UNI

VERSI
TYOFPGRIADI
BUANASURABAYA2021

Summar
y Engl
i
sh

REFERRI
NGEXPRESSI
ON

Mua’ni
fahHani
m
195300094 Submi
tedasAssi
gmentf
orSoci
oli
ngui
sti.
c.

ABSTRACT

Semanticsi
sastudyofmeaninginnat
uralandar t
if
icall
anguages(words&sentences)anditcanbeappl
ied
toenti
retext
sorsi
ngl
ewor ds,semant
icsarethebr anchofl
ingui
sti
c.Forexample:“Desti
nati
on”and“
Last
Stop”bothofwor
dshavethesamet hi
ng,butstudentsofsemanti
csanalyzethei
rsubtl
eshadesofmeaning.

•Ar eferri
ngex pressionisanyex pr essi onusedi nanut t
erancet orefertosomet hingorsomeone( oraclearl
y
delimi tedcol lectionoft hingsorpeopl e),i.
e.usedwi t
hapar ti
cularreferentinmi nd.
•Thenamef redi nanut terancesuchas‘ fredhitme’ ,wheret hespeak erhasapar t
icul arpersoninmi ndwhenhe
say s‘ f
red’,isar eferr
ingex pression.
•Fr edi n‘there’ snof redatt hisaddr ess’ i
snotar efer
ringex pressi
on, becausei nthi scaseaspeak erwouldnothave
apar ti
cularper soni nmi ndinut teringt hewor d.
•Ift her ef
er encewor dcanbedescr ibedbyt hel i
stenertheni tiscall
edr eferr
ingex pression,butifthereisno
refer encet hatcanbedescr i
bedi nt hel istener'
smi ndt henitisnotr eferri
ngex pressi on.
•Thecondi tionwhi chmak esanex pr essioncanbement i
onedasar eferr
ingex pressi onwhent hespeak erandthe
hear erhav et hesameper ceptionofwhati sbeingt al
kedabout .
•Thesameex pressioncanbear efer ringex pressionornotdependi ngont hecont ex tandt hecircumst ance.
Exampl e:
a)For tybuseshav ebeenwi thdrawnf r
omser vicebyt heLi v
er poolCopor ati
on
b)Thi sengi nehast hepoweroff or tybuses
Althoughi t’
st hesamewor d“ fort
ybuses”buti nt hat2sent encehav ediffer
entmeani ng.Insentence( a)wek now
whatt ypeoft hebus, thebusbr and, etcsoi t
’s

referringex pr essi on.Meanwhi l

einsentence( b),wedon’ tknowwhat“ fort
ybuses”r ef
ersto.Becauseaswek now
everybr andandt ypehav edi fferentengi
nepower .So,sentence( a)i
sr eferr
ingex pressi
onandsent ence(b)isnot.
Referent
•Refer entisanent i
ty(ent iti
es)whi chisbeingr efer
redt obyar eferr
ingex pression.
•Refer entiswhatwor ddenot es.Itcanbet hingorper son.
•Exampl e:thedogsbar k.
Ther eferentsoft hisex pr essionar ethereal dogsbei ngt al
kedabout .
•Wer ecogni zer eferent st hatareencount eredbyoursensesorconcept ualizedi nour
minds.
Fi
ctit
iousandr eal referent s
•Thepr esenceofar ef erringex pressi
ondoesnotal way sex i
stasi nr ealobjects.
•Exampl e:
a.Thesk yscr aperofAnt arti
ca.( Theskyscraperi sreferri
ngex pressi
onbutnott her ealmeaning,becausethereisno
buil
dingt hathi ghunt i
l clawedt othesk y
.Sk y scraperreferstogedung- gedungt inggi )
b.Thepai n-reliev errecommendedby91per centofal l doctors.(Pain-rel
ieverisr eferri
ngexpressi
onbutnott hereal
meani ng, becauset her ei snoonei nthewor ldwhocanr eli
evet hepai n.Pain-relieverinthi
ssentencer ef
ersto
medici ne.)
Vali
dityofr ef err i
ngex pressi on
•Refer ri
ngex pr essionmaybeormaybenott emporary
•Exampl e:
a.Thegirli
nt hepurpl
esweater.(
Fromthi
ssent
encethegirlwhowearpurpl
esweatermightbedi
ffer
entaccor
ding
totheplaceandday .I
ftodayIseeSaminpurpl
esweaterthan“t
hegir
l”r
efertoSam.Butiftomor
rowIseeCatwear
purpl
esweat er,“
thegi
rl”i
snotrefert
oSamagainbutchangeint
oCat.)
b.Thatstupidclown.
Kindsofreferents

•Uni queandnon- uniquer eferent s

-Uni quemeansdoesn’ tchange.Ex ampl e:Sur amadubr i
dge, Sur abaya,Jak arta.
-Non- uni quemeanst hati tmi ghtchangedependsont heused.
-Ex ampl e:
a.Weswami nLak eOnt ario.
b.Weswami nal ak e.
Int heabov eex ampl es, wecandi stingui sht wok indsofr eferri
ngex pr
essi ons: Fir
st:Lak
eOnt
ari
o,wi
thf
ixed
reference.
Second: theot heri sal akewi thv ariabl erefer ence.
•Concr eteandabst r
act
-Concr et er eferent sar eobj ect swhi chcanbesensual lyper ceiv
edsuchasadog, a
stoneandl eaf .
-Abst ract sr eferent s: areobj ect swhi chcannotbeper ceiveddi rectlythr
oughsenses
l
ik eidea, probl em, suggest ionandl ov e.
-Somer efer ri
ngex pressions, howev er ,
canhav eei t
herconcr eteorabst r actref er
ent
accor di ngt ot hecont ex tinwhi cht heyoccur .[1.]
Thek eyt ot hef rontdoor .
Abr i
ghtl i
ght .
Literal meani ngi nt hef ir
stgr oupv er susf igur ativemeani ngi nthesecondgr oup.
•Count ableandnon- count abl e
-Anounphr asei sei thercount ableornon- count able.
-Bot hcount abl eandnon- count abl
enounphr asesmaybeconcr eteorabst ract
resultingi nt hef ourgr oupst hatf ollow:
a.Concr etecount abl eex pr essionswhi chr efert oi temst hatar esepar ated
fromeachot her ,suchasappl es,coi nsandpens, whichcanbecount edone
byone.
b.Abst ractcount abl ephr aseswhi chr efert oabst r
actreferentssuchasi dea,
probl emandsuggest ion.
-3k i
ndsofnon- count ablephr asesi ft heirsent encear econcr et
e
Ver susVer sus
Abr i
ghtf utur e.
[2]
Thek eyt osuccess.

a.Ref ertocont i
nuoussubst ance( appl esauce,ink, mud, et c.
)
b.Numer ouspar ticlenotwor thcount ing( r
ice,sugar ,etc.)
c.Collectionswho’ shav equi tedi f
ferentname( fur
ni ture,j
ewel ry,etc.
)
-Non-count abl ephr asest hatar eabst r
actf orexampl eadv ice,inf
ormat i
on,etc.
-Non-count abl ephr asesdoesn’ tshowr el
ationshipbet weensi ngularandplural
meanwhi l
ecount abl ephrasesshowi t
Diff
erentway sofr ef err
ing
a.Gener icnongener ic
•Gener icrefer encei sreferr
ingt oent i
tiesinagener al way .
Exampl e:Dogst hatbar k satnightar eannoy ing
Thesehav egener i
cr eferencebecauset hechangef romsi ngulartopluralorvisev
ersa,doesn’tmakeadiff
erence.
Fromt heex ampl et hewor d“ dogs”r eferstomor ethanonedogordogt ype.Theytrytosaythatwhenalldoginthe
world( gener al way )bar ksatni ghtitssoundsannoy ing.
•Non-gener icr efer encei sasent encewhi chcanbeex pressedbyspeci f
yingtheobject
sorsituati
on.Ref
erstoa
parti
cularent i
ty( ent i
ti
es),notawhol e.Ex ampl e:Adogt hatbar ksatnightisannoyi
ng.
Fromt heex ampl e“adog”i sonlyonedogorspeci fi
cdog.
b.Speci f
icnonspeci f
ic
•Speci f
icreferencemeansr ef
erringtoapar ti
culari
temorpr ev
iousl
y
ment i
onednoun.
Exampl e:Mostst udent susethecomput er
sint heli
brary.
•Non- specif
icr eferencemeansr eferr
ingtoanyoneofmanypossi blei
temsor
areintroducinganounf orthefi
rstt i
mei nthetext.
Exampl e:Therear ecomput ersint heli
brary
.
c.Definitei
ndef init
e
•Definitenounphr aseusespr opername, personalpronounandlonger
descripti
veex pressi on.Example:

a.Rani aisf riendl y .(propername)

b.Shei sst udy ingsemant ics.( personal pronoun)
c.Theper sonwhost olemybagi smyf riend.( longerdescr i
ptiv
eex pressi
on)
•Indef initenounphr aseusesar ti
clesini tsex pr essi
on.Canbear ef
erri
ngex pressi
onornotdependi ngonthe
l
ingui sticcont extandonci rcumst ancesofut terance.
Exampl e:Johni sl ook ingf oracar
Opaquecont ex t
-Par tofasent encewhi chcoul dbemadei ntoacompl etesentencebyt headdi t
ionofareferr
ingexpressi
on,but
wher et headdi ti
onofdi ff
er entr eferri
ngex pressi ons, ev enthought heyrefertothesamet hingwill
y i
el
ddiff
erent
meani ng.
-Ty pical l
yinv olveacer t
aink i
ndofv erb,likewant ,
bel iev e,t
hink,andwonderabout .
-Ex ampl e:
a.Di ckbel iev est hat. ..k i
l
ledSmi th+John=Di ckbel iev esthatkill
edJohnSmi th
b.Di ckbel i
ev est hat. ..k i
l
ledSmi th+t heper soni nt hecor ner=Di ckbeli
evesthatthe
personi nthecor nerk i
lledSmi th
Equat iv esent ence
-Itist heonewhi chi susedt oasser tthei dent i
t yoft her ef
erentsoftwor efer
ri
ngex pr
essions,i.
e.toasser
tthattwo
referringex pr essi onshav et hesamer eferent .
-Differ entf romopaquecont ex t,anequat i
v esent encei sonewhi chisusedt omak esuretheidenti
tyoftherefer
ent
s.
-Ex ampl e:
a.Thecapi tal ofIndonesi ai sJak arta; Jak artai sthecapi t
alofIndonesia
b.TonyBl airi st hePr imeMi nister; TonyBl ai
r=PM

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