Global Politics:

Interstate System
Internationalization and Global Politics
→ Internationalization → Global Politics: 4 Key Attributes

Deepening there are countries or nation - states that are

interactions independent and govern themselves
between states
Countries countries interact with each other through diplomacy
States (negotiations)

Different
governments there are international organizations (United Nations)
that facilitate these interactions

international organizations take on lives on their own.

• (UN has task-specific agencies like the World Health

Organization (WHO) and the International Labor
Organization (Claudio, 2018)
Nation vs State

 STATE  NATION

 Political concept  Cultural or Ethnic concept

 Four Essential Elements:  Common cultural characteristics
 People  “Imagined Community”, Benedict
Anderson
 Territory
 It has boundaries
 Government
 A feeling of connection as
 Sovereignty (internal and external)
members of the same community

*the absence of one element does that

qualify it as a state
 PEOPLE: inhabitants / mass of population living in the area/territory
S

T TERRITORY: territorial unit/demarcated area that rightly belongs to the population

A GOVERNMENT: agency to which the will of the state is formulated, expressed, and
carried out

T SOVEREIGNTY: the supreme power of the state to command and enforce

obedience to its will from the people within its jurisdiction and to have freedom
from foreign control.
• a. Internal – power of the state to rule within its territory
E • b. External – the freedom of the state to carry out its activities without control
by other states.
Nation-State

 Country
 Sovereign state
 a form of political organization under which a relatively homogeneous
people inhabits a sovereign state
 a cultural group (a nation) that is also a state (and may, in addition, be
a sovereign state).
 ORIGIN OF INTERSTATE SYSTEM

Treaty of Westphalia
  This was a package of treaties that ended the
The Peace Treaty 30 years European wars of religion (1618-1648).
of Westphalia European states – the Holy Roman Empire,
Spain, France, Sweden and the Dutch
(Germany) Republic – agreed to respect one another's
territorial integrity.

 The three (3) core points of the Westphalian

Treaty are the following:
a. the principle of state sovereignty;
b. the principle of legal equality of states; and
c. the principle of non-intervention of one state
in the internal affairs of another.

https://www.worldhistorys.com/2018/12/treaty-of-westphalia-1648.html
 ORIGIN OF INTERSTATE SYSTEM

Treaty of Westphalia

Napoleon Bonaparte
 Napoleon  The earliest challenge to Westphalian system
was Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the
Bonaparte French Empire. He sought to spread the
principles of the French Revolution across
Europe by launching the Napoleonic Wars
between 1803 to 1815.
 Principles of Liberty/Equality/Fraternity
 The Napoleonic code:
 forbade birth privileges,
 upheld freedom of religion and
 meritocracy in government service.

www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2015/3/19/what-if-napoleon-bonaparte-had-won-the-battle-of-
waterloo#.XNy1G_ZuLIU=
 ORIGIN OF INTERSTATE SYSTEM
Treaty of Westphalia

Concert of Europe
▪ New System Napoleon Bonaparte
2. The Concert of
Europe (1815-1914)  The main aim was to restore the Westphalian
system.
 Alliances of “great powers” of Austria, Prussia,
Russian Empire, United Kingdom: agreed to
maintain “balance of power” (no one state is strong
enough to dominate all others) and would support
each other if any revolutions break out.
 Sir Klemens von Metternich Austrian diplomat was
the architect of the Concert of Europe.
 Ended the Napoleonic war
 Restored the sovereignty of the state

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich
ORIGIN OF INTERSTATE
SYSTEM

Treaty of Westphalia

Napoleon
Bonaparte

• Recognition Internationalism : desire for

of separate greater cooperation and unity
Concert of Europe and among states and people
▪ New System sovereign
entities • Liberal Internationalism
• An interstate • Social Internationalism
system
ORIGIN OF INTERSTATE
SYSTEM

Treaty of Liberal Internationalism:

Westphalia

1. Immanuel Kant: Common international Policies

Napoleon 2. Jeremy Bentham: International Law

Bonaparte
3. Giuseppe Mazzini: Cooperation and respect
Internationalism among Nation-State
4. Woodrow Wilson: Democracy and Self-
determination
Concert of
Europe
• Nations have right to a free and sovereign
▪ New government
System • Creation of the League of Nations (venue for
conciliation and arbitration to prevent another
war)
 Immanuel Kant:  Kant: “For states in their relation to each other,
there cannot be any reasonable way out of the
Common International lawless condition which entails only war except
Policies that they, like individual men, should give up their
savage [lawless] freedom, adjust themselves to
the constraints of public law, and thus establish a
continuously growing state consisting of various
nations which will ultimately include all the nations
of the world.”

- Agreements among states merely avert war

- Nations needed to give up their freedom and
subject themselves to a larger system of law
- A form of global government needed to create and
enforce these laws
 Jeremy Bentham
(1748 – 1832):
International Law
 International law: law between states
 “The end that a disinterested legislator
upon international law would propose to
himself would … be the greatest
happiness of all nations take together.”

https://www.utilitarianism.com/xbenthampic.gif.pagespeed.ic.bzKPaxYNfM.jpg
Giuseppe Mazzini
Nationalism and international
(1805-1872):
Nationalist cooperation complimented
Internationalism each other
Cooperation among nation-
states
Proposed a system of free
nations that cooperated with
each other to create an
international system.
Wilsonian
Internationalism:
Democracy and Self-
determination
US President Woodrow Wilson
(1856-1924)
 Influenced by Mazinni on the idea that
nationalism as a prerequisite for internationalism.
 Principles include: self-determination, democratic
government, collective security, international
law, and a league of nations.
 “I am proposing, as it were, that the nations
should with one accord adopt the doctrine of
President Monroe as the doctrine of the world:
that no nation should seek to extend its polity
over any other nation or people, but that every
people should be left free to determine its own
polity, its own way of development—unhindered,
unthreatened, unafraid, the little along with the
great and powerful.”
 Creation of the League of Nations
League of Founded in the 1919 Paris Peace
Nations (1919- conference after WW1
1946) Venue to maintain world peace
through international conciliation
arbitration
Aims:
Cooperation
Disarmament
Improve Social condition
World Peace
WW 1: Allied and Central Powers

• Allied or Entente Powers: coalition of countries led by France, Britain, Russia,

Italy, Japan and the United States
• Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

The League of Nations, was the first worldwide

intergovernmental organization whose principal mission was
to maintain world peace. Founded on 10 January 1920
following the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First
World War, it ceased operations on 20 April 1946

The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace

treaties that brought World War I to an end. It ended the state
of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed
on 28 June 1919 in the Palace of Versailles
League of Failed to prevent the WW II
Nations (1919- Birth of task-specific international
1946) organizations like the WHO and
the Internal Labor Organization
WW II
Axis Powers: Hitler’s Germany,
Mussolini’s Italy and Hirohito’s
Japan
Allied Powers: UK, US, France,
Holland, Belgium, Soviet Union,
China …
ORIGIN OF INTERSTATE
SYSTEM
Liberal Internationalism
Treaty of
Westphalia
Socialist Internationalism: Union of European
Socialist and Labor parties
• 1. Karl Marx: Economic Equality Divided the world:
Napoleon
Capitalist and proletariat.
Bonaparte
• Friedrich Engels (co-author): socialist revolution
Internationalism • : against nationalism
• : workers of the world unite
• 2. Vladimir Lenin: revolutionary government → Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Concert of
• Lenin: Communist Internationalist (Comintern)
Europe
▪ New • 3. Joseph Stalin: Communist Information Bureau
System (Cominform)
  Economic Equality
Karl Marx’  Divided the world: Capitalist and
Alternative: Socialist proletariat.
internationalism
 Friedrich Engels (co-author)
socialist revolution
against nationalism
 “Workers of the world unite! You have
nothing to lose but your chains ”
 “The proletariat has no nation”
 anti-nationalism: no unification of
workers in the world because
nationalism identifies them with the
capitalist of their own countries.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_
Marx
 The Socialist International (1889-1916) was an organization of labor
and socialist parties, mainly in Europe. Among its achievement
are the 8-hour working day, International Women’s Day, and
International Labor Day on May 1. Its parties became major
players in the electoral politics of Europe. In 1916, it collapsed
when its member- parties supported the war efforts of their
respective states.
  It was established in 1919 until 1943. It was a
Vladimir Lenin: The product of the Bolshevik victory in Russia under
Communist International the leadership of Vladimir Lenin.
(Comintern)  New state created: Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR) : revolutionary vanguards
parties to spread terror across the world.
 Established the Communist International: a
tool to promote revolution, a central body for
all Communist Parties across the world. :
 During the WW II, Soviet Union joined the
Allied Powers
 It was dissolved in 1943 by Lenin’s successor,
Joseph Stalin, to appease Allied Powers

https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/UsefulNotes/VladimirLenin
Joseph Stalin: Communist
Information Bureau
(Cominform)  After the war, the Comintern was re-established by
Stalin as the Communist Information Bureau
(Cominform)
 It helped direct the various communist parties
in Eastern Europe.
 Communist internationalism has weakened
since the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.

https://www.historycrunch.com/uploads/4/1/1/6/41169839/hcstalin1_orig.jpg
ORIGIN OF INTERSTATE
SYSTEM • After the war, Liberal
internationals re-ascended
Treaty of through the rise of United
Westphalia Nations
Liberal
Internationalism

Napoleon
Bonaparte

Internationalism

Socialist • it became the Center of Global

Concert of Internationalism Governance
Europe • Created to preserve peace after
▪ New the war
System • Reinforced principles of
sovereignty and non-intervention
Conclusion

Internationalization is just but one window of globalization or

global interaction which is heightened by the increased
interdependence of states. This is not just manifested in state-
to-state relations. Increasingly, international relations are also
manifested by international organizations that promote global
norms and policies. The most prominent example of this
organization is the UNITED NATIONS.
WW II VIDEO

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUXIuYHFgBE