11.

PIPING SYSTEM -LECTURE NOTES ONLY

MODULE NO. 11: PIPING SYSTEMS

Difference between Pipe and Tube
Pipe dimensions of sizes 12 inches and smaller have
11.1 PIPE
outside diameters numerically larger than the
A pipe is a round tubular to distribute fluids and
corresponding nominal sizes whereas outside diameters
gases, designated by a nominal pipe size (NPS or DN)
of tubes are identical to nominal sizes.”iii
that represents a rough indication of the pipe conveyance
capacityi.
Pipes are identified by "nominal" or "trade" names Parameters STEEL PIPE STEEL TUBE
that are loosely related to the actual dimensions. For Key Dimensions The most important The most important
instance, a 2-inch galvanized steel pipe has an inside (Pipe and Tube dimensions are the dimensions are the
diameter of about 2-1/8 inches and an outside diameter Size Chart) outer diameter D outside diameter D
together with the wall and the wall
of about 2 5/8 inches. thickness t. The D thickness t. These
In plumbing pipe size is referred to as nominal pipe minus 2 times t parameters are
size - NPS, or "Nominal Pipe Size". The metric (schedule) determine expressed in inches
equivalent is called DN or "diametre nominel". The the inside diameter d or millimeters and
metric ISO usage and apply to all plumbing, natural gas, which determines the express the true
liquid capacity of the dimensional value of
heating oil, and miscellaneous piping used in buildings. pipe. the hollow section.
Wall Thickness The thickness is The wall thickness of
designated with a a steel tube is
"Schedule" value. expressed in inches
The two pipes of or millimeters. For
different NPS and tubing, the wall
same schedule have thickness is measured
different wall also with a gage
thicknesses in in/mm. nomenclature.
Types Round only Round, rectangular,
square, and oval
Round, Extensive (up to 80 A narrower range for
rectangular, inches and even tubing (up to 5″),
square, oval above) larger mechanical
applications
Tolerances Tolerances are set, Steel tubes are
(straightness, but rather loose. produced to very
dimensions, Strength is not the strict tolerances.
11.2 TUBE roundness, etc) major concern. Tubulars undergo
and Pipe vs. several dimensional
A tube is a round, rectangular, squared or oval Tube strength quality checks, such
hollow section measured by outside diameter (D) and as straightness,
wall thickness (t), expressed in inches or millimetersii. roundness, wall
thickness, surface,
during production.
Production Pipes are generally Tubes manufacturing
Process made to stock with is lengthier and more
highly automated and laborious
efficient processes
Delivery time Can be short Generally, longer
Market price Relatively lower Higher due to lower
price per ton than mills productivity per
steel tubes hour, and stricter
requirements in terms
of tolerances and
inspections
Materials A wide range of Tubing is available in
materials is available carbon steel, low
alloy, stainless steel,
and nickel-alloys.
“The word pipe as distinguished from tube is used to End The most common Threaded and
apply to tubular products of dimensions commonly used Connections are beveled, plain and grooved ends are
screwed ends available for quicker
for pipelines and piping systems.” connections on site
 11. PIPING SYSTEM -LECTURE NOTES ONLY

have an inside diameter (ID) approx. equal to the

PIPE SIZE nominal size.
Outside diameters for metric and imperial standards are Although there is now no such relation between the
indicated in the table below. existing standard thicknesses, ODs and nominal sizes,
these nominal sizes and standard ODs continue in use as
Nominal Pipe “standard.”
Outside Diameter (mm)
Size - NPS The manufacture of pipe in nominal sizes of 14-inch OD
DIN EN and larger proceeds on the basis of an OD corresponding
DIN EN to the nominal size.
ISO 6708 10220
DN 10255
Inch Pipework Seamless ASME
(mm) Threaded
components Steel
Tube
SCHEDULE
Pipes The schedule number on pipe products relates to the
10 3/8 17.2 thickness of the wall on the pipe: as the number increases,
15 1/2 21.3 20.0 21.3 21.3 the thicker the wall thickness becomes. Also, while the
schedule number can be the same on different sized pipes,
20 3/4 26.9 25.0 26.9 26.7
the actual wall thickness will be different.
25 1 33.7 30.0 33.7 33.4 There are several schedule numbers used on pipe,
32 1 1/4 42.4 38.0 42.4 42.2 such as schedules: 5, 5S, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120,
40 1 1/2 48.3 44.5 48.3 48.3 140, 160, STD, XS and XXS. The most common ones
50 2 60.3 57.0 60.3 60.3 used are schedules 40 and 80.
For pipes of all dimensions the outside diameter
- 2 1/2 - - 73.0 73.0
(O.D.) remains relatively constant. The variation in wall
65 - 76.1 76.1 76.1 - thickness affects only the inside diameters (I.D.).
80 3 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.9
- 3 1/2 - - 101.6 101.6 A schedule number indicates the approximate value of
100 4 114.3 108 114.3 114.3 Sch = 1000P/SE (1)
Where:
125 - 139.7 133 139.7 -
Sch = schedule
- 5 - - 141.3 141.3 P = service pressure (psi)
150 6 168.3 159 168.3 168.3 S = allowable stress (psi)
200 8 219.1 216 219.1 219.1 E = efficiency
250 10 273.0 267 273.0 273.0
The higher the schedule number is, the thicker the pipe is.
300 12 323.9 318 323.9 323.8
Since the outside diameter of each pipe size is
350 14 355.6 368 355.6 355.6 standardized, a particular nominal pipe size will have
400 16 406.4 419 406.4 406.4 different inside pipe diameter depending on the schedule
450 18 457 470 457 457 specified.
500 20 508 521 508 508
WEIGHT
600 24 610 622 610 610
The nominal weights of steel pipe are calculated values
700 28 711 720 711 711 and are tabulated in Table 1 (MHB, 26th ED, p. 2505).
800 32 813 820 813 813 They are based on the following formula:
900 36 914 920 914 914 𝑊𝑝𝑒 = 10.68(𝐷 − 𝑡)𝑡
1000 40 1016 1020 1016 1016
Where:
1200 48 1220 1219 1219
𝑊𝑝𝑒 = nominal plain end weight to the nearest 0.01 lb/ft.
D = outside diameter to the nearest 0.001 inch
The size of all pipe is identified by the nominal pipe t = specified wall thickness rounded to the nearest 0.001
size. The manufacture of pipe in the nominal sizes of 1⁄8 inch.
inch to 12 inches, inclusive, is based on a standardized
outside diameter D or OD. This OD was originally WALL THICKNESS
selected so that pipe with a standard OD and having a The nominal wall thicknesses are given in Table 1 which
wall thickness which was typical of the period would also indicates the wall thicknesses in API Standard 5L.
 11. PIPING SYSTEM -LECTURE NOTES ONLY
• The wall thickness designations “Standard,” “Extra-
Strong,” and “Double Extra-Strong” have been
commercially used designations for many years.
• The Schedule Numbers were subsequently added as
a convenient designation for use in ordering pipe.
“Standard” and Schedule 40 are identical for
nominal pipe sizes up to 10 inches, inclusive.
• All larger sizes of “Standard” have 3⁄8-inch wall
thickness. “Extra-Strong” and Schedule 80 are
identical for nominal pipe sizes up to 8 inch,
inclusive.
• All larger sizes of “Extra-Strong” have 1⁄2-inch-wall
thickness.
Wall Thickness Selection
A thickness can then be selected from Table 1 to suit
the value computed to fulfill the conditions for which the
pipe is desired.
PIPE MATERIALS
Pipes are made of a wide variety of materials - like
galvanized steel, black steel, copper, cast iron, concrete,
and various plastics such as ABS, PVC, CPVC,
polyethylene, polybutylene and moreiv.
11.3 Pipe and Tube Fittings
1. Bell and Spigot Joint. The commonly used joint in
cast iron pipe.
2. Black Pipe. Steel pipe that has not been galvanized.
3. Bonnet. Part of a valve used to guide and support the
valve stem.
4. Bull Head Tee. A tee the branch of which is larger
than the run.
5. Butt Weld Joint. A welded pipe joint made with the
ends of the two butting each other, the weld being
around the periphery.
6. Carbon Steel Pipe. Steel pipe which owes its
properties chiefly to carbon which it contains.
7. Check Valve. A valve designed to allow a fluid to
pass through direction only.
8. Compression Joint. A multi-piece joint with a cup
shaped threaded which, when tightened, compress
tapered sleeves so that they form a joint on the
periphery of the tubing they connect.
9. Cross Over. A small fitting with a double offset, or
shaped like the ten with the ends turned out. It is
only made in small sizes and used to pass flow of
one pipe past another when the pipes are in the same
plane.
10. Expansion joint. A joint whose primary purpose is
not to join pipe but to absorb longitudinal expansion
in the pipe line due to beat
11. Expansion Loop. A large radius bead in a pipe line
to absorb longitudinal expansion in the line due to
heat.
12. Galvanized Pipe. Steel pips coated with zinc to resist
corrosion.
13. Gate Valve. A valve employing a gate, often wedge-
shaped. allowing fluid to flow when the gate is lifted
from the seat. Such valves have less resistance to
flow than globes valves.
14. Globe Valve. One with a somewhat globe shaped
body with a manually raised or lowered disc which
when closed rests on a seat so as to prevent passage
of fluid.
15. Header. A large pipe or drum into which each of a
group of boilers is connected.
16. Malleable Iron. Cast iron beat treated to reduce its
brittleness.
17. Manifold. A fitting with a number of branches in
line connecting to smaller pipes.
18. Medium Pressure. When applied to valves and
fittings, implies they are suitable fora working
pressure of from 862 to 1207 kPa.
19. Mill Length. Also known as random length. Run-of-
mill pipe is 4880 mm to 6000 mm in length. Some
pipe is made in double lengths of 9150 mm to 10675
mm.
20. Relief Valve. One designed to open automatically to
relieve excess pressure.
21. Run. A length of pipe made of more than one piece
of pipe.
22. Paddle Flange. A flange curved to fit a boiler or tank
and to be enacted to threaded pipe. The flanged is
riveted or welded to the boiler tank.
23. Screwed Flange. A flange screwed on the pipe which
it is Orman, adjoining pipe.
24. Socket Weld. A joint made by use of the socket weld
fitting which prepared female end or socket for
insertion of the pipe to which it is web
25. Standard Pressure. Formerly used to designate can
iron flanges, foot valves, etc., suitable for a
maximum working steam pressure of 862 kPa.
26. Street Elbow. An elbow with male thread on one
end, and female thread, the other end.
27. Stress Relieving. Uniform heating of a structure or
portion thereof sufficient temperature to relieve the
major portion of the residual sot followed by
uniform cooling.
28. Wrought Iron. Iron refined to a plastic state in a
puddling furnace.
29. Wrought Pipe. Wrought in this sense means worked,
as in the proms forming furnace welded pipe from
skelp, a seamless pipe from plate: billets.
 11. PIPING SYSTEM -LECTURE NOTES ONLY

Identification Colors for Pipes There are also several options for user defined color
From PSME Code, 2002 codes. These include white on black, black on white,
1. Water - Green white on purple and white.
2. Steam - Silver-Grey
3. Oil-Mineral vegetable or animal Flammable or
Combustible - Brown
4. Gases in either gaseous or liquified Corm, vapors
and pneumatically conveyed fumes and materials -
Yellow Ochre
5. Acids and alkalis - Violet
6. Air - Light Blue
7. Other fluids, including drainage pipes unless the
drain is to a particular service - Black
8. Fire-fighting materials, including detection and
suppression systems - Safety Red
9. Hazardous services (generally with other
identification of contents) - Safety Yellow
10. Electricity - Light Orange
11. Communications - White

Pipe Color Code from ANSI/ASME A13.1v

The ANSI/ASME A13.1 standard for pipe colors
is often used as a starting point for many facilities
looking to improve their visual communication
program.
A standard set of colors paired with text and an ANSI Pipe Label Size Standardsvi
occasional symbol help identify the substance in a The size of a pipe label and the corresponding text size
pipe in a concise manner. depend on the outer diameter of the pipe.

Standard A13.1 requires the following colors:

1. Flammable and/or oxidizing - Any pipe that contains
flammable fluids or vapor, or any kind of oxidizing
agent, needs to have a label with black text on a
yellow background.
2. Combustible - Fluids that can ignite in the presence
of a heat source, but are not flammable under normal
circumstances, should be written with white text on
a brown background.
3. Toxic and/or Corrosive – Pipes containing fluids that
can be toxic or corrosive should use black text with
an orange background.
4. Fire Quenching - Water or other fire suppression
substances need to be labeled with white text on a
red background.
5. Other Water - Any water that is not intended to be
used for fire suppression should be labeled with
white text on a green background.
6. Compressed Air - Any vapor or gas that is under
pressure but does not fit in another category (such as
compressed air) will be labeled with white text on a
blue background. The smaller the pipe the smaller the label, and
likewise for pipes increasing in size. The goal of
standardizing sizes for pipe labels is to maximize
visibility for employees when passing by or when
 11. PIPING SYSTEM -LECTURE NOTES ONLY

performing maintenance on a set of pipes. ANSI and control valves; the selection is based on intended
ASME’s A13.1 standard describe the needed sizes of pipe function and application.
labels ranging from pipe diameters of ¾ of an inch to 10 4. In addition, a number of devices like strainers,
or more inches. The standard also states that pipes of less traps, expansion loops are necessary for keeping
than ¾ of an inch require a permanent and legible tag. the fluid clean and in good condition, and to
accommodate expansion/contraction due to
Sea Vessel and Marine Pipe Marking: ISO temperature variations.
14726:2008
As mentioned above, one of those unique pipe Types of pipes:
marking situations revolves around marine vessels. These 1. Seamless:
pipe color codes can often be quite different from those Pipe produced by piercing a billet followed by
that are used on land due to the use of different chemicals, rolling or drawing or both. They are used for high
and other potentially dangerous environmental hazards pressure applications.
for those in the vessel and the aquatic life surrounding it. 2. Welded:
a. Electric fusion welded (EFW): Pipes carrying a
single or double longitudinal but weld joined wherein
coalescence is produced by manual or automatic electric
arc welding in the preformed tube.
b. Electric resistance welded: (ERW): Pipe carrying
longitudinal but weld joined wherein coalescence is
produced by heat obtained from resistance of the pipe to
flow of electric current in a circuit of which the pipe is a
part and by application of pressure.
3. Forged and bored:
Average fluid flow velocitiesvii: Pipes prepared by forging and then boring to the
a). Water: 90-180 m/min desired thickness.
b). High Pressure Saturated Steam: 1500-3050 m/min
c). High Pressure Superheated steam: 3050 - 4570 m/min Various methods of pipe joints:
d). Atmospheric Exhaust Steam: 2450 - 3460 m/min 1. Butt weld pipe joints
e). Low Pressure Exhaust Steam: 6100-7300 m/min 2. Socket weld pipe joints
3. Screwed pipe joints
A Piping System is an assembly of various 4. Flanged pipe joints
components put together with a proper method of joints, 5. Spigot socket pipe joints
functionally to transport fluid from its source to
destination. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
The different components put together are defined as
piping components. 1. Pipe color code for water. (ME Bd. Apr. 2003)
A. Blue C. Green
Components of a Piping System B. White D. Red
The most common components of a piping system
are pipes, pipe fittings and valvesviii. 2. Usually under 12″ in length and threaded on both
1. Pipes: Pipes are long cylinders used to carry or ends. It is readily available in construction site or
transfer fluids. The most common fluids are any hardware for use whenever needed. (ME Bd.
water, oil, steam, air, milk or finished products Apr. 2003)
like paints, juices. Other uncommon examples A. Short nipple C. Space nipple
include pulp, acids, alkalis, chemicals, etc. B. Service pipe D. Union
2. Pipe Fittings: Pipe fittings are used to connect
lengths of pipes to construct a long piping 3. Pipe color for electricity. (ME Bd. Oct. 1999)
system; commonly used fittings are flanges, A. light orange C. White
elbows, tees, reducers, expansion bellows, etc. B. Silver grey D. Light blue
3. Valves: Valves are used to stop, divert or control
fluid flow. Common valve types are gate valves, 4. Which of the following is not viscoelastic materials
globe valves, butterfly valves, ball valves, (polymer)? (Similar to ME Bd. Oct. 1997)
A. Teflon C. Polyethylene
 11. PIPING SYSTEM -LECTURE NOTES ONLY

B. Nylon D. Metal 15. In the thickness of pipes, the most common used
schedules are 40 and _______.
5. The recommended age limit of fire tube boilersix. A. 80 C. 140
A. 30 years C. 35 years B. 120 D. 160
B. 40 years D. 50 years
16. It is a round tubular to distribute fluids and gases,
6. Pipe color for communication. (ME Bd. Oct. 1999) designated by a nominal pipe size.
A. Green C. White A. Pipe C. Tube
B. Light blue D. Light orange B. Boiler D. Header

7. Pipe color for acid. (ME Bd. Apr. 2003) 17. On XX heavy pipe the extra metal is added in the:
A. Violet C. Blue A. outside
B. Red D. White B. inside
C. half on the inside, half on the outside
8. Commonly used for tubes of water boilers made of D. three quarters on the outside, one quarter on the
large pipes from which a number of smaller ones inside
lead to consuming points. This is called ________. Explanationx: answer is B.
(ME Bd. Apr. 2003)
A. Header C. Manifold 18. The average water flow velocity is ________.
B. Crotch D. Line pipe A. 90-180 m/min C. 120-220 m/min
C. B. 140-280 m/min D. 160-320 m/min
9. The pipe color for alkaline. (ME Bd. Oct. 2000)
A. Blue C. Red 19. Which material is used for pipes which conduct
B. Violet D. White water and air?
A. Stainless steel C. Copper
10. Pipe color for flammable or oii-mineral vegetable. B. Ceramic D. Plastic
(ME Bd. Oct. 2001) Explanationxi: Plastic is used for water and air lines.
A. Red C. Yellow Plastic also provides transparency.
B. Violet D. Brown
20. Valve seats are usually:
11. The first ever metal found and utilized metal. (ME A. screwed in C. dropped in
Bd. Apr. 2002) B. pressure in D. it is A or C
A. Tin C. Copper Explanationxii: “Globe valve has an opening that
B. Lead D. Chromium forms a seat onto which a movable plug can be
screwed in to close (or shut) the valve”.xiii
12. The color code for steam pipe. (ME Bd. Oct 2002)
A. Silver-Gray C. White 21. When grinding in valves the disc is secured to the
B. Brown D. Yellow stem byxiv:
A. inserting a cotter pin
13. The size of all pipes from 1/8″ is identified by the B. placing emery cloth between stem and disc
__________ pipe size. (ME Bd. Oct. 2005) C. welding
A. Nominal diameter C. Minor diameter D. It is either A or B
B. Inside diameter D. Mean diameter
Explanation: “The manufacture of pipe in the 22. A thin steel strips used for measuring clearances.
nominal sizes of 1⁄8″ to 12″, inclusive, is based on a A. Tachometer C. Micrometer
standardized outside diameter (OD).” – MHB, 26ed, B. Feeler gage D. Caliper
p. 2504.
23. What is a standard wire gage?
14. It prevents the leakage in a dynamic seal. (ME Bd. A. #10 larger
Oct. 2006) B. #25 is smaller than #20
A. Gaskets C. Seals C. # 1 is smaller than # 2
B. Felts D. Packings D. # 30 is larger than # 25

24. Valve stem packing is measured from thinxv:

 11. PIPING SYSTEM -LECTURE NOTES ONLY

A. O.D. of the valve stem to the bottom of the and AISI 316. The latter grade is often called acid
packing gland proof steel.
B. Top of the packing gland to the bottom of the
gland 32. Which among the following is shut-off and change
C. O.D. of the valve stem to the I. D. of the packing over valve?
box A. Seat valve
D. I.D. of the valve stem to the to the bottom of the B. Butterfly valve
gland C. Seat valve and butterfly valve
D. Bend
25. A tool used for measuring diametersxvi. Explanationxxiii: There are many places in a piping
A. Caliper C. Manometer system where it must be possible to stop the flow or
B. Tachometer D. Pyrometer divert it to another line. These functions are
performed by valves. Seat valves, manually or
26. The wrench size for a 1/4″ nut isxvii: pneumatically controlled, or butterfly valves, are
A. 1-1/4 C. 1-1/2 used for this purpose.
B. 3/4 D. 10/24
33. To prevent the product flow in the wrong direction
27. An “offset” in pipe fitting refers to :
xviii
which of the following valve is used?
A. a cut-off running at right angles to the original A. Seat valve
piping B. Butterfly valve
B. two pipes running parallel to each other C. Seat valve and butterfly valve
C. a bend in the pipe D. Check valve
D. two sizes of pipe in the same run Explanationxxiv: A check valve is fitted when it is
necessary to prevent the product from flowing in the
28. Before installing a new flange-gasket be sure that wrong direction. The valve is kept open by the liquid
thexix: flow in the correct direction. If the flow stops, the
A. flange faces are painted valve plug is forced against its seat by the spring.
B. isolating valves are open The valve then closes against reversal of the flow.
C. flange faces are absolutely clean
D. old gasket is in place 34. Valves with constant outlet pressure are used after
which of the following machines?
29. If a piston-type flush valve is not operating properly, A. Separator
the most likely cause would bexx: B. Pasteurizer
A. plugged by – pass hole C. Homogenizer
B. cracked diaphragm D. Filling machine
C. a stuck pilot valve Explanationxxv: Valves for constant inlet pressure are
D. any of these often used after separators and pasteurizers. Those
for constant outlet pressure are used before filling
30. Which material is used for pipes which conduct machines.
waste?
A. Stainless steel C. Copper 35. A rain water pipe discharge drains intoxxvi:
B. Ceramic D. Plastic A. Closed drain C. Open drain
Explanationxxi: Various materials are used in the B. Both A & B D. None of these
other systems, e.g. cast iron, steel, copper and
aluminum. Plastic is used for water and air lines, and 36. The pH value of drinking water is _______.xxvii
ceramic for drainage and sewage pipes. A. 6 to 7 C. 7 to 8.5
B. 8 to 9.5 D. 9 to 10
31. A grade of stainless steel known as acid proof.
A. AISI 304 C. AISI 316 37. The pH is a measure of how ________ water is.
B. AISI 2333 D. AISI 2359 A. Acidic C. Basic
Explanationxxii: For hygienic reasons, all product- B. Turbid D. Both A & C
wetted parts of dairy equipment are made of
stainless steel. Two main grades are used, AISI 304 38. The type of fitting used for increasing the pressure of
water in the pipe.
 11. PIPING SYSTEM -LECTURE NOTES ONLY

A. Union C. Tee
B. Nipple D. Reducer 42. It is the color coding of non-potable water pipe line.
A. Yellow C. Green
39. Tee joint helps the pipeline to branch at what angle? B. Red D. Black
A. 45° C. 90°
B. 60° D. 120° 43. 297. Socket and spigot joints are mostly used for....
A. Cast iron pipes B. GI pipes C. Copper pipes
40. This valve prevents against pressure surges in the D. All of these
line, and therefore, also prevents a water hammer
from occurring. 44. A mechanical grooved couplings are components
A. Gate valve C. Globe Valve that join mechanical pipes together to create a
B. Float valve D. Check valve watertight jointxxviii.
A. Bell socket C. Temporary
41. A fitting type used to change the diameter of pipe. B. Flanged coupling D. Victaulic coupling
A. Union C. Tee
B. Reducer D. Flange
i xvii
http://www.steelweldedpipe.com/sale-12570565-round-2- #27 - https://pinoybix.org/2020/12/mcq-in-machine-
inch-galvanized-steel-pipe-black-welded-steel-pipe-with- design-and-shop-practice-part-1-me-board-exam.html
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bundles.html #22 - https://pinoybix.org/2020/12/mcq-in-machine-
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https://www.wermac.org/pipes/pipe_vs_tube.html design-and-shop-practice-part-1-me-board-exam.html
iii
MHB, 26th Ed. P. 2504 xix
#24 - https://pinoybix.org/2020/12/mcq-in-machine-
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https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/nps-nominal-pipe- design-and-shop-practice-part-1-me-board-exam.html
xx
sizes-d_45.html #23 - https://pinoybix.org/2020/12/mcq-in-machine-
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https://www.creativesafetysupply.com/articles/your-guide- design-and-shop-practice-part-1-me-board-exam.html
xxi
to-pipe-labeling-standards/ #4 - https://www.sanfoundry.com/dairy-engineering-
vi
https://www.creativesafetysupply.com/articles/your-guide- questions-answers-pipes-valves-fittings/
xxii
to-pipe-labeling-standards/ #5 - https://www.sanfoundry.com/dairy-engineering-
vii
Machine Design Reviewer by Tordill, p. F119. questions-answers-pipes-valves-fittings/
viii xxiii
https://www.steeljrv.com/what-is-a-piping-system.html #11 - https://www.sanfoundry.com/dairy-engineering-
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PSME Code, p. 120) questions-answers-pipes-valves-fittings/
x xxiv
#7 - https://pinoybix.org/2020/12/mcq-in-machine-design- #12 - https://www.sanfoundry.com/dairy-engineering-
and-shop-practice-part-1-me-board-exam.html questions-answers-pipes-valves-fittings/
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#3 - https://www.sanfoundry.com/dairy-engineering- #15 - https://www.sanfoundry.com/dairy-engineering-
questions-answers-pipes-valves-fittings/ questions-answers-pipes-valves-fittings/
xii xxvi
#9 - https://pinoybix.org/2020/12/mcq-in-machine-design- #2 -
and-shop-practice-part-1-me-board-exam.html https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/15780312
xiii
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_valve 14500-Pipline%20Fitter%20Engg.pdf
xiv xxvii
#10 - https://pinoybix.org/2020/12/mcq-in-machine- #7 -
design-and-shop-practice-part-1-me-board-exam.html https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/15780312
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#50 - https://pinoybix.org/2020/12/mcq-in-machine- 14500-Pipline%20Fitter%20Engg.pdf
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design-and-shop-practice-part-1-me-board-exam.html
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