STEEL DESIGN A = 3390 mm2

t = 12.7 mm

Gross and Net Area

Recommended Hole Diameter (Per NSCP Table 510.3.3)
Hole Dimensions (mm)
Bolt
Standard Oversize Short-Slot Long-Slot
Dia.
(Dia.) (Dia.) (width x length) (width x length)
M16 18 20 18 x 22 18 x 40
M20 22 24 22 x 26 22 x 50
M22 24 28 24 x 30 24 x 55
a. 5662.4 mm2
M24 27(a) 30 27 x 30 27 x 60
M27 30 35 30 x 37 30 x 67 b. 5450.2 mm2
M30 33 38 33 x 40 33 x 75 c. 5849.3 mm2
≥M36 d+3 d+8 (d+3) x (d+10) (d+3) x 2.5d
(a) d. 5237.6 mm2
Clearance provided allows the use of an M30 bolt if desirable
5. Determine the minimum pitch "s" of the staggering

Situation 1: Given a plate connected as shown in the figure connection, as shown in the figure below, so that the net

below. The holes were punched for M18 bolts. area of the plate section is equivalent to its gross area
subtracted by two holes only. The holes are punched for
M22 bolts.

1. Determine its gross area

a. 2300 mm2
b. 2400 mm2
a. 50 mm
c. 2500 mm2
b. 70 mm
d. 2600 mm2
c. 80 mm
2. Determine its net area
d. 60 mm
a. 1520 mm2
b. 1600 mm2
Effective Net Area
c. 1680 mm2
Ae = A n U
d. 1760 mm2
An = nominal net area
U = Shear Lag Factor
Staggered Connection

Values of U per NSCP Table 504.3.1

𝐬𝟐
An = Ag – Aholes + ∑ (𝐭)
𝟒𝐠

3. Determine the net area of the plate, as shown below. The

holes are punched for M24 bolts.

a. 2940 mm2
b. 3190 mm2
c. 3035 mm2
d. 2850 mm+2

4. Determine the net area of the double angle

2L178x102x12.7 (2L7x4x1/2) section, as shown in figure
3.10. Use the standard workable gages, as shown in table
3.2 (a). The holes were punched for M20 bolts.
Properties of Single L178x102x12.7 (L7x4x1/2)
1
John Rey M. Pacturanan, CE, MP
6. Determine the effective net area of W360x91 (W14x61), Situation 3: An ASTM A36 plate section (Fy = 248 MPa, Fu =
as shown below. The holes were punched for M20 bolts. 400 MPa) is connected using three lines of M18 bolts, with
Properties of W360x91 (W14x61): three bolts at each line, as shown below.
2
A = 11500 mm
tf = 16.4 mm bf = 254 mm
tw = 9.53 mm d = 353 mm
̅ = 31.8 mm
x (from WT180x45.4)

10. Determine the design tensile strength of the section

(LRFD)?
a. 595.2 kN
b. 535.7 kN
a. 10056.8 mm2 c. 672.0 kN
b. 9051.1 mm2 d. 504.0 kN
c. 8802.7 mm2 11. Determine the allowable tensile strength of the
d. 8421.9 mm2 section (ASD)?
a. 336.0 kN
Situation 2: Determine the effective net area of the b. 504.0 kN
L152x102x11.1 (L6x4x7/16) connected in the gusset plate by c. 356.4 kN
the following orientation: d. 535.7 kN
Properties of L152x102x11.1 (L6x4x7/16)
A = 2700 mm2 ̅ = 24.3 mm
x Block Shear Strength:
t = 11.1 mm y̅ = 49.5 mm
7. The whole long leg of the angle is welded in the
transverse direction only.
a. 1687.2 mm2
b. 2076.56 mm2
c. 1660.3 mm2 Rn = 0.6FuAnv + UbsFuAnt ≤ 0.6FyAgv + UbsFuAnt

d. 1982.4 mm 2 ϕ = 0.75 (LRFD)

8. One line of four M18 bolts, with a spacing of 50 mm Ω = 2.00 (ASD)

O.C., is used to connect the long leg of the angle to the

Situation 4: Determine the tensile strength of W360x91
gusset plate.
(W14x61), as shown below. The holes were punched for M20
a. 1687.2 mm2
bolts. The section is made of ASTM A572 Grade 42 (F y = 290
b. 2076.56 mm2
MPa, Fu = 414 MPa). Consider block shear as part of the analysis.
c. 1660.3 mm2
Properties of W360x91 (W14x61)
d. 1982.4 mm2
A = 11500 mm2
9. One line of four M18 bolts, with a spacing of 50 mm
tf = 16.4 mm bf = 254 mm
O.C., is used to connect the short leg of the angle to
tw = 9.53 mm d = 353 mm
the gusset plate.
̅ = 31.8 mm
x (from WT180x45.4)
a. 1687.2 mm2
b. 2076.56 mm2
c. 1660.3 mm2
d. 1982.4 mm2

Tension Members
(2015 NSCP LRFD/ASD)
12. Use LRFD
Strength of Steel Section (per NSCP Sec 504.2) a. 3335 kN
1. Tensile Yielding in the Gross Section b. 3001.5 kN
Pn = FyAg c. 2810.4 kN
Φ = 0.90 (LRFD) d. 3796.6 kN
Ω = 1.67 (ASD) 13. Use ASD
2. Tensile Rupture in the Net Section a. 2531.1 kN
Pn = FuAe b. 1873.5 kN
Φ = 0.75 (LRFD) c. 3747.2 kN
Ω = 2.00 (ASD) d. 1997.1 kN
𝑘𝐿
NOTE: The maximum slenderness ratio is ( )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300.
𝑟
Situation 4: Determine the block shear strength of the
connection for double angle 2L127x76x9.5 (2L5x3x3/8) shown
2
John Rey M. Pacturanan, CE, MP
in 3.51. The holes were punched for M22 bolts, and the section Note: If the value of Fe is less than the proportional limit, then
is made of ASTM A36 steel (Fy = 248 MPa, Fu = 400 MPa). Use the column is under elastic buckling; if it is greater than the
standard gage measurements for angle sections. s1 = 45 mm, s2 proportional limit, it is under inelastic buckling (thus, F e is not
= 35 mm. really the critical buckling stress).
Properties of Single L127x76x9.5
A = 1850 mm2 ̅ = 17.7 mm
x
t = 9.5 mm y̅ = 42.9 mm

14. Use LRFD

a. 917.6 kN
b. 734.2 kN
c. 754.5 kN
d. 825.8 kN
15. Use ASD
a. 489.4 kN
b. 503.0 kN
c. 549.5 kN
d. 734.2 kN
Situation 6: A steel pipe has an outer diameter of 150 mm and
uniform thickness of 10 mm. If the proportional limit of the
Situation 5: Investigate the tensile strength of double channel
steel is assumed to be 248 MPa, determine the critical buckling
section 2C200x17.1 (2C8x11.5) connected by welds in the
load of the pipe if its effective length is:
gusset plate, as shown in Figure 3.53. The service loads are 250
18. 6.5 m
kN dead load and 500 kN live load. The channel section is made
a. 506 kN
of ASTM A913 grade 50 steel (Fy = 345 MPa, Fu = 414 MPa)
b. 724 kN
while the gusset plate is 12 mm thick and made of ASTM A36
c. 855 kN
steel (Fy = 248 MPa, Fu = 400 MPa). Consider block shear as part
d. Inelastic Buckling
of the analysis.
19. 5 m
Properties of Single C200x17.1 (C8x11.5)
a. 506 kN
A = 2170 mm2
b. 724 kN
bf = 57.4 mm tf = 9.91 mm
c. 855 kN
d = 203 mm tw = 5.59 mm
d. Inelastic Buckling
̅ = 14.5 mm
x
20. 3 m
a. 506 kN
b. 724 kN
c. 855 kN
d. Inelastic Buckling

Compression Strength of Members

16. Use LRFD (2015 NSCP LRFD/ASD)

a. 1497.3 kN Pn = FcrAg

b. 1347.6 kN Φ = 0.90 (LRFD)

c. 1217.3 kN Ω = 1.67 (ASD)

d. 1132.6 kN Assume all elements of the steel section are nonslended.

kL E Fy
17. Use ASD A. If ≤ 4.71√ (or ≤ 2.25)
r Fy Fe
a. 755.0 kN Fy ⁄Fe
b. 811.5 kN
Fcr =[0.658 ]Fy
kL E Fy
c. 896.6 kN B. If > 4.71√F (or > 2.25)
r y Fe
d. 910.3 kN
Fcr =0.877Fe
Where Fe is the Euler’s Critical Buckling Stress
Euler’s Critical Buckling Stress
π2 E
π2 E Fe =
Fe = 2 kL
2
kL (r)
(r)
𝑘𝐿
NOTE: The maximum slenderness ratio is ( )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 200.
𝑟
3
John Rey M. Pacturanan, CE, MP
 23. What is the axial capacity of the column if one end is
fixed and the other is pin connected? Use LRFD.
a. 1160 kN
b. 772 kN
c. 1289 kN
d. 932 kN
24. What is the axial capacity of the column if one end is
fixed and the other is pin connected? Use ASD
a. 1160 kN
b. 772 kN
c. 1289 kN
d. 932 kN
25. What is the axial capacity of the column if both ends
are pinned? Use LRFD
a. 712 kN
b. 632 kN
c. 569 kN
d. 378 kN
26. What is the axial capacity of the column if both ends
are pinned? Use ASD
a. 712 kN
b. 632 kN
c. 569 kN
d. 378 kN

SITUATION 8: A built-up column 10m long consists of W 350

x 90 with two 12-mm plates welded to form a box section as
shown. The column is fixed at both ends and braced at mid-
height about the weak axis. Assume Fy = 248 MPa. Use the
theoretical values of the effective length factors.
27. What is the effective slenderness ratio about the x-
axis?
a. 30.2
b. 34.6
c. 36.0
d. 37.7
28. What is the effective slenderness ratio about the y-
axis?
a. 30.2
b. 34.6
c. 36.0
d. 37.7
29. What is the axial capacity of the column? Use LRFD.
a. 4592 kN
b. 4133 kN
c. 3217 kN
d. 2750 kN
30. What is the axial capacity of the column? Use ASD.
a. 4592 kN
b. 4133 kN
c. 3217 kN
d. 2750 kN
SITUATION 7: A W 12 x 50 column has a length of 8m. Fy =
345 MPa. Use the theoretical values of the effective length
factor.
21. What is the axial capacity of the column if both ends
are fixed? Use LRFD.
a. 2027 kN
b. 1825 kN
c. 1617 kN INTRODUCTION TO PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF
d. 1214 kN STRUCTURES
22. What is the axial capacity of the column if both ends
are fixed? Use ASD.
Elastic and Plastic Centroids, Elastic and Plastic Section
a. 2027 kN
b. 1825 kN Modulus, Shape Factor
c. 1617 kN Elastic Section Modulus (S)
d. 1214 kN S = I/c

4
John Rey M. Pacturanan, CE, MP
 NOTE: The location of the Elastic Neutral Axis (NA)
is at the centroid of the section.
Plastic Section Modulus (Z)
Z = ∑ |Ax|
NOTE: The Plastic Neutral Axis (NA) divides the
section into two equal areas on each side
Yielding Moment (My)
My = FyS
Plastic Moment (Mp)
38. How far is its elastic NA from the bottommost fiber
Mp = FyZ
of the section?
Shape Factor (SF)
a. 125.67
Z Mp
SF= = b. 153.33
S My
c. 180.00
d. 200.00
Situation 9: Given a rectangular cross section 250 mm wide
39. How far is its plastic NA from the bottommost fiber
and 450 mm deep. Fy = 248 MPa.
of the section?
31. How far is its elastic NA from the bottommost fiber
a. 125.67
of the section?
b. 153.33
a. 122.5 mm
c. 180.00
b. 225 mm
d. 200.00
c. 327.5 mm
40. What is the elastic section modulus of the section (in
d. 450 mm
x103 mm3)?
32. How far is its plastic NA from the bottommost fiber
a. 512.7
of the section?
b. 641.7
a. 122.5 mm
c. 890.4
b. 225 mm
d. 1140
c. 327.5 mm
41. What is the plastic section modulus of the section (in
d. 450 mm
x103 mm3)?
33. What is the elastic section modulus of the section (in
a. 512.7
x103 mm3)?
b. 641.7
a. 6523.4
c. 890.4
b. 8437.5
d. 1140
c. 10217.9
42. What is the yielding moment of the section (in kN m)?
d. 12656.25
a. 221.40
34. What is the plastic section modulus of the section (in
b. 270.15
mm3)?
c. 314.65
a. 6523.4
d. 393.30
b. 8437.5
43. What is the plastic moment capacity of the section (in
c. 10217.9
kN m)?
d. 12656.25
a. 221.40
35. What is the yielding moment of the section (in kN m)?
b. 270.15
a. 3138.75
c. 314.65
b. 2567.96
d. 393.30
c. 2092.50
44. What is the shape factor of the section?
d. 1612.89
a. 1.54
36. What is the plastic moment capacity of the section (in
b. 1.67
kN m)?
c. 1.78
a. 3138.75
d. 1.89
b. 2567.96
c. 2092.50
Plastic Analysis of Structures and the Collapse Mechanism
d. 1612.89
By conservation of Energy:
37. What is the shape factor of the section?
𝟏
a. 1.25 𝑴𝒑 ∑ 𝜽𝒑𝒉 = ∑(𝑷𝒚) +
𝟐
𝒘𝑳𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙
b. 1.50 Mp – plastic moment capacity of the beam
c. 1.75 ∑ 𝜽𝒑𝒉 – total rotation in the real hinges
d. 2.00 ∑(𝑷𝒚) – sum of the concentrated load multiplied by their
respective displacement
Situation 10: Given a T-section shown below. Fy = 345 MPa. w – uniformly distributed load acting on the beam
ymax – maximum vertical displacement of the beam

5
John Rey M. Pacturanan, CE, MP
Situation 11: A simple beam 10 m long is loaded with b. 1284.5 kN m
concentrated load of 60 kN at the midspan and a uniformly c. 1367.8 kN m
distributed load of 15 kN/m throughout the span. Using plastic d. 1436.3 kN m
analysis of structures: Assume a reduction factor of 0.90 52. What is the maximum value of P?
45. What is the plastic moment in the beam? a. 123.7 kN
a. 325 kN m b. 197.4 kN
b. 350 kN m c. 150.8 kN
c. 375 kN m d. 261.0 kN
d. 400 kN m
46. What is the required minimum plastic section modulus Situation 15: A two continuous beam is to be designed using
3 3
of the beam, in x10 mm , if the beam is ASTM A992 the plastic method of analysis. The first span AB is 6m long and
steel (Fy = 345 MPa)? the adjacent side BC is 4m long. Both spans are loaded with
a. 1034 uniform load of 30 kN/m. The shorter span carries a
b. 1087 concentrated load of 60 kN at its center. Assume a load factor
c. 1123 of 1.67. Fy = 248 MPa.
d. 1246

Situation 12: A restrained beam 10 m long is loaded with

concentrated load of 60 kN at the midspan and a uniformly
distributed load of 15 kN/m throughout the span. Assume a
reduction factor of 0.90. Using plastic analysis of structures: 53. Compute the required plastic moment capacity of span
47. What is the plastic moment in the beam? AB.
a. 154.72 kN m
a. 150 kN m
b. 180.35 kN m
b. 162.5 kN m c. 133.60 kN m
c. 175 kN m d. 121.82 kN m
d. 187.5 kN m 54. Compute the required plastic moment capacity of span
48. What is the required minimum plastic section modulus BC.
of the beam, in x103 mm3, if the beam is ASTM A992 a. 154.72 kN m
b. 180.35 kN m
steel (Fy = 345 MPa)?
c. 133.60 kN m
a. 453.6
d. 121.82 kN m
b. 510.2 55. Compute the plastic section modulus, in x103 mm3
c. 543.5 required by the continuous beam.
d. 596.9 a. 512.9
b. 538.6
Situation 13: A propped beam 10 m long is loaded with c. 594.7
d. 623.9
uniformly distributed load. The beam is S18x70 and Fy = 248
MPa. Assume a reduction factor of 0.90.
Moment Capacity of Beams
49. What is the plastic moment capacity of the beam?
(2015 NSCP LRFD/ASD)
a. 503.44 kN m
Φ = 0.90 (LRFD)
b. 527.86 kN m
Ω = 1.67 (ASD)
c. 549.12 kN m
Value of the Lateral-torsional buckling modification factor, Cb
d. 580.17 kN m 12.5𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
50. What is the maximum magnitude of the distributed 𝐶𝑏 = ≤ 3.0
2.5𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑀𝐴 + 4𝑀𝐵 + 3𝑀𝐶
load? Cb = 1 for the cantilever or overhangs where the free
a. 47.12 kN/m end is unbraced
b. 52.82 kN/m
c. 61.13 kN/m Doubly Symmetric COMPACT I-Shaped Members and
d. 76.32 kN/m Channels Bent About Their Major Axis (Sec 506.2)
The Nominal Moment Capacity of the beam, M n, shall be the
Situation 14: A propped beam is loaded as shown below. The lower value obtained according to the following:
beam is W24x84 and is made of ASTM A992 (Fy = 350 MPa). 1. Yielding
Assume a reduction factor of 0.90 Mn = Mp = FyZx
2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling
(a) When Lb ≤ Lp, the limit state of lateral torsional
buckling does not apply
(b) When Lp < Lb ≤ Lr
Lb -Lp
Mn =Cb [Mp-(Mp -0.7Fy Sx ) ( ) ]≤ Mp
Lr -Lp
51. What is the plastic moment capacity of the beam?
(c) When Lb > Lr
a. 1134.8 kN m
Mn = FcrSx ≤ Mp
6
John Rey M. Pacturanan, CE, MP
 Where:
Lb – length between points that are either braced
against lateral displacement of compression flange or
braced against twist of the cross section, mm
𝑪𝒃 𝝅 𝟐 𝑬 𝑱𝒄 𝑳
𝑭𝒄𝒓 = 𝑳 √𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟖 𝑺 ( 𝒃 )𝟐
( 𝒃 )𝟐 𝒙 𝒉𝒐 𝒓𝒕𝒔
𝒓𝒕𝒔

And where:
E – modulus of elasticity of the steel, MPa
J – torsional constant, mm4
Sx – elastic section modulus about the x-axis,
mm3
ho – distance between the flange centroid, mm

The limiting lengths Lp and Lr are determined as

follows:
E
Lp = 1.76ry√
Fy

2
Lr = 1.95rts0.7𝐹 √𝑆
𝐸 𝐽𝑐
√1 + √1 + 6.76 (0.7𝐹𝑦 ∙ 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜)
𝑦 𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝐸 𝐽𝑐

Where:
√𝐼𝑦 𝐶𝑤
rts2 =
𝑆𝑥
and the coefficient c is determined as follows:
(a) For doubly-symmetric I-shape
c = 1.0
Typical Values of Cb
(b) For channels
(“x” mark means a lateral support is present)
ℎ𝑜 𝐼𝑦
𝑐= √
2 𝐶𝑤

Graphical Illustration of Mn vs Lb

Situation 16: A W18x106 section is used as a beam without

lateral support. A992 Steel (Fy = 345 MPa) is used. It is
subjected to uniformly distributed load.
56. What is the ultimate uniformly distributed load of the
beam if L = 3m?
57. What is the allowable uniformly distributed load of the
beam if L = 3m?
58. What is the ultimate uniformly distributed load of the
beam if L = 6m?
59. What is the allowable uniformly distributed load of the
beam if L = 6m?
60. What is the ultimate uniformly distributed load of the
beam if L = 9m?
61. What is the allowable uniformly distributed load of the
beam if L = 9m?

7
John Rey M. Pacturanan, CE, MP
Situation 17: A 572 Grade 65 steel with Fy = 448 MPa is used
as a simple beam to carry a concentrated load P at the center
of its span on a 6m simply supported span. The beam is W 12 x
14 section having the given properties shown. Assume Cb = 1.2
62. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the beam
if the compressive flange is fully supported?
63. Determine the allowable moment capacity of the beam
if the compressive flange is fully supported?
64. If the uniform dead load is 8 kN/m, what is the
maximum concentrated live load the beam can carry?
Use LRFD
65. If the uniform dead load is 8 kN/m, what is the
maximum concentrated live load the beam can carry?
Use ASD
Situation 19: A 6m restrained S15x50 carries a uniformly
distributed dead load of 30 kN/m including its weight and a
concentrated live load at its midspan. The beam is made of
ASTM A36 Steel (Fy = 248 MPa).
71. What is the ultimate shear strength of the section?
72. What is the allowable shear strength of the section?
73. What is the maximum value of the concentrated load
using LRFD?
74. What is the maximum value of the concentrated load
using ASD?

Shear Capacity of Beams

(2015 NSCP LRFD/ASD)
Vn = 0.6FyAwCv
Φ = 0.90 (LRFD)
Ω = 1.67 (ASD)
Aw = dtw = area of web
Values of Cv
(a) For webs of rolled I-shaped members with h/tw ≤
2.24√𝐸/𝐹𝑦
Cv = 1.0
(b) For webs of all other doubly symmetric shapes and
singly symmetric shapes and channels, except round
HSS, the web shear coefficient Cv is determined as
follows:
(i) When h/tw ≤ 1.10√𝑘𝑣 𝐸/𝐹𝑦
Cv = 1.0
(ii) When 1.10√𝑘𝑣 𝐸/𝐹𝑦 < h/tw ≤ 1.37√𝑘𝑣 𝐸/𝐹𝑦
1.10√𝑘𝑣 𝐸/𝐹𝑦
𝐶𝑣 =
ℎ/𝑡𝑤
(iii) When h/tw > 1.37√𝑘𝑣 𝐸/𝐹𝑦
1.51𝑘𝑣 𝐸
𝐶𝑣 =
ℎ
( )2 𝐹𝑦
𝑡𝑤

h - for rolled shapes, the clear distance between

flanges less the fillet or corner radii (mm)
- for built-up welded sections, the clear distance
between flanges (mm
- for built-up bolted section, the distance between
fastener lines (mm)
- for tees, the overall depth (mm)

The shear factor kv is usually equal to 5.0, except for

the stem of tee shapes where kv = 1.2.

Situation 18: A W24xx94 beam is subjected to a shear force

of 900 kN.
66. What is the shear stress of the flange at the junction
of flange and web?
67. What is the shear stress of the web at the junction of
flange and web?
68. What is the maximum shear at the beam?
69. What percent of shear load is carried by the flange?
70. What percent of the shear load is carried by the web?

8
John Rey M. Pacturanan, CE, MP