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STRUCTURE AND
WRITTEN
EXPRESSION

T h e s e c o n d se c tio n o f th e T O E FL te st is th e S tru ctu re a n d W ritten E x p r e ssio n se c tio n .

T h is se c tio n c o n sists o f forty q u e stio n s (so m e tests m ay b e lo n g e r ). You have twenty-five
m in u te s to c o m p le te th e forty q u e s tio n s in th is se c tio n .
T h e r e are tw o types o f q u e stio n s in th e S tru ctu re a n d W ritten E x p r e ssio n se c tio n o f
th e T O E F L test:
1. S tru ctu re (q u e s tio n s 1 -1 5 ) c o n sists o f fifte e n s e n te n c e s in w h ic h part o f th e s e n ­
te n c e h a s b e e n r e p la c e d w ith a blan k. E ach s e n te n c e is fo llo w e d by fo u r answ er
c h o ic e s . You m u st c h o o s e th e answ er th a t c o m p le te s th e s e n te n c e in a gram m ati­
cally c o r r e c t way.
2. W ritten E x p r e ssio n (q u e stio n s 1 6 -4 0 ) c o n sists o f tw enty-five s e n te n c e s in w h ich
fo u r w ord s o r g r o u p s o f w ords have b e e n u n d e r lin e d . You m u st c h o o s e th e u n d e r ­
lin e d w ord o r g r o u p o f w ords th a t is not co rr ec t.

GENERAL STRATEGIES

1. Be familiar with the directions. The directions on everyTOEFL test are the same, so it is
not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully when you take the test.You
should be completely familiar with the directions before the day of the test.
2. Begin with questions I through 15. Anticipate that questions I through S will be the
easiest. Anticipate that questions I I through 15 will be the most difficult. D o not spend too
much time on questions I I through 15. There will be easier questions that come later.
3. Continue with questions 16 through 40. Anticipate that questions 16 through 20 will be
the easiest. Anticipate that questions 36 through 40 will be the most difficult. Do not spend
too much time on questions 36 through 40.
4. If you have tim e, return to questions I I through 15. You should spend extra time on
questions I I through 15 only after you spend all the time that you want on the easier
questions.
5. Never leave any answers blank on your answer sh eet. Even if you are not sure of the
correct response, you should answer each question. There is no penalty for guessing.

128
 STRUCTURE

T H E S TR U C TU R E Q U E S T IO N S

In th e T O E F L test, q u e s tio n s 1 th r o u g h 15 o f th e S tru ctu re a n d W ritten E x p r e ssio n se c ­

tio n test you r k n o w le d g e o f th e c o r r e c t str u c tu r e o f E n g lish se n te n c e s . T h e q u e s tio n s in
this se c tio n are m u ltip le -c h o ic e q u e s tio n s in w h ic h you m u st c h o o s e th e le tte r o f th e
answ er that b e st c o m p le te s th e s e n te n c e .

Exam ple

is taking a trip to N ew York.

(A) They
(B) When
(C) The woman
(D) Her

In th is e x a m p le , y o u sh o u ld n o tic e im m e d ia te ly th a t th e s e n te n c e h a s a verb (is ta k in g ),

a n d th a t th e verb n e e d s a su b ject. A n sw ers (B ) a n d (D ) are in c o r r e c t b e c a u se w hen a n d
her are n o t su b jects. In an sw er (A ), they is a su b je ct, b u t they is p lu ral a n d th e v e rb is ta k in g
is sin gu lar. T h e c o r r e c t an sw er is a n sw e r ( C ) ; the w o m a n is a sin g u la r su b je ct. You sh o u ld
th e r e fo r e c h o o s e a n sw er ( C ) .

____________________ STRATEGIES FOR THE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS___________________

1. First study th e sen ten ce. Your purpose is to determine what is needed to complete the
sentence correctly.

2. Then study each answer based on how well it co m p letes th e sen ten ce. Eliminate
answers that do not complete the sentence correctly.
3. Do not try to elim inate incorrect answers by looking only at the an sw ers. The
incorrect answers are generally correct by themselves.The incorrect answers are generally
incorrect only when used to complete the sentence.
4. N ever leave any answers blank. Be sure to answer each question even if you are unsure
of the correct response.

5. Do not spend to o much tim e on th e Structure questions. Be sure to leave adequate

time for the Written Expression questions.

T h e fo llo w in g sk ills w ill h e lp y o u to im p le m e n t th e se str a teg ie s in th e S tr u c tu r e s e c tio n o f

th e T O E F L test.
 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

SENTENCES W IT H O N E CLAUSE___________________________

S o m e s e n te n c e s in E n g lish have ju s t o n e su b ject a n d verb , a n d it is v ery im p o r ta n t fo r you

to fin d th e su b je ct an d verb in th e se se n te n c e s . In so m e s e n te n c e s it is easy to fin d th e
su b je ct a n d verb . H ow ever, c e r ta in stru ctu res, su ch as o b je c ts o f p r e p o sitio n s, a p p o sitiv es,
a n d p a r ticip le s, can c a u se c o n fu s io n in lo c a tin g th e su b je ct a n d verb b e c a u s e e a c h o f
th e se str u c tu r es can lo o k lik e a su b je c t o r verb. T h e o b je c t o f th e p r e p o s itio n c a n b e m is­
ta k en fo r a su b ject. ■
T h e r e fo r e , y o u sh o u ld b e a b le to d o th e fo llo w in g in s e n te n c e s w ith o n e su b je c t a n d
verb: (1 ) b e su re th e s e n te n c e h a s a su b ject a n d a verb , (2 ) b e c a refu l o f o b je c ts o f p r e p o ­
sitio n s a n d a p p o sitiv es w h e n y o u are lo o k in g for th e su b ject, a n d (3 ) b e c a r e fu l o f p r e se n t
p a r ticip le s an d p ast p a r ticip le s w h e n y o u are lo o k in g fo r th e verb .

S k ill I: BE SURE T H E SEN TE N C E H A S A SUBJECT A N D AVERB

You k n o w th at a s e n te n c e in E n g lish s h o u ld have a su b je ct an d a verb . T h e m o st c o m m o n

types o f p r o b le m s th at y o u will e n c o u n te r in th e S tru ctu re se c tio n o f th e T O E F L te st have
to d o w ith su b jects an d verbs: p e r h a p s th e s e n te n c e is m issin g e ith e r th e su b je ct o r th e
verb o r b o th , o r p e r h a p s th e s e n te n c e h a s an ex tra su b je ct o r verb .

Exam ple I
_ was backed up for miles on the freeway.

(A) Yesterday
(B) In the morning
(C) Traffic
(D) Cars

In th is e x a m p le y o u s h o u ld n o tic e im m e d ia te ly th at th e r e is a verb (w a s), b u t th e r e is n o

su b ject. A n sw er (C ) is th e b est answ er b e c a u se it is a sin g u la r su b je c t th a t a g ie e s w ith th e
sin g u la r verb was. A n sw er (A ) , yesterday, a n d an sw er ( B ) , in the m orning, are n o t su bjects,
so th e y are n o t c o rr ec t. A lth o u g h answ er ( D ), cars, c o u ld b e a su b ject, it is n o t c o r r e c t b e ­
cau se cars is p lu ral an d it d o e s n o t a g r ee w ith th e sin g u la r verb was.

Exam ple II
E ngineers_____ for work on the new space program.
(A) necessary
(B) are needed
(C) hopefully
(D) next month

In th is e x a m p le y o u s h o u ld n o t ic e im m ed ia te ly th a t th e s e n te n c e h as a su b je c t (engineers),
a n d th a t th e r e is n o verb . B e c a u se an sw er (B ), are needed, is a verb , it is th e b e st answer.
A n sw ers (A ), ( C ) , a n d (D ) are n o t verb s, so th e y are n o t co rr ec t.
 STRUCTURE

E xam ple III

The b o y _____ going to the movies with a friend.
(A) he is
(B) he always was
(C) is relaxing
(D) will be

T h is s e n te n c e h a s a su b je c t (boy) a n d h as p a rt o f a verb (going) ; to b e c o r r e c t, s o m e fo rm

o f th e verb be is n e e d e d to m ak e th e s e n te n c e c o m p le te . A n sw ers (A) a n d (B ) are in c o r ­
rect b e c a u se th e s e n te n c e alread y h a s a su b je c t (boy) a n d d o e s n o t n e e d th e e x tra su b ject
he. A n sw er (C ) is in c o r r e c t b e c a u se relaxing is an ex tra verb part th a t is u n n e c e ss a r y b e ­
c a u se o f going. A n sw er (D ) is th e b e st answ er; w ill be to g e th e r w ith g o in g is a c o m p le te verb.

T h e fo llo w in g c h a r t o u tlin e s w h at y o u sh o u ld r e m e m b e r a b o u t su b je cts a n d verbs:

SUBJECTS ANDVERBS
A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb.

E X E R C ISE 1: U n d e r lin e th e su b je cts o n c e a n d th e verbs tw ice in e a c h o f th e fo llo w in g

se n te n c e s . T h e n in d ic a te i f th e s e n te n c e s are c o r r e c t (C ) o r in c o r r e c t (I ).

1 1 Last w eek went fishing for trout at the nearby m ountain lake.
C 9 A schedu le o f the day’s events can be obtained at the front desk.
i 3. A jo b o n the day shift or the night shift at the plant available.

i 4 T he new com puter program has provides a variety o f helpful applications. double verb
c 5. T he b ox can be op en ed only with a special screwdriver.

i 6. T he assigned text for history class it contains m ore than twenty chapters. double subject
c 7. T he papers in the wastebasket should be em ptied into the trash can outside.
i 8. Departure before dawn on a boat in the m iddle o f the harbor. ada subject, no verb
i 9. Yesterday found an interesting article on pollution. no subject
i 10. T he new m achine is processes 50 percent m ore than the previous m achine. double verb

S k ill 2: BE C A R EFU L OF OBJECTS OF P R EPO SITIO N S

A n o b je c t o f a p r e p o s itio n is a n o u n o r a p r o n o u n th a t c o m e s a fter a p r e p o s itio n , su c h as

in , at, of, to, by, behind, c n, a n d so o n , to fo r m a p r e p o sitio n a l p h ra se.
(/ fter his exams) Tom will take a trip (by boat).

T h is s e n t e n c e c o n ta in s tw o o b je c ts o f p r e p o sitio n s. E xa m s is th e o b je c t o f th e p r e p o sitio n
after a n d boat is th e o b je c t o f th e p r e p o s itio n by.
 STRUCTUREANDWRITTEN EXPRESSION

A n o b je c t o f a p r e p o sitio n can c a u se c o n fu s io n in th e S tru ctu re se c tio n o f th e T O E F L

te st b e c a u se it can b e m ista k en fo r th e su b ject o f a s e n te n c e .

Exam ple
With his friend found the movie theater.
(A) has
(B) he
(C) later
(D) when

In th is e x a m p le y o u s h o u ld lo o k first for th e su b ject a n d th e verb. You sh o u ld n o tic e th e

verb fo u n d a n d sh o u ld also n o tic e th a t th e r e is n o su bject. D o n o t th in k th a t fr ie n d is th e
subject; frie n d is th e o b je c t o f th e p r e p o sitio n with, a n d o n e n o u n c a n n o t b e b o th a su b je ct
a n d an o b je c t at th e sa m e tim e. B e ca u se a su b ject is n e e d e d in this se n te n c e , an sw er ( B ) ,
he, is th e b e st answer. A n sw ers (A ), (C ), a n d (D ) are n o t c o r r e c t b e c a u se th ey c a n n o t be
su bjects.

T h e fo llo w in g ch art o u tlin e s th e key in fo r m a tio n th a t y o u sh o u ld r e m e m b e r a b o u t

o b je c ts o f p rep o sitio n s:

OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
A preposition is followed by a noun or pronoun that is called an object o f the preposition.
If a word is an object o f a preposition, it is not th e subject.

NOTE; A lengthy list of prepositions and practice in recognizing prepositions can be

found in Appendix D at the back of the text. You may want to complete these exercises
before continuing with Exercise 2.

E X ER C ISE 2: E ach o f th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s o n e o r m o r e p r e p o sitio n a l

p h rases. U n d e r lin e th e su b jects o n c e a n d th e verbs tw ice. C ircle th e p r e p o sitio n a l
p h ra ses th a t c o m e b e fo r e th e verb . T h e n in d ic a te i f th e s e n te n c e s are c o r r e c t (C ) o r in ­
c o r r e c t (I).
C 1. The interviews (by radio broadcasters) were carried live by the station.

^ 2. (in the last possible m om ent)(before takeoff) took his seat in the airplane.
c
_____ 3. At the neighb orh ood flower shop, flowers in quantities o f a dozen or a h a lf dozen
can be delivered for free.
subject = flowers, verb = can be delivered
c
_____ 4. The progressive reading m ethods at this school are given credit for the im proved
test scores.
methods = subject, verb = are given
i
_____ 5. For the last three years at various hospitals in the county has b een practicing

c
m edicine.
no subject
_____ 6. In the past a career in politics was n ot considered acceptable in som e circles.
i 7. Shopping in the downtown area o f the city it has improved a lot in recent years.
_____
c
_____ 8. At the building site the carpenters with the m ost experience were given the m ost
intricate work. verb = were given, subject = carperenters

6. a career = subject, verb = was not considered

7. double subject
 STRUCTURE

I
-------- 9. For the fever and headache took two aspirin tablets.
C
-------- 10. T h e report with com plete docum entation was delivered at the conference.

S k i l l 3: BE CAREFUL OF APPO SITIVES

A p p o sitiv es c a n c a u se c o n fu s io n in th e S tru ctu re s e c tio n o f th e T O E F L te st b e c a u se an

a p p o sitiv e c a n b e m ista k e n fo r th e su b je ct o f a s e n te n c e . A n a p p o sitiv e is a n o u n th at
c o m e s b e fo r e o r a fte r a n o th e r n o u n a n d h as th e sa m e m e a n in g .
I I
Sally, the best student in the class, got an A on the exam.

In th is e x a m p le S ally is th e su b ject o f th e s e n te n c e a n d the best stu d e n t in the class c a n easily

b e r e c o g n iz e d as a n a p p o sitiv e p h ra se b e c a u se o f th e n o u n stu d e n t a n d b e c a u se o f th e
c o m m a s. T h e s e n t e n c e says th at Sally a n d the best stu d e n t in the class are th e sa m e p e r so n .
N o te th at i f y o u le a v e o u t th e a p p o sitiv e p h ra se, th e s e n t e n c e still m a k es se n s e (Sally got
a n A on the exam ).
T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le sh ow s h o w an a p p o sitiv e c a n b e c o n fu s e d w ith th e su b je c t o f a
se n te n c e in th e S tr u c tu r e se c tio n o f th e T O E F L test.

Exam ple I
, George, is attending the lecture.
(A) Right now
(B) Happily
(C) Because of the time
(D) My friend

In this e x a m p le y o u sh o u ld r e c o g n iz e from th e c o m m a s that George is n o t th e su bject o f th e

se n te n c e . George is a n ap p ositive. B eca u se this s e n te n c e still n e e d s a su bject, th e b est answ er
is ( D ) , my frien d . A n sw ers (A ) , (B ) , a n d (C) are in c o r r e c t b e c a u se th ey are n o t subjects.
T h e n e x t e x a m p le sh ow s th at an a p p o sitiv e d o e s n o t always c o m e a fter th e su b ject; an
a p p o sitiv e c a n a lso c o m e at th e b e g in n in g o f th e s e n te n c e .

Exam ple II
, Sarah rarely misses her basketball shots.
(A) An excellent basketball player
(B) An excellent basketball player is
(C) Sarah is an excellent basketball player
(D) Her excellent basketball play

In th is e x a m p le y o u c a n te ll th a t Sarah is th e su b je ct a n d misses is th e verb b e c a u se th e r e is

n o c o m m a se p a r a tin g th e m . In th e sp a ce y o u s h o u ld p u t a n a p p o sitiv e fo r S arah, an d
Sarah is a n excellent basketball player, so an sw er (A) is th e b e st answ er. A n sw ers (B ) a n d (C)
are n o t c o r r e c t b e c a u s e th e y e a ch c o n ta in th e verb is, a n d a n a p p o sitiv e d o e s n o t n e e d a
verb . A n sw e r (D ) c o n ta in s a n o u n , play, th a t c o u ld p o ssib ly be an a p p o sitiv e, b u t play is
n o t th e sa m e as Sarah, so th is an sw er is n o t co rr ec t.
 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

T h e fo llo w in g ch art o u tlin e s th e key in fo r m a tio n th a t y o u sh o u ld r e m e m b e r a b o u t

a p p ositives:

APPOSITIVES

An ap Positive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and is generally set off from the
noun ivith commas. If a word is an appositive, it is not th e subjcct. The following appositive
struct jres are both possible in English:

S, APP. v
Tom, a really good mechanic. Is fixing the car.

APP, S V
A really good mechanic, Tom Is fixing the car.

E X E R C ISE 3: E a c h o f th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s an a p p ositive. U n d e r lin e th e su b­

j e c t s o n c e a n d th e verb s tw ice. C ircle th e a p p o sitiv e p h rases. T h e n , in d ic a te if th e se n ­
te n c e s are c o r r e c t (C ) o r in c o r r e c t ( I ) .
C 1. (The son o f the previous owner,) the new owner is undertaking som e fairly broad
changes in m anagem ent policy.

I 2. Last semester, (a friend,) graduated cum laude from the university.

c
_____ 3. Valentine's Day, February 14, is a special holiday for sweethearts.
i
_____ 4. At long last, the ch ief executive officer, has decided to step down. no subject
c
_____ 5. T onight’s supper, leftovers from last night, did not taste any better tonight than
last night. supper = subject last night = appositives
c
_____ 6. T he only entrance to the closet, the door was kept locked at all times. the door = subject
i 7.
_____ In the cold o f winter, a wall heating unit, would not turn on. no subject
c
_____ 8. The new tile pattern, yellow flowers on a w hite background, really brightens up
the room.
the new tile pattern = subject
i 9.
_____ The high-powered com puter the m ost powerful m achine o f its type, was finally
readied for use. the high powered computer, = subject (harus ada koma), no subject, only 2
C appositive
_____ 10. A longtim e friend and confident, the psychologist was often invited over for
Sunday dinner. the psychologist = appositive, a longtime friend and confident, = subject

S kill 4: BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES

A p r e s e n t p a r ticip le is th e -ing fo r m o f th e verb ( talkin g , p la yin g ). In th e S tru ctu re se c tio n
o f th e T O E F L te st a p r e se n t p a r ticip le can ca u se c o n fu s io n b e c a u se it can b e e ith e r a part
o f th e verb or an ad jective. It is p art o f th e verb w h e n it is p r e c e d e d by so m e form o f the
v e r b be.

T h e m an is talking to his friend.

- VERB

In th is s e n te n c e ta lk in g is part o f th e verb b e c a u se it is a c c o m p a n ie d by is.

 STRUCTURE

A p r e s e n t p a r tic ip le is an a d jectiv e w h e n it is n o t a c c o m p a n ie d by s o m e fo r m o f th e
v e rb be.
T h e man talking to his friend has a beard.
ADJECTIVE

In th is s e n te n c e ta lk in g is an a d jectiv e a n d n o t p art o f th e verb b e c a u se it is n o t a c c o m p a ­

n ie d by s o m e fo r m o f be. T h e verb in th is s e n t e n c e is has.
T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le sh ow s h o w a p r e se n t p a r ticip le can b e c o n fu s e d w ith th e verb
in th e S tr u c tu r e s e c tio n o f th e T O E F L test.

Exam ple
The child playing in the yard is my son.
(A) now
(B) is
(C) he
(D) was

In th is e x a m p le , i f y o u lo o k at o n ly th e first w ord s o f th e s e n te n c e , it a p p ea r s th a t child is

th e su b je c t an d p la y in g is p a rt o f th e verb . If y o u th in k th at p la y in g is p art o f th e verb , you
m ig h t c h o o s e a n sw er (B ), is, o r an sw er ( D ) , was, to c o m p le te th e verb . H ow ever, th e s e two
an sw ers are in c o r r e c t b e c a u se p la y in g is n o t p art o f th e verb . You s h o u ld r e c o g n iz e that
p la y in g is a p a r ticip ia l a d jectiv e ra th e r th a n a verb b e c a u se th e r e is a n o th e r verb in th e
s e n t e n c e (is). In th is s e n te n c e th e r e is a c o m p le te su b ject (child) a n d a c o m p le t e v e rb (is),
so th is s e n te n c e d o e s n o t n e e d a n o th e r su b je c t o r verb. T h e b e st an sw er h e r e is ( A ) .

T h e fo llo w in g c h a r t o u tlin e s w h a t y o u s h o u ld r e m e m b e r a b o u t p r e s e n t p a rticip les:

- ! " .. .'.
PRESENT PARTICIPLES

A present participle is the -ing form of the verb. T h e present particip le can be ( I) p art o f th e
verb o r (2 ) an adjective. It is part of the verb when it is accompanied by some form of the verb
be. It is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be.
.. • - . • . . . . . . . _. * *
1. The boy is standing in the comer.
2. The boy standing in the comer was naughty.

E X E R C ISE 4: E a c h o f th e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s c o n ta in s o n e o r m o r e p r e s e n t p a r ticip le s.

U n d e r lin e th e su b je cts o n c e a n d th e verb s tw ice. C ircle th e p r e s e n t p a r tic ip le s an d
la b e l th e m as a d je c tiv e s o r verb s. T h e n in d ic a te i f th e s e n te n c e s are c o r r e c t (C ) or
in c o r r e c t (I ).

£ 1. The com panies (offering) the lowest prices will have the m ost customers.
ADJ.

I 2. Those travelers are (completing") their trip on Delta should report to Gate T hree.
VERB

_____ 3. T he artisans were dem onstrating various handicrafts at booths throughout the fair.
_____ 4. The fraternities are giving the wildest parties attract the m ost new pledges.
_____ 5. The first team winning four games is awarded the championship.
 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

6. T he speaker was trying to make his point was often interrupted vociferously.
7. T he fruits were rotting because o f the m oisture in the crates carrying them to
market.

8. Any students desiring official transcripts should com plete the appropriate form.
9. The advertisem ents were an n ou n cin g the half-day sale received a lot o f attention.
10. T he spices flavoring the meal were quite distinctive.

S k i l l 5: BE CAREFUL OF PAST PARTICIPLES

P ast p a r tic ip le s can cau se c o n fu s io n in th e S tru ctu re se c tio n o f th e T O E F L test b e c a u se
a p ast p a r tic ip le can b e e ith e r an ad jective or a p art o f a verb . T h e p a st p a rticip le is
th e fo r m o f th e verb th a t ap p ea rs w ith have o r be. It o fte n e n d s in -ed, b u t th e r e are also
m a n y irr eg u la r past p a r ticip le s in E n glish . (S e e A p p e n d ix F fo r a list o f irreg u la r past
p a r tic ip le s.)

The family has purchased a television.

VERB
The poem was written by Paul.
v e rb .

In th e first s e n te n c e th e p ast p a rticip le purchased is part o f th e verb b e c a u se it is a c co m p a ­

n ie d by has. In th e s e c o n d s e n te n c e th e past p a r ticip le w ritten is p art o f th e verb b e c a u se it
is a c c o m p a n ie d by was.
A p a st p a r tic ip le is an ad jective w h e n it is n o t a c c o m p a n ie d by so m e fo r m o f be o r have.

T he television purchased yesterday was expensive.

a d je c tiv e
The poem urritten by Paul appeared in the magazine.
a d je c tiv e

In th e first s e n t e n c e purchased is an ad jective ra th er than a verb b e c a u se it is n o t a c co m p a ­

n ie d by a fo r m o f be o r have (a n d th e r e is a verb , was, later in th e s e n te n c e ). In th e se c o n d
s e n t e n c e w ritten is an ad jective rath er th an a v erb b e c a u se it is n o t a c c o m p a n ie d by a form
o f be o r have, (a n d th e r e is a verb, appeared, later in th e s e n t e n c e ).
T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le sh ow s h o w a past p a r ticip le c a n b e c o n fu s e d w ith th e verb in
th e S tr u c tu r e se c tio n o f th e T O E F L test.

Exam ple

The packages mailed at the post office will arrive Monday.

(A) have
(B) were
(C) them
(D) just
 STRUCTURE

In th is e x a m p le , i f y o u lo o k o n ly a t th e first few w ord s o f th e s e n te n c e , it a p p ea r s th a t p ack­

ages is th e su b je ct a n d m ailed is e ith e r a c o m p le te verb o r a past p a r tic ip le th a t n e e d s a
h e lp in g verb . B u t i f y o u lo o k fu r th e r in th e s e n te n c e , y o u w ill se e th a t th e verb is w ill ar­
rive. You w ill th e n r e c o g n iz e th at m ailed is a p a rticip ia l ad jective a n d is th e r e fo r e n o t part
o f th e verb . A n sw ers (A ) a n d (B ) are in c o r r e c t b e c a u se m ailed is an a d jectiv e an d d o e s n o t
n e e d a h e lp in g verb su c h as have o r were. A n sw er (C ) is in c o r r e c t b e c a u se th e r e is n o n e e d
fo r th e o b je c t them. A n sw e r (D ) is th e b e st an sw er to th is q u e s tio n .

T h e fo llo w in g c h a r t o u tlin e s w h a t y o u sh o u ld r e m e m b e r a b o u t p ast p articip les:

PAST PARTICIPLES

A past participle often ends In -ed, but there are also many Irregular past participles. For many
verbs, including -ed verbs, the simple past and the past participle are the same and can be easily
confused. The -ed form o f the verb can be ( I) the sim ple past, (2 ) the past p articip le of a
verb, o r (3) an adjective.

1. She pain ted this picture.

2. She has painted this picture.
3. The picture pain ted by Karen is now in a museum.

E X E R C ISE 5: E ach o f th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s o n e o r m o r e p ast p a r ticip le s. U n ­

d e r lin e th e su b je cts o n c e a n d th e verb s tw ice. C ircle th e p ast p a r ticip le s a n d la b e l th e m as
a d jectiv es o r verb s. T h e n in d ic a te i f th e s e n te n c e s are c o r r e c t (C ) o r in c o r r e c t (I ).

— !— 1. T he m oney was (offered) by the client was not (accepted)

VERB VERB

— 2. T he car (jisteti) in the advertisem ent had already (stalled)

a d j. v erb

-------- 3. T he chapters were taught by the professor this m orning will be on next week's
exam.

-------- 4. The loaves o f bread were baked in a brick oven at a low temperature for many
hours.

-------- 5. T he ports were reached by the sailors were under the control o f a foreign
nation.

-------- 6. T hose suspected in the string o f robberies were arrested by the police.

-------- 7. T he pizza is served in this restaurant is the tastiest in the county.

-------- 8. The courses are listed on the second page o f the brochure have several
prerequisites.

-------- 9. All the tenants were invited to the In d epend en ce Day barbecue at the
apartm ent com plex.

-------- 10. Any bills paid by the first o f the m onth will be credited to your account by the
next day.
 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

E X E R C IS E (S k ills 1 -5 ): U n d e r lin e th e su b jects o n c e an d th e verbs tw ice in e a c h o f th e

fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s . T h e n in d ic a te if th e s e n te n c e s are c o r r e c t (C) o r in c o r r e c t (1).

_____ 1. For three weeks at the beginn in g o f the sem ester students with fewer than the
m axim um num ber o f units can add additional courses.
_____ 2. O n her lunch hour went to a nearby departm ent store to purchase a w edding
gift.
_____ 3. T h e fir trees were grown for the holiday season were harvested in November.
_____ 4. In the grove the overripe oranges were falling on the ground.

_____ 5. T h e papers being delivered at 4:00 will contain the announcem ent o f the
president’s resignation.
_____ 6. A specialty shop with various blends from around the world in the shopping
mall.
_____ 7. T h e portraits exhibited in the H ouston M useum last m onth are now o n display
in Dallas.
_____ 8. W ith a sudden jerk o f his hand threw the ball across the field to one o f the
other players.
_____ 9. Construction o f the housing developm ent it will be underway by the first o f the
m onth.
_____ 10. T hose applicants returning their com pleted forms at the earliest date have the
highest priority.

T O E F L E X E R C ISE (S k ills 1 -5 ): C h o o se th e le tte r o f th e w o rd o r g r o u p o f w ord s th a t b est

c o m p le te s th e se n te n c e .

1. The North Platte River_ .from . tea plant are small and white.
Wyoming into Nebraska. (A) The
(A) it flowed (B) On the
(B) flows (C) Having flowers the
(C) flowing (D)' The flowers of the
(D) with flowing water
5. The tetracyclines. . antibiotics, are
. Biloxi received its name from a used to treat infections.
Sioux word meaning "first people.”
(A) are a family of
(A) The city of (B) being a family
(B) Located in (C) a family of
(C) It is in (D) their family is
(D) The tour included
6. Any possible academic assistance from
3. A pride of lions . _up to forty lions. taking stim ulants_____ marginal at best.
including one to three males, several
(A) it is
females, and cubs. there is
(B)
(A) can contain (C) is
(B) it contains (D) as
(C) contain
(D) containing
 STRUCTURE I

7. Henry Adams, b om in B oston ,-------- 9. Still a novelty in the late nineteenth

famous as a historian and novelist. century,_____ limited to the rich.

(A) became (A) was

(B) and became (B) was photography
(C) he was (C) it was photography
(D) and he became (D) photography was

8. The major c a u se_____ the pull of the 10. A computerized map of the freeways using
Moon on the Earth. information gathered by sensors
embedded in the pavem ent--------on a
(A) the ocean tides are local cable channel during rush hours.
(B) of ocean tides is
(C) of the tides in the ocean (A) airs
(D) the oceans’ tides (B) airing
(C) air
(D) to air

SEN TEN CES W IT H M ULTIPLE CLAUSES-----------------------------------

M any se n te n c e s in E n g lish h a v e m o r e than o n e c la u se. (A c la u se is a g r o u p o f w ords c o n ­

ta in in g a su b je ct a n d a verb .) W h e n e v e r you fin d a s e n t e n c e o n th e T O E F L test w ith m o r e
th an o n e c la u se , y o u n e e d to m ak e su re that ev ery su b je ct h a s a verb a n d ev er y verb h a s a
su b ject. N e x t y o u n e e d to c h e c k th a t th e variou s cla u se s in th e se n te n c e are co rrectly
j o in e d . T h e r e are v ariou s ways to j o in cla u se s in E n g lish . C erta in p a tte rn s a p p ea r
fr eq u e n tly in E n g lish a n d o n th e T O E F L test. You sh o u ld b e very fa m ilia r w ith th e se
p a ttern s.

S kill 6: USE C O O R D IN A T E C O N N E C TO R S CORRECTLY

W h e n y o u h a v e tw o cla u se s in an E n g lish s e n te n c e , y o u m u st c o n n e c t th e tw o cla u se s c o r ­

rectly. O n e way to c o n n e c t tw o c la u ses is to u se and, but, or, so, or yet b e tw e e n th e cla u ses.

Tom is singing, and Paul is dancing.

Tom is tall, but Paul is short.

Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it.

Tom told a jo k e, so Paul laughed.

Tom is tired, yet he is n ot going to sleep.

In e a c h o f th e se e x a m p le s , th e r e are two cla u se s th a t are c o rr ec tly j o i n e d w ith a c o o r d i­

n a te c o n ju n c tio n a n d , but, or, so, o r yet, a n d a c o m m a ( ,) .
 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le sh ow s h o w th is s e n te n c e p a ttern c o u ld b e te ste d in th e Struc­

ture se c tio n o f th e T O E F L test.

Exam ple
A power failure occurred, the lamps went out.
(A) then
(B) so
(C) later
(D) next

In th is e x a m p le y o u sh o u ld n o tic e q u ick ly th at th e r e are two c la u se s, a power fa ilu r e oc­

curred a n d the lam ps w ent out. T h is s e n te n c e n e e d s a c o n n e c to r to j o in th e tw o clau ses.
Then, later, an d next are n o t c o n n e c to r s, so answ ers (A ), (C ), an d (D ) are n o t c o rr ec t. T h e
b e st an sw er is an sw er (B ) b e c a u se so can c o n n e c t two clau ses.

T h e fo llo w in g ch a rt lists th e c o o r d in a te c o n n e c to r s an d th e s e n te n c e p a tte r n u se d

w ith th em :

COORDINATE CONNECTORS

and but or . so yet

S V, (coordinate connector) S V

She laughed, but she w anted to cry.

E X E R C ISE 6: E ach o f t h e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s m o r e th a n o n e c la u se . U n d e r lin e

th e su b jects o n c e an d th e verb s tw ice. C ircle th e c o n n e c to r s. T h e n in d ic a te i f th e se n ­
te n c e s are c o r r e c t (C ) o r in c o r r e c t (I).

C 1. T he software should be used on an IBM computer, (and) this com puter is an

IBM. = ^ = ^ ==

T he rain clouds can be seen in the distance, (b u t)n o has fallen.

They are trying to sell their house, it has been on the market for two months.
So the quality o f the print was not good, I changed the toner cartridge.
T h e lifeguard will warn you about the riptides, or she may require you to get
out o f the water.
6. You should have finished the work yesterday, yet is not close to being finished
today.
7. The ph on e rang again and again, so the receptionist was n ot able to get much
work done.
8. T he missing wallet was found, but the cash and credit cards had been rem oved.
9. Or you can drive your car for another 2,000 miles, you can get it fixed.
10. T h e chem ist was awarded the N obel Prize, he flew to Europe to accept it.