4 7 4  x2 1 8 8

dx
 2 3 xy dy  x (1 | x | )dx   x dx  0   0.
x dx
21 1 21  2 1 1

1 x 

3.16 cvladis gardaqmna orjerad da samjerad

integralSi

vTqvaT D(u ,v ) , D( x; y )  R 2 , f  R ( D( x ; y ) ) da  : D(u ,v )  D( x, y ) asaxvaa.

samarTliania Semdegi
Teorema 16.1. vTqvaT D(u ,v ) da D( x ; y ) (14.1) saxis areebia da  : D (u ,v )  D ( x , y )
asaxva mocemulia tolobiT
x  1 (u; v)
,
y   2 (u ; v )
romlisTvisac Sesrulebulia pirobebi
1) asaxva urTierTcalsaxaa D(u , v )  D( x , y ) (urTierTcalsaxoba D(u ,v ) da
D( x ; y ) sazRvrebs Soris ar moiTxoveba).
130
 2) i  C (1) ( D (u ,v ) ) (i  1, 2) .
vTqvaT f  R ( D( x; y ) ) . maSin adgili aqvs tolobas

 f ( x, y )dxdy   f (1 (u , v),  2 (u , v)) I dudv .

D( x , y ) D( u ,v )

 1 1 
D ( x, y )  u v  1  2 1 2
sadac determinants I   det    uwodeben
D (u , v)   2 2  u v v u
 
 u v 
iakobians.

vTqvaT D(u ,v ,t ) , D( x; y , z )  R 3 , f  R ( D( x ; y ; z ) ) da  : D(u ,v ,t )  D( x, y , z ) asaxvaa.

samarTliania Semdegi
Teorema 16.2. vTqvaT D(u ,v ,t ) da D( x , y , z ) (15.1) saxis areebia da  : D (u ,v ,t )  D ( x , y , z )
asaxva mocemulia tolobiT
x  1 (u , v, t )
y   2 (u , v , t ) ,
z  3 (u , v, t )
romlisTvisac Sesrulebulia pirobebi
1) asaxva urTierTcalsaxaa D(u ,v ,t )  D( x, y , z ) (urTierTcalsaxoba D(u ,v ,t ) da
D( x , y , z ) sazRvrebs Soris ar moiTxoveba).
2) i  C (1) ( D (u ,v ,t ) ) (i  1, 2,3) .
vTqvaT f  R ( D( x, y , z ) ) . maSin adgili aqvs tolobas

 f ( x, y , z )dxdydz  f (1 (u, v, t ), 2 (u, v, t ), 3 (u, v, t )) I dudvdt .

D( x , y ,z ) D( u ,v ,t )

 1 1 1 

 u v t 
 
D ( x, y , z )  2  2 
sadac determinants I   det  2 uwodeben iakobians.
D (u , v , t )  u v t 
 
 3 3 3 

 u v t 

cvladTa gardaqmna polaruli koordinatebis gamoyenebiT. polaruli

koordinatebi ganisazRvreba Semdegi wesiT:

 x  r cos 
 .
 y  r sin  (r  0, 0    2 )
D ( x, y )
am SemTxvevaSi iakobiani iqneba  r.
D( r ,  )
vTqvaT I  {(r ,  ) : 0  r  R, 0    2 } da   {( x, y ) : x 2  y 2  R 2} , xolo asaxva

131
I   mocemuli tolobiT x  r cos  , y  r sin  .
maSin
 f ( x, y )dxdy   f (r cos  , r sin  )rdrd 
 I
2 R

 d  f (r cos  , r sin  )rdr .

0 0

cvladTa gardaqmna sferuli koordinatebis gamoyenebiT. sferuli

koordinatebi ganisazRvreba Semdegi wesiT:

 x  r cos  sin 

 y  r sin  sin  (r  0, 0     , 0    2 ) .
 z  r cos 

am SemTxvevaSi iakobians eqneba Semdegi saxe:

cos  sin   r sin  sin  r cos  cos 

D ( x, y , z )
 sin  sin  r cos  sin  r sin  cos   r 2 sin  , Sesabamisad moculobis
D (r,  , )
cos  0  r sin 
elementi iqneba r 2 sin  drd d

cvladTa gardaqmna cilindruli koordinatebis gamoyenebiT. cilindruli

koordinatebi ganisazRvreba Semdegi wesiT:

 x  r cos 

 y  r sin  (r  0, 0    2 ) .
 zz

am SemTxvevaSi iakobians eqneba Semdegi saxe:

cos  r sin  0
D ( x, y, z )
 sin  r cos  0  r , Sesabamisad moculobis elementi iqneba rdrd dz
D( r ,  , z )
0 0 1

2
magaliTi 16. 1. გამოთვალეთ  y dxdy , თუ G არის საზღვარი განსაზღვრულია
G

y  x 2 , y  2 x 2 პარაბოლებით და xy  1, xy  2 ჰიპერბოლებით.
y
განვიხილოთ გარდაქმნა   2 ,   xy . აღნიშნული ასახვის დროს G -ს სახე იქნება
x
კვადრატი   ( , ) :1    2,1    2 .

132
 1 1 1 2

გვაქვს x   3 3 , y   3 3 .
ვიპოვოთ გარდაქმნის იაკობიანი
4 1 2 2
x x 1 3 3 1 3 3
    
  3 3 1
J  1 2 1 1
 .
y y 1 3 3 2 3 3 3
   
  3 3
2 2
2 2 1 1 7
 y dxdy    | J ( , ) | d d    2 d  d   d  2 d  .
G 
3 31 1 9

2
magaliTi 16. 2.იპოვეთ  ( x  y 2 )dxdy , თუ ცნობილია, რომ G არის საზღვარი არის
G

წირები xy  1, xy  3, x  y 2  1 და x 2  y 2  4 .
2

განვიხილოთ გარდაქმნა u  x 2  y 2 , v  xy . გარდაქმნის იაკობის მატრიცია

 2 x 2 y 
 
 y x 
ხოლო იაკობიანია 2( x 2  y 2 ) .
ვთქვათ A  (u, v ) :1  u  4,1  v  3. მაშინ  ( x, y )  (u , v ) ასახავს G სიმრავლეს A
სიმრავლეში. გვაქვს
2 2
 dudv  2 ( x  y )dxdy , საიდანაც
A B
4 3
2 2 1 1
 ( x  y )dxdy 
B
2A dudv  
21  dudv  3.
1

magaliTi 16. 3.იპოვეთ სხეულის მოცულობა, რომელიც ამოიჭრება x 2  y 2  z 2  1

ბირთვიდან x 2  y 2  x ცილინდრით.
საძიებელი სხეული ხასიათდება შემდეგნაირად

G  ( x, y, z ) : ( x, y )  ,  1  x 2  y 2  z  1  x 2  y 2 
სადაც  xoy სიბრტყეში მდებარე წრეა რომელიც შემოსაზღვრულია წრეწირით
x2  y 2  x .
საძიებელი სხეულის მოცულობაა
1 x 2  y 2

 dxdydz   dxdy  dz  2  1  x 2  y 2 dxdy.

G   1 x 2  y 2 

 არე პოლარულ კორდინატებში მოიცემა პირობებით

 
    , 0  r  cos  .
2 2

133
  /2 cos 

2 1  x 2  y 2 dxdy  2  d  r 1  r 2 dr 
 
 /2 0
 /2  /2
cos 4 2 8
  (1  r 2 )3/2 0 d   (1  sin
2
 ) d   .

 /2
3 0
3 9
magaliTi 16. 4. იპოვეთ სამჯერადი ინტეგრალი  x 2  y 2  z 2 dxdydz , თუ არე G
G
2 2 2
შემოსაზღვრულია ზედაპირით x  y  z  z.
G არე წარმოადგენს ბირთვს, რომლის შესაბამისი სფერო მოიცემა განტოლებით
2
2  1 21
x  y z    .
 2 4
გვაქვს
1 2 1 1
 x   x2  y 2
1/2 4 2 2

 x 2  y 2  z 2 dxdydz   dx  dy  x 2  y 2  z 2 dz.

G 1/2 1 2 1 1 2 2
 x  x  y
4 2 2

მაგრამ ჯობია გადავიდეთ სფერულ კორდინატებზე

x  r sin  cos  , x  r sin  sin  , z  r cos  ,
ამასთან  იცვლება 0-დან  -მდე, ყოველი ფიქსირებული  -თვის  -იცვლება 0-დან
 / 2 . ჩავწეროთ მოცემული სფეროს განტოლება პოლარულ კორდინატებში; გვაქვს
r 2  r cos  , საიდანაც r  0 ან r  cos  . ეს ორი ზედაპირი ( r ,  ,  ) კორდინატთა
სისტემაში, როცა 0    2 და 0     / 2 შემოსაზღვრავენ არეს, რომელიც
წარმოადგენს G არის წინასახეს გფერული გარდაქმნის დროს. გარდაქმნის იაობიანია
r 2 sin  .
გვაქვს

 x 2  y 2  z 2 dxdydz   r 3 sin  drd d 

G 
2  /2 cos 2  /2
1 
 d  d  r 3 sin  dr   d  cos 4  sin  d  .
0 0 0 0 0
4 10

s a v a r j i S o e b i

jeradi integralebi marTkuTxedebze

gamoTvaleT f funqciis darbus zeda da qveda integraluri jamebi

gansazRvris aris 4 tol kvadratad danawilebis SemTxvevaSi.
134
 1. a) f ( x, y )  2 x  4 y , ( x, y )  ([0;2]) 2 ;
b) f ( x, y )  2 x  3 y , ( x, y )  ([2;4]) 2 ;
g) f ( x, y )  3x  5 y , ( x, y )  [1;1]  [0;2] ;
d) f ( x, y )  4 x  y , ( x, y )  [1;3]  [3;1] ;

2. a) f ( x, y )  5 x  y  2 , ( x, y )  ([0;2]) 2 ;
b) f ( x, y )  x  4 y  3 , ( x, y )  [0;2]  [2;0] ;
g) f ( x, y )  2 xy , ( x, y )  [2;4]  [3;5] ;
d) f ( x, y )  xy  3 , ( x, y )  [3;1]  [4;2] .

CawereT f funqciis darbus zeda da qveda integraluri jamebi ,

risTvisac funqciis gansazRvris are [1;2]  [1;3] dayaviT marTkuTxedebad
i 2j
x 1 da y  1  (i, j  0,1,2,..., n) wrfeebis saSualebiT:
n n

3. a) f ( x, y )  x  5 y ; b) f ( x, y )  2 x  y ;
g) f ( x, y )  3x  5 y ; d) f ( x, y )   x  4 y .
4. a) f ( x, y )  3xy ; b) f ( x, y )  2 xy  1 ;
g) f ( x, y )  x  y 2 ; d) f ( x, y )  x 2  y 2 .

CawereT f funqciis rimanis integraluri jamebi , risTvisac funqciis

i 2j
gansazRvris are [0;1]  [0;2] dayaviT marTkuTxedebad x  da y 
n n
(i, j  0,1,2,..., n) wrfeebis saSualebiT.  ij wertilebis rolSi aarCieT
danawilebis marTkuTxedebis centrebi:

5. a) f ( x, y )  3 x  4 y ; b) f ( x, y )  x  xy ;
g) f ( x, y )  xy  2 y ; d) f ( x, y )  x 2  y 2 .

gamoTvaleT orjeradi integrali, rogorc rimanis integraluri jamebis

zRvari. amisaTvis funqciis integrebis are [0;1]  [0;1] dayaviT kvadratebad
i j
x da y  (i, j  0,1,2,..., n) wrfeebis saSualebiT.  ij wertilebis rolSi
n n
aarCieT danawilebis kvadratebis centrebi:

135
 1 1 1 1
6. a)   xydxdy ; b)   ( xy  x)dxdy ;
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2
g)   ( xy  2 y)dxdy ; d)   (x  y 2 )dxdy .
0 0 0 0

gamoTvaleT integralebi:

1 1 1 2
7. a)  dx  (2 x  y)dy ; b)  dx  ( x  5 y)dy ;
0 0 0 0
3 1 1 1
g)  dy  ( x  y)dx ; d)  dy  (8x  3 y)dx .
0 0 2 1
1 1 1 1
3
8. a)  dx  (3xy)dy ; b)  dy  (2 x y )dx ;
0 0 3 0

1  3 1
4
g)  dx  (2 x sin 3 y)dy ; d)  dx  (2 y cos x)dy .
0 0 0
4
1 3 1 2
2 3
9. a)  dx  (2 x y )dy ; b)  dx  (2 x  y)dy ;
0 2 0 1
2 3 1 3
2 2
g)  dy  (2 x  xy )dx ; d)  dy  (2 x  xy)dx .
1 2 0 1

mocemul  f ( x, y)dxdy orjerad integralSi ganalageT integrebis


sazRvrebi orive rigis mixedviT, Tu  are mocemulia Semdegnairad:
10. a)  are aris marTkuTxedi wveroebiT: A(1;1) , B(4;1) , C (4;5) , D (1;5) ;
b)  are aris marTkuTxedi wveroebiT: A(1;2) , B(5;2) , C (5;3) , D (1;3) ;
11. a)  are aris samkuTxedi wveroebiT: A(1;1) , B(4;1) , C (4;5) ;
b)  are aris samkuTxedi wveroebiT: A(1;2) , B(5;2) , C (5;3) ;
g)  are aris samkuTxedi wveroebiT: A(0;0) , B(1;0) , C (1;1) ;
d)  are aris samkuTxedi wveroebiT: A(2;1) , B(5;2) , C (3;7) .
12. a)  are aris trapecia wveroebiT: A(1;1) , B(4;1) , C (4;4) , D (1;5) ;
b)  are aris trapecia wveroebiT: A(1;2) , B(5;2) , C (4;3) , D (0;3) ;
g)  are aris trapecia wveroebiT: A(5;1) , B(2;1) , C (4;3) , D (6;3) ;
d)  are aris trapecia wveroebiT: A(2;0) , B(0;6) , C (0;3) , D (1;0) .
13. a)  are aris wre: x 2  y 2  1 ;
b)  are aris wre: x 2  y 2  9 ;
g)  are aris wre: x 2  y 2  2 y ;
d)  are aris wre: x 2  y 2  6 x ;
14. a)  are aris SemosazRvruli wirebiT: y  x 2 da y  1 ;
136
 b)  are aris SemosazRvruli wirebiT: y 2  x da x  4 ;
g)  are aris SemosazRvruli wirebiT: y  x , y  3 x da x  1 ;
d)  are aris SemosazRvruli wirebiT: y  2 x , y  3 x da x  4 ;
15. a)  are aris SemosazRvruli wirebiT: y  x 2 da y  2  x ;
b)  are aris SemosazRvruli wirebiT: y  2x 2 da y  8 x  6 ;
g)  are aris rgoli: 1  x 2  y 2  16 ;
d)  are aris rgoli: 1  ( x  1) 2  y 2  4 .

SecvaleT integrebis rigi Semdeg integralebSi:

1 x 2 3x
1. a)  dx  f ( x, y)dy ; b)  dx  f ( x, y)dy ;
0 0 0 0
x x
4 2 1 3
g)  dx  f ( x, y)dy ; d)  dx  f ( x, y)dy .
0 0 0 0
x
1 2x 6 2
2. a)  dx  f ( x, y)dy ; b)  dx  f ( x, y)dy ;
0 x 0 x
3
4 7x 1 2 x
g)  dx  f ( x, y )dy ; d)  dx  f ( x, y)dy .
0 x2 0 x
2
1 x2 1 x2
3. a)  dx  f ( x, y)dy ; b)  dx  f ( x, y )dy ;
0 x3 0 x4
1 x3 1 x
g)  dx  f ( x, y)dy ; d)  dx  f ( x, y )dy .
0 x5 0 x3
2 2 x 6 x 1
4. a)  dx  f ( x, y )dy ; b)  dx  f ( x, y)dy ;
6 2 0 2
x x
1 1
4 6
2 ( x 1) 2 2 x2
g)  dx  f ( x, y)dy ; d)  dx  f ( x, y)dy .
0 0 1 x2
1 3 y 0 y2

5. a)  dy  f ( x, y)dx ; b)  dy  f ( x, y)dx ;
0 y 1  2 y 1
2
2 4 y 1 2 y y2

g)  dy  f ( x, y)dx ; d)  dy  f ( x, y)dx .
0 2
4 2 y 0 0
2
2 2 x x 4 2 x
6. a)  dx  f ( x, y )dy ; b)  dx  f ( x, y)dy ;
1 2 x 0 4 x x2

137
 1 3 y 2 1 3 2 y

g)  dy  f ( x, y )dx ; d)  dy  f ( x, y)dx .
0 2 0
y y
2
 sin x 2 sin x
7. a)  dx  f ( x, y )dy ; b)  dx  f ( x, y)dy ;
0 0 0 0
5
4 sin x e ln x
g)  dx  f ( x, y )dy ; d)  dx  f ( x, y)dy .
 cos x 1 0
4

gamoTvaleT Semdegi integralebi:

8. a)  ( x  y )dxdy , sadac  aris samkuTxedi wveroebiT: O(1;1) , A(4;1) , B(4;4) ;


b)  (2 x  4 y)dxdy , sadac  aris samkuTxedi wveroebiT: O (0;0) , A(1;0) , B(1;1) ;



g)  xdxdy , sadac  are SemosazRvrulia y  3x 2 da y  6  3 x wirebiT;



d)  ydxdy , sadac  aris paraboluri segmenti:  1  x  1 da x 2  y  1 .


2
9. a)  xy dxdy , sadac  SemosazRvrulia y 2  4 x paraboliT da x  1 wrfiT;

2
b)  ( x  2 xy )dxdy , sadac  are SemosazRvrulia y 2  8 x paraboliT da

x2 wrfiT;
3 5
g)  x y dxdy , sadac    x, y  : x  y  1;


d) 2
 x dxdy , sadac    x, y  : x  y  1.


10. a)  2 x dxdy , sadac  aris trapecia wveroebiT: (-1;4), (5;4), (1;1) da (4;1).

2
b)  ( x  y 2 )dxdy , sadac  aris paralelogrami, romelic ganisazRvreba

wrfeebiT: y  x , y  x  1 , y  1 da y  3 .
g)  xy dxdy , sadac  aris erTeulovani wre (centriT koordinatTa

saTaveSi).
d)  x  y 2 dxdy , sadac   ( x, y ) : y  1, 0  x  2 .


mocemul  f ( x, y)dxdy orjerad integralSi polaruli koordinatebis


gamoyenebiT ganalageT integrebis sazRvrebi orive rigis mixedviT, Tu 
are mocemulia Semdegnairad:

11. a)    x, y  : x 2  y 2  1 ; 
138
 
b)    x, y  : x 2  y 2  4, y  0 ; 

g)    x, y  : x 2  y 2  9, y  0 ; 

d)    x, y  : x 2  y 2  4, x  0, y  0 . 

12. a)    x, y  : x 2  y 2  4 x ;

b)    x, y  : x 2  y 2  2 y ;

g)    x, y  : 1  x 2  y 2  4 ;

d)    x, y  : 1  x 2  y 2  4, y  0 
13. a)  aris samkuTxedi wveroebiT: O (0;0) , A(1;0) , B(0;1) ;
b)  aris samkuTxedi wveroebiT: O (0;0) , A(1;1) , B(1;1) ;
g)  aris samkuTxedi wveroebiT: O (0;0) , A(1;0) , B(1;1) ;
d)  aris kvadrati wveroebiT: O (0;0) , A(1;0) , B(1;1) , C (0;1) .
14.  aris paraboluri segmenti:  1  x  1 da x 2  y  1 .

polaruli koordinatebis gamoyenebiT gamoTvaleT integralebi:

15. a)  x 2  y 2 dxdy , sadac    x, y  : x 2  y 2  1;


b)  cos(x
2
 y 2 )dxdy , sadac    x, y  : x 2  y 2  4;


g)  sin x 2  y 2 dxdy , sadac    x, y  :  2  x 2  y 2  4 2 ;



SemoiReT axali u da v cvladebi da gamoTvaleT Semdegi integralebi:

1 2
16. a)  ( x 2 y 2  y 2 )dxdy , sadac    x, y  :  y  , x  y  3x;

x x

b)
x  y 2 dxdy , x
sadac    x, y  : 1  x  y  3  x,

 y  2 x ;

 x 2 
1 3
g)  ( x 3  y 3 )dxdy , sadac    x, y  : x 2  y  3 x 2 ,  2y  ;

x x
1 2
d)  xy ( x  y )dxdy , sadac    x, y  : 1  x  y  1,  y   ;

x x

orjeradi integralis gamoyenebiT gamoTvaleT  aris farTobi, Tu igi

SemosazRvrulia wirebiT:
17. a) xy  4 , x  y  5 ;
b) y 2  4 x  4 , y 2  4  4 x ;

orjeradi integralis gamoyenebiT gamoTvaleT im sxeulis moculoba,

romelic SemosazRvrulia Semdegi zedapirebiT:
18. a) z  1  x  y , z  0 , x  y  1 , x  0 , y  0 ;
b) z  x 2  y 2 , x  y  1 , x  0 , y  0 , z  0 ;
19. a) z  x 2  y 2 , y  x 2 , y  1 , z  0 ;
139
 b) x  y  z  2 , x2  y 2  1, x  0 , y  0, z  0.

SecvaleT integrebis Tanmimdevroba yvela SesaZlo gziT samjerad

integralSi:
1 1 x 1 x  y 1 x y

20. a)  dx  dy  f ( x, y, z )dz ; b)  dx  dy  f ( x, y, z )dz ;

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 4 x 4 x  y 1 1 x x y

g)  dx  dy  f ( x, y, z)dz ; d)  dx  dy  f ( x, y, z )dz .
1 0 0 0 0 0

gamoTvaleT samjeradi integrali:

1 2 3
21 a)  dx  dy  xyzdz ;
0 0 0
1 x y

b)  dx  dy  (2 x  y  z )dz ;
0 0 0
1 x xy

g)  dx  dy  ( x  y  z )dz ;
0 0 0
0 0 3
2
d)  dy  dz  y cos xdx .
1 y 0

samjeradi integralis gamoyenebiT gamoTvaleT im sxeulis moculoba,

romelic SemosazRvrulia zedapirebiT:
22. a) z  x 2  y 2 , z  2 x 2  2 y 2 , y  x da y  x 2 ;
b) z  x  y , z  xy , x  y  1 , x  0 da y  0 ;
g) z  x 2  y 2 , z  x2  y2 ;
d) z  6  x 2  y 2 , z  x2  y2 .

140