Correlation

BBE 4301
 Correlation
-the process of
establishing a
relationship or
connection between
two or more
measures..

To compare things and bring

--

them into relation having

corresponding characteristics.
CORRELATION.
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 CORRELATION.
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Correlation coefficient value Correlation type Meaning

1 Perfect positive correlation When one variable changes, the other

variables change in the same direction.

0 Zero correlation There is no relationship between the

variables.

-1 Perfect negative correlation When one variable changes, the other

variables change in the opposite
direction.
CORRELATION.
BBE 4301

** We can use scatter diagram to know

if there is a relationship.
BBE 4301

CORRELATI
ON.

** We can use scatter diagram to know

if there is a relationship.
 Correlation coefficient Correlation strength Correlation type

-.7 to -1 Very strong Negative

-.5 to -.7 Strong Negative

BBE 4301
-.3 to -.5 Moderate Negative

0 to -.3 Weak Negative

CORRELATI
ON 0 None Zero
COEFFICIE 0 to .3 Weak Positive
NT
.3 to .5 Moderate Positive
r
.5 to .7 Strong Positive

.7 to 1 Very strong Positive

 Correlation Type of Levels of measurement Data
coefficient relationship distribution

Pearson’s r Linear Two quantitative (interval or Normal

ratio) variables distribution
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Spearman’s Non-linear Two ordinal, interval or ratio Any
rho variables distribution
CORRELATI
ON Point-biserial Linear One dichotomous (binary)
variable and one quantitative
Normal
distribution
(interval or ratio) variable

COEFFICIEN
T Cramér’s V
(Cramér’s φ)
Non-linear Two nominal variables Any
distribution

Kendall’s tau Non-linear Two ordinal, interval or ratio Any

variables distribution
 Prediction
•If there is a relationship between two variables, we can make
predictions about one from another.
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Validity
•Concurrent validity (correlation between a new measure and an
established measure).
SOME Reliability
USES •Test-retest reliability (are measures consistent).
OF •Inter-rater reliability (are observers consistent).

CORRELATI Theory verification

ONS * Predictive validity.
FORMULA FOR
COEFFICIENT r ( Pearson –
r); Formula 1

CORRELATI
ON. N = number of pairs of scores

= sum of squared y scores

FORMULA FOR
COEFFICIENT r ( Pearson –
r); Formula 1

CORRELATI
ON.
FORMULA FOR
COEFFICIENT r ( Pearson –
r); Formula 1

CORRELATI
ON.
FORMULA FOR
COEFFICIENT r ( Pearson –
r); Formula 1

CORRELATI
ON.
FORMULA FOR
COEFFICIENT r ( Pearson –
r); Formula 1

CORRELATI
ON.