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NERVOUS SYSTEM
DENDRITES
Complex of interconnected systems o Thin branching extensions of CB
Important in maintaining the homeostasis o Conduct nerve impulses toward
of human body the CB
Series of sensory receptors that work with
the NS to provide information about the
changes in both internal and external
environment
NEURON
NERVE CELLS
o Basic elements of the NS AXON
o Impulse transmission (terminal end o Single branch
fibers located at the ends of the o Conduct nerve impulses away the
axon transmits impulses leaving CB
the neuron across the synapse to o +/- Myelin sheath and neurilemma
next neuron)
o Parts:
o Cell Body
o Dendrites
o Axon
CELL BODY
o Main processing center of the cell
o Contains nucleus, mitochondria
NEURON
All neurons have 2 basic properties:
o Excitability
o Conductivity
BRAIN
3 lbs in adults
75% water
20% oxygen
Billions of neurons
Main parts:
CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM o Cerebrum
Endoneurium o Diencephalon
o Surround individual nerve o Brain stem
Perineurium o Cerebellum
o Surrounds fascicles (small bundle
of nerve fibers)
Epineurium
o Outermost layer of dense, irregular
connective tissue surrounding a
peripheral nerve
Cerebrum
Above cerebellum
2 hemispheres (cerebral cortex)
connected by bridges of nerve fibers
(corpus callosum)
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY BSMLS
Lobes:
o Fontal
o Parietal
o Temporal Cerebellum
o Occipital Area that coordinates musculoskeletal
movement, posture, balance and tone
Inferior to the Occipital lobe
Posterior to pons and MO
SPINAL CORD
Extend from MO to area of L1
Nerves of PNS extend out from the sc
Protected: vertebral column, meninges.
CSF
Diencephalon
Deep portion of the brain
o Thalamus
o Hypothalamus
o Epithalamus Protected
o Dura mater
o Outer tough fibrinous mem
o Arachnoid
o Middle WEB-LIKE, (+) CSF
o Pia
o Innermost , (+) blood
vessels
Brainstem
Midbrain
o Visual reflexes
Pons
o Between MB and MO
o Control certain respiratory
function
Medulla oblongata
o Center for regulation of heart and
lung function, swallowing,
coughing, vomiting, sneezing PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Collection of PN, ganglia that carries
Sensory and Motor information between
CNS and all other organs in the body
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY BSMLS
REFLEXES
AUTONOMIC
12 pairs of Cranial nerves Visceral reflexes
31 pairs of Spinal nerves Mediated through ANS
Not subject to conscious control
Result:
o Activation of smooth muscles,
cardiac muscle, and the glands of
the body
o Regulation of body functions as
digestion, elimination, blood
pressure, salivation, and sweating
SOMATIC
CRANIAL NERVES Involve the stimulation of skeletal muscles
by the SNS
Rapid withdrawal of a hand from a hot
object.
REFLEX PHYSIOLOGY
o Reflexes
o Rapid, predictable and
involuntary motor responses to
stimuli
o Mediated over neural pathways
called reflex arcs
Sensory receptor end organ
o Reacts to a stimulus
Effector organ
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY BSMLS
CONVERGENCE REFLEX
PATELLAR REFLEX
SENSE ORGANS
ACHILLES REFLEX
PHOTOPUPIL REFLEX
EYES
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY BSMLS
-Hearing
Acuity testing
Sound localization
NOSE
EYES
Vision
Maintaining equilibrium
EARS
TONGUE
EARS
1. Vestibular
2. Cochlear