Republic of the Philippines

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

Main Campus
C.P.G. Avenue, Tagbilaran City

VISION: A premier S & T university for the formation of a world – class and virtuous human resource for sustainable development in Bohol and the country.
MISSION: BISU is committed to provide quality higher education in the arts and sciences, as well as in the professional and technological fields, undertake research and development,
and extension services for the sustainable development of Bohol and the country.
CE OBJECTIVES:
(1) To provide a technologically advanced curriculum to develop highly analytical and competent graduates;
(2) To enthuse learners to apply operational researches to further new knowledge and technology and to involve students in research-based extension activities;
(3) To perform managerial activities through actual project construction;
(4) To provide the necessary facilities, effective services and humane learning environment;
(5) To inculcate the culture of excellence, instill personal values, professional ethics and respect for nature through sustainable green engineering.

BSCE 2-C, PE 04
GROUP 2

BASEBALL
BASEBALL FIELD

The game of baseball is played on a “baseball

field” which is also known as the “diamond
WHAT IS BASEBALL? field” because of its shape.

A game played on a large field by two teams

of nine players who try to score runs by AREAS OF A BASEBALL FIELD
hitting a small ball with a bat and then
running to each of the four bases without
being put out. • Infield - is the area from the grass line in
to home plate. It includes all the bases and
is where most of the action in the game of
HISTORY OF THE GAME baseball takes place.
• Bases - there are four bases: home plate,
• Baseball is thought to have originated as a first base, second base, and third base.
game called “rounders” in England and
gained popularity in the United States in • Pitcher's Mound - This is a raised area of
the early 1900s. dirt with a pitcher's rubber or plate in the
middle.
• Also called as “town ball,” “goal ball,”
round ball,” and simply “base” • Fair and Foul - The first base and third
base lines extend from home plate all the
• The first recorded rules were written by way to the outfield fence. These lines
Shane Ryley Foster for a team called the determine if a hit is fair or foul.
Knickerbockers, based in Manhattan.
• Batter's Box - The batter's box is a
• Has two official leagues, the National rectangle on each side of the plate.
League and the American League.
• Catcher's Box - The catcher must be in the
catcher's box during a pitch.
• Coach's Box - Generally a coach can stand
in these boxes to help the base runner or
to pass signs on to the hitter.
• On Deck Circles - These are areas where
the next batter up may warm up and get
ready to hit.
• Outfield - This is a large area covered by
three players. The distance to the home
run fence, or outfield wall, is not set by
the rules and varies from ballpark to
ballpark.
BASEBALL EQUIPMENTS
• Glove - The baseball glove is designed to
help catch the ball and protect your hand.
Gloves are made of leather and have
webbing between the thumb and
forefinger. This webbing is where the ball
is caught most of the time.
• Baseball Ball - The ball used in baseball is
between 9 and 9.25 inches in
circumference. It weighs between 5 and
5.25 ounces.
• Baseball Bat - The bat is used to hit the
baseball. Bat Drop - The bat drop is the
difference between the length of the bat
(inches) and the weight of the bat
(ounces).
• Hat and Helmet - Baseball hats are used to
help keep the sun out of your eyes. The
helmet is important and is used to protect
the batter's head from a wild pitch.
• Cleats - Cleats help to keep you from
slipping when batting and fielding a ball.
• Uniform - The baseball uniform consists
of baseball pants, a jersey, and the
baseball cap. Sometimes socks may be
part of the uniform as well.
• Catcher's Gear - Catchers should wear a
full set of protective gear including masks,
helmets, shin guards, chest guards, cups,
and neck protectors.
RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE
BASEBALL GAME
• Baseball has two teams of 9 players.
• The fielding team’s positions are made up
of a pitcher, catcher, first baseman,
second baseman, shortstop, third
baseman, and three outfielders at left
field, center field and right field.
• Games last for 9 innings of which both
teams get to bat once.
• Once a batting order is picked, then it
cannot be changed throughout the game.
Substitutes are permitted.
• If the batter manages to hit the ball from
the pitcher, they must make an effort to at
least get to first base.
• A batter gets up to three strikes before
getting out.
• When on base, the batter can run to the
next base at any point.
• Players can be dismissed by either a
'strike out’, 'force out', 'fly out', or 'tag
outs'.
UMPIRE SIGNALS
• Umpires on the field call the rules.
Sometimes the umpires are called "Blue"
or "Ump" for short.
• Most games will have at least two
umpires so one can be behind the plate
and one in the field. In Major League
Baseball there are four umpires.
1. Plate Umpire
The plate umpire, or umpire in chief,
is located behind home plate is
responsible for calling balls and
strikes.
2. Base Umpires
Base umpires are usually assigned to
a base. In the major leagues there are
three base umpires, one for each base.
They make calls around the base they
are responsible for.
Here are some of the common signals
you will see umpires make:
• Safe
• Out or Strike
• Time Out or Foul Ball
• Fair Ball
• Foul Tip
• Play Ball
 • Do Not Pitch
FAIR AND FOUL BALL RULES
• Fair ball signal - When a batter hits the
ball, it will either go into fair territory or
foul territory.
• Foul Ball - If a ball is foul and the batter
has less than two strikes, then he will be
given a strike.
• Infield Foul Balls - Determining a foul ball
in the infield is slightly different than in
the outfield. In the infield a ball is not
ruled to be fair or foul until it comes to a
complete stop, until a player touches it, or
it goes into the outfield.
• Outfield Foul Balls - In the outfield a ball
is determined to be foul by its
relationship to the line when it first
touches the ground or is touched by a
player. So if a ball hit in the outfield lands
in fair territory and then rolls foul, it is a
fair ball. This is different than with the
infield.
• Catching Foul Balls - If the defense
catches a foul ball, the batter will be called
out.
• Home Plate - Home plate is considered
part of the field and is fair territory.
HITTING RULES
• Batter's box - Batters must remain inside
the batter's box. If they hit the ball while
outside the batter's box, they are out.
• Hit by pitch - If the batter is hit by the
pitch, then they are awarded a free trip to
first base.
• Dropped third strike - When there are 2
outs or first base is open, the batter may
attempt to advance to first base if the
third strike is dropped by the catcher.
PITCHING RULES
• Number of pitches - Many youth leagues
have the rule that a pitcher may only pitch
so many innings or number of pitches per
week.
• Balk - Pitchers must pitch with one foot
on the rubber. Once they are standing on
the rubber or with one foot on each side
of the rubber, they can only make certain
motions or they will be called for a balk. A
balk only is called when a runner is on
base. If a balk is called, each runner is
allowed to move one base.
MAKING AN OUT
• The offensive team gets to keep batting
until they make three outs in an inning.
Here are some ways that outs are made:
• Striking out - If you get three strikes
before you get a hit or get four balls, you
are out.
• Flying out - If you hit the ball in the air
and the defense catches it, you are out.
• Force out - If the player is forced to run to
a base (like the hitter to first base or
when another player is running to the
base behind him), then you can get a force
out by touching the base while holding
the ball before the base runner does.
• Tag out - Anytime the ball is live and the
runner is not on the base, he may be
tagged out by touching the player with
the ball or with the hand or glove holding
the ball.
• Running outside the baseline - You may
not run outside the baseline to avoid a
tag. You must stay within the first base
lane when running to first base.
• Interference - when a base runner
purposely disrupts the defensive play.
Like running in the way of a throw or
bumping into a player.
STRIKES, BALLS, AND THE STRIKE ZONE
• Strike - A strike is anytime the hitter
swings at a pitch and misses or any pitch
that is in the strike zone (whether the
hitter swings or not).
• Any pitch that is outside the strike zone
and the hitter doesn’t swing is called a
Ball. If the batter gets four balls, then he
gets a free pass to first base.
• Count - The count in baseball is the
current number of balls and strikes on the
batter.
• The Strike Zone - When determining
whether a pitch is a ball or a strike, the
umpire uses a strike zone. The ball must
be within the strike zone to be called a
strike.
SUBSTITUTIONS
• Pinch Runner - A pinch runner is a
substitute used for a runner who is
already in a base and is generally used
near the end of a close game when the
team desperately needs a run and the
current base runner is slow.
• Pinch Hitter - A pinch hitter is a batter
used as a substitute for another batter.
• Relievers/Relief Pitcher - The pitcher who
starts the game is called the starting
pitcher. All other pitchers who come into
the game after the start are called
relievers/relief pitcher.
• The Designated Hitter (DH) - The
Designated Hitter is not really a
substitute, but a position on the team.
This player does not play a position on
the field, but hits instead of the pitcher in
the batting order.
1. The Battery
2. Infielders
3. Outfielders
THE BASEBALL BATTERY
There are two players that make up the
baseball battery:
1. The Pitcher
 Located on the pitching mound in the
center of the baseball infield.
 Throws or pitches the ball over or
near home plate to the catcher
 The most important player on the
defense.
 Where the play starts
 Play defense around the mound
when a baseball is hit.
2. The Catcher
 Is located behind home plate
 Main role is to catch the baseball
when the batter misses or doesn't
swing at it.
 Squats down and puts the glove right
where the pitcher is trying to throw
as to give the pitcher a good target.

PLAYER POSITIONS  Give signals to the pitcher on where

to pitch the ball and the type of pitch
• The offensive side all the players become to make
hitters when it's their turn at bat.
 Play defense around home plate and
• The positions in baseball are primarily cover home plate for defense.
defensive.

• There are nine players on the defensive THE BASEBALL INFIELDERS

team: There are four players that make up the
1. Pitcher baseball infield:
2. Catcher
3. First Baseman
4. Second Baseman 1. The First Baseman
5. Shortstop • Covers first base and plays just inside
6. Third Baseman first base and a few feet back.
7. Right Fielder • Needs to be able to stretch out and
8. Center Fielder make catches to get force outs as
9. Left Fielder there are a lot of throws to first base
during a baseball game.
• The defensive baseball positions is
divided into three main categories: 2. The Second Baseman
 • Plays between first and second base
usually more towards second base.
• Need to be expert fielders as lots of
ground balls are usually hit to them
during a baseball game.
3. The Shortstop
• Plays between second and third base
usually more towards second base
• Need to be expert fielders as lots of
ground balls are usually hit to them
during a baseball game.
4. The Third Baseman
• Covers third base and plays just
inside third base and a few feet back.
• Needs to have a strong arm as it's a
good distance from first to third base.
THE BASEBALL OUTFIELDERS
The three positions that make up the baseball
outfield are:
1. The Right Fielder
• Needs a strong arm as they often
need to throw out runners going to
third base or home plate.
2. The Center Fielder
• Needs to be the fastest runner as they
have more area of the field they need
to cover
3. The Left Fielder
• Needs to be a strong defensive player
as a lot of hits go to left field.
• These players are responsible for
catching fly balls as well as running
down baseballs that make it through
the infield.
BASEBALL BASIC SKILLS
1. HITTING - A good hit requires hand-eye
coordination, quick reaction time, right
technique and confidence.
2. FIELDING - Good team fielding makes it
difficult for the opposition to score runs.
Players are drilled on the right way of
fielding a ball that is hit on the ground as
well as in the air. Fielding drills also
involve knowing where to throw the ball.
3. CATCHING - The right catching skills
allow a player not only to catch the ball
without getting hurt but also to position
him to throw the ball precisely.
4. THROWING / PITCHING - A quick and
accurate throw can make it hard for the
opposing team to advance their runners
or make a score.
5. BASE RUNNING - A wily base runner
takes into consideration the number of
outs and the fielding placements of the
opposition. Fast and smart base running
puts great pressure on the defensive
team.
PITCH TYPES AND GRIPS
• Fast Ball - Just like its name, the fastball is
the fastest of all the pitches thrown. This
is because it is a straight pitch with little
curve or break.
Fastball Grip - The most common type of
fastball is the four-seam fastball. For a
four-seam grip you place your index and
middle fingertips directly on the seams of
the ball.
• Curveball - The curveball is a pitch
thrown with top spin. This will cause the
ball to move or curve as it nears the plate,
making it harder to hit.
Curveball Grip - The most common type
of curveball grip is the "straight
curveball". The middle finger is the most
important finger used in throwing a
curveball. You place the middle finger
across the bottom seam and the thumb
across the back seam.
• Changeup - A changeup is a pitch that is
intentionally thrown slowly. The pitching
motion and pitch is meant to look like a
fastball to the batter, but actually be much
slower fooling the batter into swinging
early.
• Slider
A slider reacts somewhere between a
fastball and a curveball. It is generally a
higher speed pitch than the curveball, but
has less movement.
• Knuckleball
 The knuckleball is thrown with the
knuckles touching the baseball rather
than the fingertips.
KEEPING SCORE
The Scorecard - The first thing you need is a
scorecard. The program for the baseball game
will have a scorecard. You use two scorecards
during a game; one for each team.
There are usually four main areas on the
scorecard:
• Line up or Roster list - This is where you
write down each player's name, position,
and number. You write them down in the
order that they bat.
• Inning area - This is where you will spend
most of the time during the game. In this
area you record the results of each at bat.
• Totals area - At the end of the game you
total up each player's stats to get number
of hits, at bats, errors, etc.
• Pitcher area - Here you record each
pitcher who pitched and their results such
as innings pitched, earned runs, hits,
strike outs, etc.
• Player Position Numbers - Each position
has a number as well as a standard
abbreviation:
Pitcher (P)
Catcher (C)
First baseman (1B)
Second baseman (2B)
Third baseman (3B)
Shortstop (SS)
Left fielder (LF)
Center fielder (CF)
Right fielder (RF)
• Major League Baseball - Major League
Baseball is the top level of professional
baseball in the United States and Canada.
• MLB Teams - Each Major League Baseball
team has a 25-man roster and a 40-man
roster. The 25-man roster has the players
that can play in games and travel with the
team. The 40-man roster has all the
players from the 25-man roster as well as
an additional 15 players that are on a
major league contract and could be called
up to play with the team at any time.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
• Balk -Any pitching motion that is against
the baseball rules. The pitcher is not to try
and trick the base runners with illegal
motions.
• Battery - The battery includes two
baseball players, the pitcher and the
catcher.
• Bunt - When a batter holds the baseball
bat out and tries to barely tap the ball vs.
taking a full swing at the ball. The batter
might do this to advance another base
runner.
• Change up - A slow pitch that is meant to
look much faster.
• Cleanup - The fourth batter in the batting
order. Usually a power hitter.
• Count - The number of balls and strikes
on a batter. For example a 3/2 count
means there are three balls and two
strikes on the batter.
• Diamond -The four bases of the baseball
infield.
• Double play - A defensive baseball play
that results in two outs.  
• Error - A mistake in fielding the baseball
by the defense that allows a batter to
reach base or a base runner to advance.
• Fly ball - A baseball that is hit high into
the air.
• Foul ball -A baseball that is hit outside the
field of fair play.
• Full count - When the pitch count has 3
balls and 2 strikes. The next strike or ball
will end the at bat. If the batter hits the
baseball foul, then the count remains 3
and 2.
• Ground ball - A baseball that is hit on the
ground. Also called a "grounder".
• Hit and run - A baseball play where the
base runner begins to run when the pitch
is released. It's the batter's responsibility
to hit the baseball into play so the runner
will not get out. This gives the base
runner a head start.
• Hit for the cycle - When a baseball player
hits a single, a double, a triple, and a home
run in one game.
• Lead Runner - The first base runner when
more than one runner is on base.
• Load the bases - When a base runner is at
all three bases.
• On-deck - The next batter due to bat.
• Pinch hitter - A substitute baseball hitter.
• Pinch runner - A substitute base runner.
• Pitch around - When the pitcher does not
throw the batter a pitch near the plate in
order to walk the batter.
• Pitch out - A pitch that cannot be hit by
the batter. Used to walk a batter on
purpose or to try and catch a base stealer.
• Position player - Any baseball player but
the pitcher.
• Power hitter - A strong batter that hits the
baseball far, often for home runs or extra
bases.
• Relay - When one fielder throws the
baseball to another fielder who then
throws the baseball to another fielder.
• Reliever or relief pitcher - A replacement
pitcher. Usually comes in the game when
the starting pitcher grows tired.
• Runners at the corners - Base runners on
1st and 3rd.
• Scoring position - A base runner on 2nd
or 3rd base is in scoring position.
• Strike zone - The area above home plate
where strikes are called. The pitch must
be over home plate, above the batter's
knees, and below the batter's belt.
• Walk - When the pitcher throws four balls
to a batter, the batter gets to go to first
base automatically.

GROUP 2

Cutanda , Asi

Dolauta , Gemvic

Fernandez , Seung Young Miles

Guno , Justine

Infiesto , Joi

Jala , Lanife