Luis Ignacio Quiroz

• Major in Geology from the

Universidad Nacional de Colombia
(2005) and a Ph.D. from the
University of Saskatchewan,
Canada (2018).
• 13 years of experience in field
geology and stratigraphy in several
basins in Colombia and Venezuela.
• 2 years in Ecopetrol working in the
Regional Team for the Foothills and
Llanos basins in Colombia.
Modelling Incised Valleys
in the T2 Reservoir along
the Castilla Structural
Domain, Southern Llanos
Basin, Colombia
Luis I. Quiroz, Yudy P. Estevez, Johan L. Ortiz, Elena
Torres, Oscar D. Sanchez, Julio C. Garzon, Ruth X.
Beltran, Jose A. Jaramillo and Jaime A. Martinez
VEX/GON
 • Geological Settings
• T2 Stratigraphy and Depositional
Systems
• Stratigraphic Correlations
Content • Mapping T2 Fluvial Unit
• Kimera Prospect and Magnus
Lead
• Final Remarks
Geological Settings
Legend
Chronostratigraphy Southern Llanos Basin
Continental sandstone

Coastal plain mudstone

Lacustrine/marine mudstone

Marginal marine sandstone

C8: Regional seal Shallow marine sandstone

Shallow marine mudstone

T2 Reservoir

Chipaque: Source Rock

Llanos Basin

Foothills Team, 2017

 Geological Settings: CPO-9 Block
Castlla Field:
• OOIP: 6000 MMBO
• Wells: 800
Chichimene Field:
Eastern Llanos
• OOIP: 3477 MMBO
Cordillera Basin
• Wells: 300
Akacias Field:
• OOIP: 2472
• Wells: 30

Lorito
Tayra
Chichimene Trend

Leyenda-Kimera
Tinamú Castilla Trend
Magnus Lead
 T2 Stratigraphy and Depositional Systems

Data Base: Apiay

• Correlation of 467 wells
• Abundant core descriptions
• Analysis of seismic attributes Suria
Chichimene

Yacare-1
Pachaquiaro
Meta-1

Trogon-1

Lorito-1
Humadea-1
Lorito-A1
Lorito-Este
Castilla

Coronado-1 Yali-1

CPO-9 Block
 T2 Stratigraphy and Depositional Systems
Ch-27
Aka Est.-1 CasN-15

Eocene transgression

T2 Eocene:
Mirador Fm.
Fluvial
T2

T2 Paleocene:
Barco/Cuervos fms.

Apiay

Suria
Chichimene
Ch-27
Aka Est.-1 Pachaquiaro
T2 Cretacico:
Guadalupe Fm. CasN-15

Castilla

Datum: Regional paleosol (tuffaceous) CPO-9 Block

 Akacias Est.-1
Paleocene Unconformity
Shoreface
• Cretaceous tidal flat deposits with pedogenic alteration erosively
Mirador

paleosol
Proximal braided
overlain by Paleocene cross-bedded, coarse-grained sandstone
streams deposited by braided streams.
Lacustrine?
Barco - Cuervos

Braided fluvial
system

Tidal flats
Tidal flats with pedogenic alteration Braided streams
Guadalupe

Tidal
channels

Gacheta Prodelta/shelf
 Akacias Est.-1 Paleocene distal braided streams deposits
• Channel deposits stacked in fining-upward succession up to 60 ft thick,
Shoreface
capped by fine grained, ripple-laminated sandstone or heterolithic
Mirador

paleosol
Proximal braided
deposits, representing abandoned channel or overbank deposits
streams (transition to more sinuous channels?).
Lacustrine?
Barco - Cuervos

Braided fluvial
system

Tidal flats
Guadalupe

Tidal Overbank Braided streams

channels

Gacheta Prodelta/shelf
Chichimene-27
Paleocene/Eocene estuarine system
• In several wells, a lagoonal mudstone unit sharply overlays the Paleocene
Shoreface fluvial sandstone
• The unit includes complex facies associations, including conglomeratic debris
Mirador

Paleosol
flows and clastic diques.
• Correlations along the Akacias and Chichimene fields suggest that this unit is
Proximal
braided streams
confined in an incised valley of Late Paleocene/ Early Eocene Age

Clastic dique
Cuervos

Estuarine
system Debris flow
Barco

Braided fluvial
system

Siderite
Guadalupe

Tidal flats and

channels

Braided stream Estuarine system

Delta front/
acheta

prodelta
Castilla N-15 T2 Eocene – Fluvial system with braided streams
• Unconformably overlays the lagoonal mudstone (paleosol)
• Lower unit is a well stratified conglomeratic sandstone, with good
Offshore-
Shoreface
impregnation.
Mirador

(Bay) • Upper unit is a conglomerate with massive aspect and poor impregnation.
Paleosol
Braided streams 6838 6837 6836 6835
6840

Estuarine
System
Barco-Cuervos

Lower unit
Braided
Inmature Upper unit
streams paleosol
6839,7

Estuarine
Gacheta

Prodelta/shelf
Castilla N-15 T2 Eocene – Regional paleosol and shallow marine system
• Light-gray, rooted massive mudstone above the conglomerates.
• Top of paleosol defined by a transgressive surface of marine erosion,
Offshore-
Shoreface
followed by mudstone and bioturbated sandstone of shallow marine
Mirador

(Bay) environments.
Paleosol
6823 6822 6821 6820
Braided streams

Estuarine
System
Barco-Cuervos

Transgressive
Braided surface
streams
Roots Offshore/lower
shoreface
Gacheta

Prodelta/shelf

Paleosol
 Stratigraphic Correlations: Lorito - Chichimene
Lorito-1 Lorito-E1 NE-1 NE-3 CHSW-27 CHSW-8 CH-201 CH-49 CH-172 CH-38 CH-82 CH-145

Mapping
units
Marine T2
Mirador
Isopach
Fluvial T2
Map
Barco/
T2 Unit

Cuervos Guadalupe

K1
Guadalupe Med/Sup

K1
Med/Sup
CH-145
CH-82
CH-38
CH-172
CH 49
CHSW 8 CH 201
CHSW-27
NE-3
Lorito-1
TVD (feet) NE-1
Lorito-E1
100
Tested
Datum: Regional paleosol (tuffaceous)
intervals
0
 Stratigraphic Correlations: Akacias - Castilla
Estrat.-2 CH-109 CH-4 CH-172 CasN-100 CasN-46 CasN-15 CasN-10 CasN-12

Mapping
units
Marine T2
Mirador
Isopach
T2 Unit

Fluvial T2 Map
Barco/
Cuervos

Guadalupe K1
Med/Sup

Estrat-2
K1
Med/Sup
CH-109
CH-4
CH-172

CasN-100
CasN 46 CasN 15
CasN 10

TVD (feet) CasN 12

100
Tested
intervals Datum: Regional paleosol (tuffaceous)
0
 Stratigraphic Correlations: Castilla - Suria
Cast-58 Cast-93 Cast-27 CasN-1 CasN-10 CasN-151 CasN-110 Meta-1 Yacare-1 Pach.-1 Pach. N-1 Austral-1
Mapping
units

T2 Marine
Mirador
T2 Unit

T2 Fluvial
Barco/
Guadalupe
Cuervos

K1
Med/Sup K1
Med/Sup

Austral-1

PachN-1
Pach-1
Yacare-1

Meta-1
CasN-110
CasN-151
CasN-10
Cast-93
CasN-1
Cast-27
Cast-58
TVD (feet)
100
Tested Datum: Regional paleosol (tuffaceous)
intervals
0
 Isopach Map T2 Fluvial Unit: Final Model
Well log mapping:

• Development of incised valleys

in northern Castilla and Suria
fields.
Suria Field
• Another valley in southern Incised Valley.
Castilla inferred from well logs
and regional context.

• Topographic highs extending Castilla Field

from Castilla to Chichimene Incised Valley.
suggest development of other
valleys (white areas).

Intervalo de Contorno: 20 Pies

 Isopach Map T2 Fluvial Unit: Final Model
Integration with seismic attributes:

• Linear features in the spectral

decomposition mimics the
expression of the Castilla
incised valley. Kimera
• Kimera Prospect located in the
modelled valleys to the North of
Castilla.
Castilla Field
• Second reservoir target for
Incised Valley.
Tinamú Prospect.
Tinamú
• Magnus Lead correspond to
the southern valley. Magnus
Intervalo de Contorno: 20 Pies
 Kimera Prospect T2 Top Structural Map (TVDSS IC:100ft)
and Reservoir Thickness (TST)

• No oil-water contact. Structural closure

• Castilla and Pachaquiaro in the

same pressure trend. LKO Meta-1 -6880

Kimera
• Constant area and variable
LKO Pachaquiaro
reservoir thickness. -8450
LKO Castilla -6150´

• Recoverable resources (mean):

80 MMBLS of 8° API.
(including the marine reservoir)
Kimera Prospect

Contour interval: 20 feet

 T2 Top Structural Map (TVDSS IC:100ft)
Magnus Lead and Reservoir Thickness (TST)

• Probable oil-water contact.

• 40 feet contour closing against

the Chichimene Fault.

• Recoverable resources (mean):

46 MMBLS of 8° API.

• Temperature decrease and

hydrodynamics towards the
south may affect oil viscosity.
Magnus
40 feet contour
Magnus Lead

Intervalo de Contorno: 20 feet

Final Remarks

1. Main development of T2 Fluvial Unit associated with braided streams

contained within incised valleys of Paleocene Age.

2. Updated play concept includes a combination of anticlinal structures limited by

inversion faults and reservoir deposition within fluvial valleys.

3. Kimera Prospect and Magnus Lead will incorporate 126 MMBLS of 8° API.
Back up
 Mapping T2 Fluvial Unit: Softwere Map Austral

Ak Est 2
• Development of an incised valley in
Pachaquiaro N 1
northern Castilla.
CH 145
• Interfluve areas of the Castilla CH 109 Kimera
Pachaquiaro 1
CH 82
incised valley extend as topographic CH 4 CH 38
Yacare 1

highs that coincide with relay CH 172 Meta 1

structures of the Chichimene CH 49 CasN 100
inversion fault. CH 201 CasN 110
CHSW 8 CasN 46 CasN 151
CHSW 27 CasN 15
N Esp 3 CasN 10
N Esp 1 CasN 12
• There are possible axes of Lorito 1
other incised valleys to the Cast 93 CasN 1
Lorito E 1 Cast 27 Castilla Field
north and south of Castilla.
incised valley.
Cast 58

Coronado 1 IC: 20 ft
Yali 1
 Mapping T2 Fluvial Unit: Seismic Attributes

Kimera area Spectral Decomposition Kimera area Spectral Decomposition

T2 Top T2 Top

Kimera
Kimera

Channels? Channels?

Castilla Castilla Castilla

Castilla Incised Valley Field
Field Incised Valley

4 km
4 km

Horizon Slice T2: R:15. G:28. B:38. Window (-28,28ms)

Horizon Slice T2: R:15. G:30. B:45. Window (-14,14ms)
 Mapping T2 Fluvial Unit: Geological Interpretation

• Integration of regional mapping and seismic

attributes anomalies suggest a complex
Austral
mosaic of incised valley systems. Ak Est 2

Pachaquiaro N 1
• The main valley axes are separated within 10 CH 145
Pachaquiaro 1
CH 82
km and 13 km. CH 109
CH 38
KimeraYacare 1
CH 4
CH 172
• Kimera Prospect located within one of the CH 49 Meta 1
CasN 100
modelled valleys to the North of Castilla. CH 201 CasN 110
CHSW 8 CasN 46 CasN 151
CHSW 27 CasN 15
N Esp 3 CasN 10
N Esp 1 CasN 12
Lorito 1
CasN 1
Cast 93
IC: 20 ft Cast 27
Lorito E 1 Castilla Field
Cast 58 Incised Valley.

Coronado 1 Yali 1
 Definning Valleys to the South of Castilla: Software Mapping

• The Humadea-1 well defines another

topographic high similar to the ones
CH-145
developed in CH-201 and CH-145 to
Yacare-1
the North, suggesting another valley
towards the Tayra Area. Estrat-1
Meta-1

CH-201
Trogon-1

NE-3
Lorito-1 NE-1
Humadea-1
Lorito-A1
• An increase in thickness in Crac-4
Lorito-E1
and Cast-111 Wells, indicates a
Cast-111 drainage divide and the headwaters
Crac-4
San Martin-5 of a valley extending towards NE and
CHSW fields.
Yali-1
Coronado-1

IC: 20 ft

Incised Valley?
 Definning Valleys to the South of Castilla: Seismic Attributes
Spectral Decomposition San Channel? Spectral Decomposition San Channel?
Martin Cube: T2 Top Martin Cube: T2 Top

Channel?

Channel Channel?
?

4 km 4 km

Horizon Slice T2 Blending : R:10. G:30. B:42. Horizon Slice T2 Blending : R:18. G:40. B:50.
Ventana (-18,18ms). Ventana (-18,18ms).
 Isopach Map T2 Fluvial Unit: Geological Interpretation

• Development of several incised

valleys along the Castilla
structural domain.
Kimera
• Magnus Lead correspond to the
southern valley.

• Second reservoir target for

Tinamú Prospect.

Tinamú-10

Magnus

Intervalo de Contorno: 20 Pies

 Modern Analog: Estuaries of the Georgia Coast
Modern estuaries were formed by river valleys, Modern analog is similar in scale to the incised valleys
incised during the last ice age, when sea level interpreted along the Castilla Block.
was 100 meters lower.

20 Km
20 Km Castilla Incised
Valley Model.