Mathematics

Properties of
Special Parallelograms

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Carrmela Pili

Editor: Patricia Ulynne F. Garvida

Reviewer: Michael R. Lee

Layout: Ma. Fatima D. Delfin and Michiko Remyflor V. Trangia

Management Team: Neil Vincent C. Sandoval

Education Program Supervisor, LRMS

Michael R. Lee
Education Program Supervisor, Mathematics

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 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the
different ways in solving word problems involving quadratic equations. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of
the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook
you are now using.
After going through this module, you are expected to know the properties of special
parallelograms.

What I Know
On a separate sheet of paper, write the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following groups of quadrilaterals

in the Venn Diagram identifies all the
parallelograms?
A. A and B
B. B, C, D, and E
C. C, D, and E
D. A, B, E, G and F
2. Which of the following is NOT a property of the diagonals of the rhombus?
A. The diagonals bisect each other.
B. The diagonals are congruent.
C. The diagonals are perpendicular.
D. The diagonals bisect opposite angles.
3. If quadrilateral LOVE is a parallelogram, which of the following shows that it is a rectangle?
A. ̅̅̅̅
𝐿𝑂 ≅ ̅̅̅̅𝑉𝐸 C. ̅̅̅̅
𝐿𝑂 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐿𝐸
̅̅̅̅
B. 𝐿𝑉 ⊥ 𝑂𝐸 ̅̅̅̅ 𝐿𝑉 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
D. ̅̅̅̅ 𝑂𝐸
4. Suppose you are forming diagonals to frame the square base of your lantern project in TLE.
Which of the following will you do to secure the shape of the base?
I. Cut the same lengths for the diagonals.
II. Let the diagonals intersect at their midpoints.
III. Make the diagonals intersect at right angles.
A. I only B. I & II C. I & III D. I, II and III
5. Miguel and Benjamin are working on their group work about the properties of rhombus
and square. Miguel summarized the properties of a rhombus while Benjamin summarized
the properties of a square. When the teacher checked their work, one of them got a mistake
in one statement. Who made a mistake and on which statement?
MIGUEL BENJAMIN
PROPERTIES OF A RHOMBUS PROPERTIES OF A SQUARE
1. A rhombus has all the properties of a 1. A square has all the properties of a
parallelogram. parallelogram.
2. All sides are congruent. 2. A square has all the properties of a rectangle.
3. The diagonals are perpendicular. 3. A square has all the properties of different types
4. The diagonals bisect the angles of the rhombus. of quadrilaterals.
4. A square has all the properties of a rhombus.

A. Miguel, statement 3 C. Benjamin, statement 1

B. Miguel, statement 4 D. Benjamin, statement 3
6. ABCD is a rhombus. If 𝐵 = 78°, what is mBAC?
A. 39° B. 51° C. 78° D. 102°
7. ABCD is a rectangle. The diagonals meet at O. If 𝐴𝑂 ̅̅̅̅ = 2𝑥 − 1 and 𝑂𝐵
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑥 + 4, what is the
̅̅̅̅ ?
length of 𝐴𝐶
A. 9 cm B. 19 cm C. 18 cm D. 36 cm
8. What is the perimeter of the quadrilateral formed by joining the midpoints of the sides of a
rhombus whose diagonals have lengths 10cm and 12 cm?
A. 11 cm B. 22 cm C. 34 cm D. 44 cm

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 9. ABCD is a rectangle. MNOP is the quadrilateral formed by joining the midpoints of ABCD.
What kind of quadrilateral is MNOP?
A. parallelogram C. rhombus
B. rectangle D. square
10. Which expression represents the measure of 𝐽 in rhombus JKLM?
A. 𝑥° C. (180 − 𝑥)°
B. 2𝑥° D. (180 − 2𝑥)°
11. Which statement is NOT true about a rectangle?
A. Both pairs of opposite sides are congruent and parallel
B. Both pairs of opposite angles are congruent and supplementary
C. All pairs of consecutive sides are congruent and perpendicular.
D. All pairs of consecutive angles are congruent and supplementary.
12. In ▱𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆, 𝑃𝑅 ̅̅̅̅ intersect at T. What additional information is needed to conclude
̅̅̅̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑆
that PQRS is a rectangle?
̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅
A. 𝑃𝑇 𝑄𝑇 ̅̅̅̅ ⊥ ̅̅̅̅
C. 𝑃𝑇 𝑄𝑇
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑅𝑇
B. 𝑃𝑇 ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 ∠𝑄𝑃𝑆
D. 𝑃𝑇
13. Classify the figure in as many ways as possible.
A. rectangle, square, quadrilateral, parallelogram, rhombus
B. rectangle, square, parallelogram
C. rhombus, quadrilateral, square
D. square, rectangle, quadrilateral
14. ▱𝐺𝐸𝑂𝑀 is a square. What is ∠𝐺𝑂𝑀?
A. 45° B. 60° C. 30° D. 90°
15. The perimeter of a square garden is 120 m. What is its area in square meters?
A. 240 B. 450 C. 600 D. 900

Lesson
Properties of
1 Special Parallelograms
In this lesson, you will learn how to recognize and apply properties of the special
parallelograms. Let us have a look at some concepts we have to learn and master for us to have a
smooth discussion about this lesson.

What’s In
A. POLYGONS
A polygon is a closed plane figure formed by three or more segments that intersect
only at their endpoints.

Each segment that forms a polygon is a side of the polygon.

The common endpoint of two sides is a vertex of the polygon.
A segment that connects any two nonconsecutive vertices is a diagonal.
A vertex angle is an angle associated with a vertex of the polygon.
Polygons are classified according to:
1. number of sides (i.e., triangles, quadrilaterals, and so on)
2. measure of sides/ angles (regular/irregular polygons)
3. diagonals drawn (convex/concave polygons)
The sum of the interior angle measures of a convex polygon with 𝑛 sides is (𝒏 − 𝟐) 𝟏𝟖𝟎˚.

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 B. PARALLELOGRAMS
A QUADRILATERAL is a four-
sided polygon. The sum of its
interior angles is 𝟑𝟔𝟎˚.

PARALLELOGRAMS (symbolized
by ▱ ) are quadrilaterals with
both pairs of opposite sides
parallel and equal.
Properties of Parallelograms:
1. Each diagonal separates a
parallelogram into two
congruent triangles.
2. The opposite sides of a
parallelogram are equal.
3. The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
4. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
5. In a parallelogram, any two consecutive angles are supplementary.
Two angles are consecutive or adjacent if they have a side of the quadrilateral in common.
How to prove that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram:
1. If both pairs of opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
2. If two sides of a quadrilateral are parallel and equal, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
3. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
Area is a measure of the size of any plane surface.
Area of a ▱ = 𝒃𝒉 where 𝑏 = base of the ▱ and ℎ = height of the ▱

What’s New
Quadrilaterals are used in the architecture of many cultures for both practical purposes
and aesthetic appeal. The Acoma Pueblo Dwellings in New Mexico, the Chichén Itzá pyramid in
Mexico, and the spiral staircase in an apartment house designed by Austrian architect and artist
Friedensreich Hundertwasser (1928–2000) all use quadrilateral-based designs for constructing
climbing structures and enhancing overall attractiveness.
The Golden Rectangle (a rectangle having its sides in a Golden Ratio) is said to be one of
the most visually satisfying of all geometric forms. For years, experts have been finding examples
in everything from the edifices of ancient Greece to art masterpieces. In recent times the validity
of its link with beauty has been widely debated. Nevertheless, these examples clearly indicate the
Golden Rectangle occurs in art more often than can be accounted for by mere coincidence.
In this module, we will recognize and apply the different properties of rectangles, rhombi,
and squares to further appreciate their beauty and existence in real life.

What is It
There are different types of parallelograms which, aside from possessing all the properties of a
parallelogram, also have additional properties. These are rectangles, rhombi, and squares. They
are sometimes referred to as special parallelograms.
A. RECTANGLES
A rectangle is a parallelogram with an interior angle of 90°.
Since a rectangle is a parallelogram, it inherits all the properties of a parallelogram. From the
properties discussed in the last module, it can be proven that:
THEOREM HYPOTHESIS CONCLUSION
∠𝐵 = ∠𝐶 = ∠𝐷
= 𝑎 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
All angles of a rectangle are ABCD is a parallelogram,
right angles. ∠𝐴 is a right angle.

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 Additional Property of Rectangles
THEOREM HYPOTHESIS CONCLUSION

If a parallelogram
is a rectangle, then its ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐷
diagonals are congruent.
(𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 → 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈. ≅ )
ABCD is a rectangle.

Proving that a Parallelogram is a Rectangle

THEOREM HYPOTHESIS CONCLUSION

If the diagonals of a
parallelogram are congruent,
then the parallelogram is a ABCD is a rectangle.
rectangle.
(▱ 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈. ≅→ 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆)
▱ ABCD with ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐷

Area of a rectangle = 𝒃𝒉 where 𝑏 = base of the rectangle and ℎ = height of the rectangle
Examples:
▱ABCD is a rectangle.
1. If 𝐴𝐶 = 30 − 𝑥 and 𝐵𝐷 = 4𝑥 − 60, find 𝑥.
2. If 𝐵𝐷 = 2𝑥 + 10 and 𝐵𝐸 = 2𝑥 − 30, find 𝐴𝐸.
3. If 𝐴𝐸 = 5𝑥 − 3 and 𝐷𝐸 = 4𝑥 + 6, find 𝐴𝐶.
4. If 𝐴𝐸 = 2𝑥 + 3 and 𝐶𝐸 = 5𝑥 − 9, find 𝐵𝐸.
5. If 𝐴𝐷 = 8𝑥 − 14 and 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑥 2 + 1, find 𝐵𝐶.
6. If 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 2𝑥 − 3 and 𝑚∠𝐶𝐵𝐷 = 𝑥 + 5, find 𝑥.
7. If 𝑚∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 𝑥 2 + 4 and 𝑚∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 = 𝑥 + 30, find 𝑚∠𝐵𝐶𝐴.
8. If 𝑚∠𝐵𝐶𝐴 = 2𝑥 2 + 2 and 𝑚∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 14𝑥, find 𝑥.
▱GEOM is a rectangle. Find each measure if 𝒎∠𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎.
9. 𝑚∠2 11. 𝑚∠4 13. 𝑚∠6 15. 𝑚∠8 17. 𝑚∠10
10. 𝑚∠3 12. 𝑚∠5 14. 𝑚∠7 16. 𝑚∠9 18. 𝑚∠11

Solutions:
1. Since 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐷 (the diagonals of a rectangle are congruent), 30 − 𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 60; 𝑥=
18.
2. 𝐴𝐸 and 𝐵𝐸 are segments of the diagonals of the rectangle. Since 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐷 and the
1
diagonals are bisecting each other, 𝐴𝐸 = 𝐵𝐸 = 2 𝐵𝐷 . Thus,
1
𝐴𝐸 = 2𝑥 − 30 = (2𝑥 + 10); 𝑥 = 35
2
𝑨𝑬 = 2𝑥 − 30 = 𝟒𝟎.
3. From the same reasoning as in item 2, 𝐴𝐸 = 𝐷𝐸 .
5𝑥 − 3 = 4𝑥 + 6 ; 𝑥=9
𝑨𝑪 = 2(𝐴𝐸) = 2(5𝑥 − 3) = 2(45 − 3) = 𝟖𝟒.
4. From the same reasoning as in item 2, 𝐵𝐸 = 𝐴𝐸 = 𝐶𝐸.
𝐵𝐸 = 2𝑥 + 3 = 5𝑥 − 9 ; 𝑥=4
𝑩𝑬 = 2𝑥 + 3 = 8 + 3 = 𝟏𝟏.
5. Since the opposite sides of a rectangle are congruent, 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶.
8𝑥 − 14 = 𝑥 2 + 1; 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 15 = 0; 𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 5.
𝑰𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑: 𝑩𝑪 = 8𝑥 − 14 = 8(3) − 14 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝑰𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟓: 𝑩𝑪 = 8𝑥 − 14 = 8(5) − 14 = 𝟐𝟔.
6. 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 + 𝑚∠𝐶𝐵𝐷 = 𝑚∠𝐵 = 90. Thus, 2𝑥 − 3 + 𝑥 + 5 = 90; 𝑥 = 88.
7. From right ∆𝐴𝐶𝐷, ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷, and ∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 are complementary ∠s. Thus, 𝑚∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 + 𝑚∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 =
90.
𝑥 2 + 4 + 𝑥 + 30 = 90; 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 56 = 0; 𝑥 = 7, −8
∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 and ∠𝐵𝐶𝐴 are alternate interior ∠s. Thus,
𝑰𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟕: 𝒎∠𝑩𝑪𝑨 = 𝑚∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 = 𝑥 + 30 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝑰𝒇 𝒙 = −𝟖: 𝒎∠𝑩𝑪𝑨 = 𝑚∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 = −8 + 30 = 𝟐𝟐.

8. 𝑚∠𝐶 = 𝑚∠𝐵𝐶𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐴𝐶𝐷; 90 = 2𝑥 2 + 2 + 14𝑥; 2𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 88 = 0; 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 44 = 0; 𝑥 = 4, −11

(but reject −11) 𝒙=𝟒

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For numbers 9 to 18,
∠1 & ∠2 are complementary ∠s. Thus, 𝑚∠2 = 60.
∠2 & ∠6, ∠1 & ∠5 are pairs of alternate interior ∠s. ∴ 𝑚∠2 = 𝑚∠6 = 60 & 𝑚∠1 = 𝑚∠5 = 30.
∠5 & ∠4 are base ∠s of the isosceles ∆ with vertex ∠12. Thus, 𝑚∠5 = 𝑚∠4 = 30. 𝑚∠12 = 120.
∠1 & ∠8 are base ∠s of the isosceles ∆ with vertex ∠11. Thus, 𝑚∠1 = 𝑚∠8 = 30. 𝑚∠11 = 120.
Consequently, 𝑚∠3 = 𝑚∠7 = 60 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚∠9 = 𝑚∠10 = 60.

9. 60 11. 30 13. 60 15. 30 17. 60

10. 60 12. 30 14. 60 16. 60 18. 120

B. RHOMBI
A rhombus is a parallelogram whose sides are all equal. Take note that all properties of
parallelograms are also applied to rhombi.
Additional Properties of Rhombi
THEOREM HYPOTHESIS CONCLUSION

If a parallelogram
is a rhombus, then its ̅̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝐵𝐷
̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶
diagonals are perpendicular.
(𝒓𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔 → 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈. ⊥)
ABCD is a rhombus.
If a parallelogram
is a rhombus, ∠1 ≅ ∠2
then the diagonals bisect ∠3 ≅ ∠4
the vertex angles. ∠5 ≅ ∠6
(𝒓𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔 → ∠7 ≅ ∠8
𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈. 𝒃𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙 ∠𝒔)
ABCD is a rhombus.

Proving that a Parallelogram is a Rhombus

THEOREM HYPOTHESIS CONCLUSION

If a pair of adjacent sides of

parallelogram are congruent,
then the parallelogram is a
ABCD is a rhombus.
rhombus.
(▱ 𝒘/𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 ≅
→ 𝒓𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔)
▱ ABCD with ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐴𝐷

If the diagonals of a
parallelogram are
perpendicular, then the ABCD is a rhombus.
parallelogram is a rhombus.
(▱ 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈. ⊥→ 𝒓𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔)
̅̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝐵𝐷
▱ ABCD with 𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅

If one diagonal of a
parallelogram bisects a pair of
opposite angles, then the
ABCD is a rhombus.
parallelogram is a rhombus.
(▱ 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒂 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈. 𝒃𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒑𝒑. ∠𝒔
→ 𝒓𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔) ̅̅̅̅ ,
▱ ABCD with diagonal 𝐵𝐷
∠1 ≅ ∠2 ≅ ∠3 ≅ ∠4
7
 𝟏
Area of a rhombus = 𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐 where 𝑑1 = length of the 1st diagonal and 𝑑2 = length of the 2nd diagonal of the
𝟐
rhombus.
Using the Midline Theorem of Triangles, it can be proven that the quadrilateral formed by joining the
midpoints of the sides of a rectangle is a rhombus. Its perimeter is the sum of its diagonals.
Examples:
In rhombus 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫, 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 and 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟓𝒙. Find
1. 𝑥 2. 𝐴𝐷 3. 𝑚∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 4. 𝑚∠𝐶𝐷𝐴 if 𝑚∠𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 83.2.
In rhombus ABCD, 𝒎∠𝑨𝑩𝑫 = 𝟓𝟑, 𝑬𝑫 = 𝟑, 𝑨𝑫 = 𝟓,
1+5𝑦
𝐶𝐸 = 2𝑦 − 2 and 𝐴𝐸 = . Find
4
5. 𝑚∠𝐵𝐸𝐴 6. 𝑚∠𝐶𝐵𝐷 7. 𝐴𝐶 8. 𝐶𝐷
Solutions:
1. The sides of a rhombus are congruent. Thus, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶, 2𝑥 + 3 = 5𝑥; 𝒙 = 𝟏.
2. 𝑨𝑫 = 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑥 + 3 = 𝟓.
3. The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular that is why 𝒎∠𝑪𝑬𝑫 = 𝟗𝟎.
4. Since ∠𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐶𝐷𝐴 are consecutive ∠s, they are supplementary ∠s. Thus,
𝒎∠𝑪𝑫𝑨 = 180 − ∠𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 180 − 83.2 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟖.
5. The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular that is why 𝒎∠𝑩𝑬𝑨 = 𝟗𝟎.
6. Since the diagonals of the rhombus bisect the vertex ∠s, 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 𝒎∠𝑪𝑩𝑫 = 𝟓𝟑.
7. 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐸 + 𝐴𝐸. The diagonals bisect each other. Thus, 𝐶𝐸 = 𝐴𝐸 and 𝐴𝐶 = 2𝐶𝐸 = 2𝐴𝐸.
1+5𝑦
2𝑦 − 2 = ; 8𝑦 − 8 = 1 + 5𝑦; 𝑦 = 3.
4
𝐶𝐸 = 2𝑦 − 2 = 4. 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟖.
8. 𝑪𝑫 = 𝐴𝐷 = 𝟓.
C. SQUARES
A square is a parallelogram whose angles are right angles and whose sides
are all equal.
A square is a rectangle with all sides equal.
A square is a rhombus whose angles are right angles.
All the properties of parallelograms, rectangles, and rhombi apply to squares.
Area of a square = 𝒔𝟐 where 𝑠 = length of the side of the square
Using the Midline Theorem of Triangles, it can be proven that the quadrilateral formed by joining the
midpoints of the sides of a square is also a square. Its perimeter is the sum of its diagonals.

Examples:
In square 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫, 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝟒 and 𝑨𝑫 = 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟒. Find:
1. 𝑥 2. 𝐵𝐶 3. 𝐴𝐵 4. 𝑚∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 5. 𝑚∠𝐵𝐸𝐶 6. 𝑚∠𝐸𝐴𝐷
7. Area of square 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
In square 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫, 𝑩𝑫 = 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟐𝟐 and 𝑫𝑬 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓. Find:
8. 𝑥 9. 𝐵𝐷 10. 𝐴𝐸
Solutions:
1. The sides of a square are congruent. Thus, 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷. 2𝑥 + 34 = 7𝑥 + 4; 𝒙 = 𝟔.
2. 𝑩𝑪 = 2𝑥 + 34 = 𝟒𝟔.
3. 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟒𝟔.
4. ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 is a vertex angle. Thus, 𝒎∠𝑨𝑫𝑪 = 𝟗𝟎.
5. Since the diagonals of a square are perpendicular, 𝒎∠𝑩𝑬𝑪 = 𝟗𝟎.
6. Since the diagonals of a square bisect the vertex angles, 𝒎∠𝑬𝑨𝑫 = 𝟒𝟓.
7. 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐀𝐁𝐂𝐃 = 𝑠 2 = (46)2 = 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟔 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔.
8. Since the diagonals of a square bisect each other, 𝐵𝐷 = 2𝐷𝐸; 7𝑥 − 22 = 2(3𝑥 − 5); 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐.
9. 𝑩𝑫 = 7𝑥 − 22 = 84 − 22 = 𝟔𝟐.
𝟏
10. Since the diagonals of a square are ≅ and are bisecting each other, 𝑨𝑬 = 𝑩𝑫 = 𝟑𝟏.
𝟐

What’s More
Solve the following problems.
A. RECTANGLES
▱MATH is a rectangle.
1. If 𝐴𝐻 = 𝑥 + 20 and 𝑀𝑇 = 2𝑥 + 4, find 𝑥.
2. If 𝐴𝑆 = 2𝑥 + 3 and 𝐻𝑆 = 4𝑥 − 9, find 𝑆𝑀.
3. If 𝑆𝑇 = 3𝑥 − 6 and 𝐻𝑆 = 𝑥 + 9, find 𝑀𝑇.
4. If 𝐴𝑀 = 3𝑥 + 40 and 𝐻𝑇 = 16 − 3𝑥, find 𝐴𝑀.
5. If 𝑚∠𝑀𝐻𝐴 = 5𝑥 + 3 and 𝑚∠𝑇𝐻𝐴 = 3 − 𝑥, find 𝑥.
6. If 𝑚∠𝑀𝑇𝐴 = 𝑥 2 + 6 and 𝑚∠𝑇𝑀𝐻 = 36 − 𝑥, find 𝑚∠𝑀𝑇𝐻.

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 ▱LOVE is a rectangle. Find each measure if 𝐦∠𝟔 = 𝟑𝟖.
7. 𝑚∠1 9. 𝑚∠3 11. 𝑚∠5 13. 𝑚∠8 15. 𝑚∠10
8. 𝑚∠2 10. 𝑚∠4 12. 𝑚∠7 14. 𝑚∠9 16. 𝑚∠11

B. RHOMBI
In rhombus 𝑴𝑨𝑻𝑯, 𝒎∠𝑨𝑴𝑯 = 𝟕𝟎 and 𝑨𝑻 = 𝟏𝟓. Find:
1. 𝑚∠𝑇𝐴𝐻 2. 𝑚∠𝐴𝑇𝐻 3. 𝑚∠𝐴𝑀𝑇 4.𝑚∠𝑀𝐻𝑇 5. 𝑚∠𝐴𝑆𝑇 6. 𝐻𝑀
In rhombus 𝑴𝑨𝑻𝑯, 𝑨𝑺 = 𝟔, 𝑺𝑻 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑴𝑺 = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐. Find:
7. 𝑥 8. 𝑆𝑇 9. 𝑀𝑇 10.𝑚∠𝐻𝑆𝑇 11. 𝐴𝐻 12. 𝑀𝑆
In rhombus 𝑴𝑨𝑻𝑯, 𝒎∠𝑨𝑻𝑯 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎 and 𝒎∠𝑨𝑴𝑯 = 𝟖𝒙 and 𝑨𝑴 = 𝟏𝟎. Find:
13. 𝑚∠𝐴𝑀𝑇 14. 𝑀𝐻 15. 𝑚∠𝑀𝐻𝑇 16. 𝑚∠𝐴𝑇𝐻

C. SQUARES
In square 𝑮𝑬𝑶𝑴, 𝑮𝑬 = 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟐 and 𝑬𝑶 = 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏. Find:
1. 𝑥 2. 𝐸𝑂 3. 𝐺𝑀 4. 𝑚∠𝐸𝑆𝐺 5. 𝑚∠𝑀 6. 𝑚∠𝐸𝐺𝑆 + 𝑚∠𝐺𝑆𝑀
7. Perimeter of square 𝐺𝐸𝑂𝑀 8. Area of square 𝐺𝐸𝑂𝑀
In square 𝑮𝑬𝑶𝑴, 𝑬𝑺 = 𝒙 + 𝟐 and 𝑮𝑶 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟖. Find:
9. 𝑥 10. 𝑆𝑀 11. 𝐺𝑂 12. 𝐸𝑀

To check if you have fully understood the concepts discussed in the previous section, answer the following:
A. Determine whether each statement is always, sometimes, or never true.
1. A parallelogram is a square.
2. A square is a rhombus.
3. A rectangle is a parallelogram.
4. A rhombus is a rectangle but not a square.
5. A rhombus is a square.
B. Complete the table by checking the correct diagonal property of the figure.
DIAGONAL PROPERTY PARALLELOGRAM RECTANGLE RHOMBUS SQUARE
1.Diagonals bisect each other.
2.Diagonals are congruent.
3.Diagonals are perpendicular.
4. Diagonals bisect vertex angles.
5.Diagonals form 2 pairs of ≅ ∆𝒔.
6.Diagonals form 4 ≅ ∆𝒔.

Solve the following problems.

1. Seo Dal-mi is making a quilt. She has cut several possible rectangles out of fabric. If Seo Dal-mi does
not own a protractor, how can she be sure that the pieces she has cut are rectangles?
2. Daniel is designing a stained-glass piece with rhombus-shaped tiles. Describe how he can determine
if the tiles are rhombi.
3. A carpenter needs to check the gate his apprentice built to be sure it is rectangular. The diagonals
measure 52 inches and 53 inches. Is the gate rectangular? Explain.
4. The area of a rectangular room is 168 ft2. The length is 14 ft. What is the width?
5. (MMC 2019 Elims) A rectangular garden is 9m by 11m. A pathway of uniform width will be constructed
around the garden, forming a larger rectangle with area 120 m2 . How wide (in m) should the pathway
be?
6. (MMC 2014 Elims, Cat B) The lengths of the sides of 3 squares are s, s + 1, and s + 2. Find the total
perimeter if their total area is 245.

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 Assessment
On a separate sheet of paper, write the letter of the best answer.
1. Which Venn diagram is NOT correct?
A. B. C. D.

2. Which description does NOT guarantee that a quadrilateral is a square?

A. It is both a rectangle and a rhombus.
B. It is a parallelogram with perpendicular diagonals.
C. It has all sides congruent and all angles congruent.
D. It has all right angles and has all sides congruent.
3. Which of the following statements could be false?
A. The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.
B. The diagonals of a parallelogram are bisecting each other.
C. The diagonals of a square are perpendicular and are bisecting each other.
D. The diagonals of a rhombus are congruent and are perpendicular to each other.
4. If quadrilateral RAIN is a parallelogram, which of the following shows that it is a rectangle?
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐼𝑁
A. 𝐴𝑅 ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝐴𝑁
C. 𝐼𝑅
̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅
B. 𝑅𝑁 𝐴𝐼 ̅̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝐼𝑁
D. 𝑅𝑁 ̅̅̅̅
5. Liza wants to build a square base sandbox, but she has no way of measuring angles. Explain how
she can make sure that the sandbox has a square base by only measuring length.
A. Arrange four equal-length sides so the diagonals bisect each other.
B. Arrange four equal-length sides so the diagonals are equal lengths also.
C. Make each diagonal the same length as four-equal length sides.
D. Not possible. Liza must be able to measure a right angle.
6. MATH is a square. LOVE is the quadrilateral formed by joining the midpoints of MATH. What kind of
quadrilateral is LOVE?
A. parallelogram C. rhombus
B. rectangle D. square
7. What is the perimeter of the quadrilateral formed by joining the midpoints of the sides of a rhombus
where diagonals have lengths 10cm and 24 cm?
A. 34 cm B. 14 cm C. 62 cm D. 17 cm
8. In rectangle PQRS, 𝑃𝑅 = 18𝑥 − 24 and 𝑄𝑆 = 𝑥 + 146. Find the value of 𝑥 and the length of each diagonal.
A. 𝑥 = 10; 𝑃𝑅 = 156; 𝑄𝑆 = 156 C. 𝑥 = 5; 𝑃𝑅 = 151; 𝑄𝑆 = 151
B. 𝑥 = 10; 𝑃𝑅 = 78; 𝑄𝑆 = 78 D. 𝑥 = 11; 𝑃𝑅 = 174; 𝑄𝑆 = 174
9. ABCD is a rhombus. If ∠C = 64°, what is m∠BAD?
A. 26° B. 58° C. 64° D. 116°
10. A rhombus has sides that each measure 4 units in length. The interior area of this quadrilateral is
_________________.
A. 4 units C. 16 units
B. 8 units D. impossible to determine without more information
11. Which statement is true?
A. All quadrilaterals are rectangles
B. All quadrilaterals are squares
C. All rectangles are quadrilaterals
D. All quadrilaterals are parallelograms
12. In the rhombus, 𝑚∠1 = 18𝑥, 𝑚∠2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑚∠3 = 30𝑧. Find the value of each
variable.
A. 𝑥 = 10, 𝑦 = 85, 𝑧 = 6 C. 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 85, 𝑧 = 3
B. 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 175, 𝑧 = 6 D. 𝑥 = 10, 𝑦 = 175, 𝑧 = 3
13. ▱ABCD has the angle measures shown. Can you conclude that it is a rhombus,
a rectangle, or a square? Explain.
A. ▱ABCD is a rhombus because the diagonal bisects two angles.
B. ▱ABCD is a square because all four angles have the same measure.
C. ▱ABCD is a rectangle because the diagonal creates congruent angles.
D. There is not enough information.
14. A tile in the shape of a rhombus has diagonals 4 in and 7 in. What is its
area?
A. 11 𝑖𝑛2 B. 14 𝑖𝑛2 C. 28 𝑖𝑛2 D. 65 𝑖𝑛2
15. ▱𝑀𝐴𝑇𝐻 is a square. The diagonals intersect at E. What is 𝑚∠𝑇𝐸𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐸𝐴𝑀?
A. 60° B. 90° C. 135° D. 180°

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