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Balance Selection
Balance Selection
DOI: 10.1309/QYR5UV73FRY2YBMJ
After reading this article, the reader should understand the principle operation of the modern electronic balance and under-
stand how to check the balance’s accuracy.
왘 Modern electronic laboratory The typical mechanism consists of a coil 4 components to the testing of a preci-
balances work on the principle of of wire suspended in a magnetic field. sion laboratory balance: reproducibility,
magnetic force restoration. In this Because the magnetic field is radially linearity, calibration, and cornerload.
system, the force exerted by the oriented relative to the coil, the direction Reproducibility refers to the instru-
object being weighed is lifted by an of current flow and the direction of the ment’s ability to repeatedly deliver the
electromagnet. A detector magnetic field are perpendicular at all same weight reading for a given object.
measures the current required to points. The force exerted is therefore in It is expressed as a standard deviation.
oppose the downward motion of the direction of the axis of the coil. The Standard deviation, or reproducibility, is
the weight in the magnetic field. coil is supported by precision springs, often an advertised performance specifi-
왘 Accuracy checks of a balance which allow it to move in the direction of cation for a laboratory balance.
involve testing for reproducibility, its axis. An optical sensor detects the po- Linearity is the characteristic which
linearity, calibration, and cornerload. sition of the coil, and provides a feedback quantifies the accuracy of the instrument
signal to an electronic amplifier. The am- at intermediate readings throughout the
plifier automatically adjusts the current to weighing range of the instrument. The
Precision weighing is a necessity maintain the position of the coil at a ref- weighing range of the instrument is simi-
in laboratories of all types. Accuracy erence position (the “null” point). The lar to the analytical measurement range
exceeding one part per million is com- amount of force exerted by the coil is (AMR) of a laboratory test. Since a labo-
monplace now for masses in the range directly proportional to the amount of ratory balance will often be used to weigh
of 1 gram to 1 kilogram. Although the current flowing in it. So, by measuring items much smaller than the capacity of
requirement for highly accurate weigh- that current, the force can be calculated. the instrument, this is a critical aspect.
ing for the preparation of reagents, The equal-arm balance opposed 2 Calibration refers to a comparison
standards, and calibrators has dimin- counteracting torques and caused the of the weight reading of a given mass
ished, many laboratories use precision deflection of a needle to return to a ref- standard, and the actual value of that
balances for periodic checking of the erence position, whereas the electro- standard. This measurement is often
accuracy of mechanical pipettors. magnetic force restoration system done at full capacity.
opposes the linear force exerted by the Cornerload errors are those errors
Principle of Operation unknown against the adjustable and associated with different positions on
The principle of operation of a known linear force exerted by the coil the weighing pan of the object being
modern laboratory balance bears some at a specific spatial position. weighed. A given object should pro-
resemblance to its predecessor—the duce the same reading, regardless of its
equal arm balance. The older instru- Checking Accuracy position on the weighing pan. This is a
ment opposed the torque exerted by an The College of American Patholo- type of error that is unlike those usually
unknown mass on one side of a pivot to gists (CAP) Laboratory Inspection Pro- seen in the clinical laboratory and is
48 that of an adjustable known weight on gram requires that “the verification of unique to the analytical balance.
the other side. When the pointer accuracy of the analytical balance must
returned to the center position, the be performed each time it is used for the How to Check Balance
torques must be equal, and the weight creation of analytical calibrators and/or Accuracy
was determined by the position of the weighed-in controls from standard mate- The tests for balance accuracy are
moving weights. rials.” as well as when gravimetrically similar to those done in the clinical labo-
The modern equivalent is called checking the accuracy of pipets.2 ratory for checking the accuracy and pre-
magnetic force restoration. In this system, Checking a balance is very similar cision of analytical tests. However,
the force exerted by the object being in concept to the checks we do in the because balances are special mechanical
weighed is lifted by an electromagnet. laboratory for other analyses. There are devices, there are some differences in the
details of the reliability tests. Complete capacity of the instrument. It is im- 4. Again place “A” on the pan with
instructions with forms for collecting the perative that these 2 weights not be “B” still on the pan. Record the
test data1 can be found at the Web site, interchanged within this procedure. reading under the column marked
www.labbalancerepair.com/test.doc. Refer to the individual weights as “50% - 100%.”
“weight A” and “weight B.” 5. Calculate the difference between the
Reproducibility Testing 2. Rezero the display. Place “A” on the 2 (0-50 and 50-100) readings.
Reproducibility testing entails re- pan (at the center), and record the 6. The difference should be less than
peatedly weighing a given object, reading on the “Linearity Chart” in a the advertised tolerance for linearity
recording the results, and analyzing column marked “0% – 50%.” or accuracy.
those results. A test weight equal to, or 3. Remove “A” and place “B” pan near A common error in linearity (accu-
nearly equal to, the weighing capacity its center. Rezero the display with racy) testing is to simply place test
of the instrument should be selected. “B” still on the pan. weights on the weighing pan and observe
Linearity Testing
Linearity testing verifies the accu-
racy of the instrument at intermediate
values of weight. Manufacturers often
use the term “accuracy” in advertised
specifications. This test is quite different
from linearity testing in the clinical labo- 49
ratory where we make a series of meas-
urements over the AMR of the test. The
balance linearity test measures the ability
of the balance to accurately measure an
added weight before and after a non-
measured weight load has been placed on
the balance. The procedure is as follows.
1. Use 2 weights, each of
approximately one-half the weighing
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Laboratory Environment Cornerload Tolerances
Resolution
T1 than 1 ppm), one might wonder how a
standard weight can be used to test or
calibrate analytical balances. The an-
.1 g .01 g .001 g .000 1g .00001 g swer would be that the standard weight
Capacity can itself be calibrated by a laboratory
30 gram - - - 2 5 which specializes in that service. The
100 g - - 2 4 10 characterization of the weight by such a
300 g - 2 4 10 -
1000 g 2 4 10 - - laboratory will determine the actual
3000 g 3 6 - - - value of the weight to a much higher
10 Kg 4 - - - - degree of precision than required by the
30 Kg 12 - - - -
ASTM standard. Such a weight can be
used to verify the accuracy of an inter-