Balinese script

The Balinese script, natively known as Aksara Bali and Hanacaraka, is an abugida used in the island of Bali,
Indonesia, commonly for writing the Austronesian Balinese language, Old Javanese, and the liturgical language
Sanskrit. With some modifications, the script is also used to write the Sasak language, used in the neighboring
island of Lombok.[1] The script is a descendant of the Brahmi script, and so has many similarities with the
modern scripts of South and Southeast Asia. The Balinese script, along with the Javanese script, is considered
the most elaborate and ornate among Brahmic scripts of Southeast Asia.[2]

Though everyday use of the script has largely been supplanted by the Latin alphabet, the Balinese script has a
significant prevalence in many of the island's traditional ceremonies and is strongly associated with the Hindu
religion. The script is mainly used today for copying lontar or palm leaf manuscripts containing religious
texts.[2][3]

Characteristics …

There are 47 letters in the Balinese script, each representing a syllable with inherent vowel /a/ or /ə/ at the end
of a sentence, which changes depending on the diacritics around the letter. Pure Balinese can be written with
18 consonant letters and 9 vowel letters, while Sanskrit transliteration or loan words from Sanskrit and Old
Javanese utilizes the full set. A set of modified letters are also used for writing the Sasak language. Each
consonant has a conjunct form called gantungan which nullifies the inherent vowel of the previous syllable.[4][5]

Punctuation includes a comma, period, colon, as well as marks to introduce and end section of a text. Musical
notation uses letter-like symbols and diacritical marks in order to indicate pitch information. Text are written left
to right without word boundaries (Scriptio continua).[1]

There is also a set of "holy letters" called aksara modre which appears in religious texts and protective
talismans. Most of them are constructed using diacritic ulu candra with corresponding characters. A number of
additional characters, known to be used inline in text
Aksara Bali
(as opposed to decoratively on drawings), remains
ᬅᬓ ᬭᬩᬮᬶ
under study and those characters are expected to be
proposed as Balinese extensions in due course.[1]

Letters …
Script type Abugida

Time period c. 1000–present

A basic letter in Balinese is called aksara (ᬅᬓ ᬭ),
Direction left-to-right 
and each letter stands for a syllable with inherent
vowel /a/. Languages Balinese
Sasak

Consonants Related scripts

E…
Parent systems Proto-Sinaitic alphabet[a]
Consonants are called wianjana (ᬯᬜᬦ) or aksara
Phoenician alphabet[a]
wianjana (ᬅᬓ ᬭᬯᬜᬦ). Balinese script has 33 Aramaic alphabet[a]
consonants, of which only 18 called wreṣāstra Brāhmī
Pallava
(ᬯᬺᬱᬵᬲ) are used for writing basic vocabulary in
Old Kawi
Balinese language. The other 15, known as sualalita Aksara
(ᬰᬮᬮᬶ ᬢ), are mainly used for writing Sanskrit and Bali

Kawi loanwords in Balinese language. The

Sister systems Batak
consonants can be arranged into Sanskrit order and Baybayin scripts
hanacaraka traditional order. Javanese
Lontara
Hanacaraka traditional order Makasar
E…
Old Sundanese
The consonants can be arranged in hanacaraka Rencong
traditional order. The sequence forms a poem of 4 Rejang
verses narrating the myth of Aji Saka. However, the
ISO 15924
hanacaraka sequence only has the 18 consonants of
aksara wreṣāstra (ᬅᬓ ᬭᬯᬺᬱᬵᬲ) and exclude ISO 15924 Bali, 360 , Balinese

aksara sualalita (ᬅᬓ ᬭᬰᬮᬮᬶ ᬢ). However, this Unicode

table below include aksara sualalita as the current
Unicode alias Balinese
romanization have no diacritics for the consonants.
Unicode range U+1B00–U+1B7F (http
s://www.unicode.org/ch
 arts/PDF/U1B00.pdf)
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not
universally agreed upon.

ᬅᬓ ᬭᬯᬜᬦ
Aksara Wianjana
Consonants
Poem First Line Second Line Third Line Fourth Line
IPA [ha] [na] [tʃa] [ra] [ka] [da] [ta] [sa] [wa] [la] [ma] [ga] [ba] [ŋa] [pa] [dʒa] [ja] [ɲa]
Aksara Latin
ha na ca ra ka da ta sa wa la ma ga ba nga pa ja ya nya
Latin Transcription
Aksara Wreṣāstra
ᬳ ᬦ ᬘ ᬭ ᬓ ᬤ ᬢ ᬲ ᬯ ᬮ ᬫ ᬕ ᬩ ᬗ ᬧ ᬚ ᬬ ᬜ
ᬅᬓ ᬭᬯᬺᬱᬵᬲ

ᬥ ᬣ
Aksara Sualalita ᬰ
ᬡ ᬙ ᬔ ᬟ ᬝ ᬖ ᬪ ᬨ ᬛ
ᬅᬓ ᬭᬰᬮᬮᬶ ᬢ ᬱ
ᬠ ᬞ

Sanskrit order
E…
As other Brahmic scripts, consonants in Balinese script can be arranged into Tamil / Sanskrit order. Thus,
Balinese script had been influenced by Kalvi / Shiksha. The table below uses the order.
 Aksara Wianjana

ᬅᬓ ᬭᬯᬜᬦ
Consonants
Pancawalimukha

Warga Ardhasuara Ūṣma Wisarga

Unvoiced Voiced
(Place of Anunāsika ᬅᬭᬲᬭ ᬊᬱ ᬯᬶᬲᬭ
Alpaprāṇa Mahāprāṇa Alpaprāṇa Mahāprāṇa
articulation) ᬅᬦᬸᬦᬲ ᬶᬓ (Semivowels) (Fricatives) (Glottal)
ᬅᬮ ᬧᬵᬡ ᬫᬵᬳᬵᬧᬵᬡ ᬅᬮ ᬧᬵᬡ ᬫᬵᬳᬵᬧᬵᬡ
Nasal
Unaspirated Aspirated Unaspirated Aspirated

Kaṇṭhya

ᬓᬡ ᬓ ᬔ ᬕ ᬖ ᬗ ᬳ
(Guttural/Velar) [ka] [kʰa] [ga] [gʰa] [ŋa] [ha]
ka kha ga gha nga ha
Ka1 Ka mahaprana Ga1 Ga gora Nga1 Ha12

Tālawya

ᬢᬵᬮᬯ ᬘ ᬙ ᬚ ᬛ ᬜ ᬬ ᬰ
(Palatal) [tʃa] [tʃʰa] [dʒa] [dʒʰa] [ɲa] [ja] [ɕa]
ca cha ja jha nya ya śa ça
Ca murca1 Ca laca3 Ja1 Ja jera Nya1 Ya1 Sa saga

Mūrdhanya

ᬫᬹᬭᬜ ᬝ ᬞ ᬟ ᬠ ᬡ ᬭ ᬱ
(Retroflex) [ʈa] [ʈʰa] [ɖa] [ɖʰa] [ɳa] [ra] [ʂa]
ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa ra ṣa
Ta latik Ta latik m.5 Da murda a.4 Da murda m.5 Na rambat Ra1 Sa sapa

Dantya

ᬤᬦ ᬢ ᬣ ᬤ ᬥ ᬦ ᬮ ᬲ
(Dental) [t ̪a] [t ̪ʰa] [d̪a] [d̪ʰa] [n̪a] [l ̪a] [sa]
ta tha da dha na la sa
Ta1 Ta tawa Da lindung1 Da madu Na kojong1 La1 Sa danti16
Oṣṭhya
 ᬑᬱ or
(Labial/Bilabial)

ᬧ ᬨ ᬩ ᬫ ᬯ
[pa] [pʰa] [ba] [ma] [wa]
ᬪ
pa pha ba ma wa
Pa1 Pa kapal Ba1 [bʰa] Ma1 Wa1
bha
Ba kembang7

^1 Aksara wreṣāstra. They are, in traditional order: ha na ca ra ka / da ta sa wa la / ma ga ba nga / pa ja ya

nya.
^2 The consonant ha is sometimes not pronounced. For example, ᬳᬸᬚᬦ᭄ hujan (lit. rain) is pronounced ujan.[6]
^3 The exact form of ca laca is unknown because only the appended (gantungan) form is left.[7] However, the
independent form is included in Unicode.[8]
^4 alpaprana ^5 mahaprana
^6 Actually an alveolar consonant, but classified as dental by tradition
^7 The former of the two letter forms is more frequently used.

Vowels
E…

Vowels, called suara (ᬲᬭ) or aksara suara (ᬅᬓ ᬭᬲᬭ), can be written as independent letters when vowels
appear in initial position. They are described in the following list:
 Aksara suara

ᬅᬓ ᬭᬲᬭ
Vowels
Aksara suara hŗeşua Aksara suara dirgha

Warga ᬅᬓ ᬭᬲᬭᬳᬺᬱ ᬅᬓ ᬭᬲᬭᬤᬷᬭ

(Place of (Short vowels) (Long vowels)
articulation)
Balinese Balinese Latin Balinese Balinese Latin
IPA Name Name IPA
script script Transliteration script script Transliteration
Kaṇṭhya

ᬓᬡ ᬅ a [a] A kara ᬆ ā [ɑː]

(Guttural)
Tālawya

ᬢᬵᬮᬯ ᬇ i [i] I kara ᬈ ī [iː]

(Palatal)
Mūrdhanya

ᬫᬹᬭᬜ ᬋ ṛ [ɹ̩] Ra repa ᬌ ṝ [ɹ̩ː]

(Retroflex)
Dantya

ᬤᬦ ᬍ ḷ [l ̩] La lenga ᬎ ḹ [l ̩ː]
(Dental)
Oṣṭhya

ᬑᬱ ᬉ u [u] U kara ᬊ ū [uː]

(Labial)
Kaṇṭha-Tālawya

ᬓᬡᬢᬵᬮ [e] E
ᬏ e Airsanya ᬐ ai [aːi]
ᬯ [ɛ] kara

(Palato-guttural)
Kaṇṭha-Oṣṭhya
[o]
ᬓᬡᬑᬱ ᬑ o O kara ᬒ au [aːu]
[ɔ]
(Labio-guttural)

Gantungan and Gempelan

E…

Gantungan (ᬕᬦᬗᬦ᭄)
ᬸ (appended letters) and gempelan (ᬾᬕᬾᬫ ᬮᬦ᭄) (attached letters) should be used to
represent the consonant cluster, as zero vowel signs (adeg-adeg) are not used in the middle of sentences in
general. Thus, as other members of the Brahmic family (Javanese), the consonant cluster is written cursively.
Each consonant letter has a corresponding either gantungan or gempelan (for pa, pha, sa and ṣa only) form,
and the presence of gantungan and gempelan eliminates the inherent vowel [a] of the letter it is appended to.
For example, if the letter na (ᬦ) is appended with gantungan da (◌᭄ᬤ), the pronunciation becomes nda (ᬦ).

Gantungan or gempelan can be applied with pangangge (diacritic) to a letter. However, attaching two or more
gantungan to one letter is forbidden; this condition is known as tumpuk telu (three layers). Adeg-adeg may be
used in the middle of a sentence to avoid such situation. For example, tamblang with consonant cluster mbl is
written as ᬢᬫ᭄ᬩᬂ .[9]

The forms of gantungan and gempelan are as follows:

 Gantungan Gempelan

ᬕᬦᬗᬦ᭄
ᬸ ᬾᬕᬾᬫ ᬮᬦ᭄
Pancawalimukha

Warga Unvoiced Voiced Ardhasuara Ūṣma Wisarga

Anunāsika
(Place of Alpaprāṇa Mahāprāṇa Alpaprāṇa Mahāprāṇa ᬅᬭᬲᬭ ᬊᬱ ᬯᬶᬲᬭ
articulation) ᬅᬮ ᬧᬵᬡ ᬫᬵᬳᬵᬧᬵᬡ ᬅᬮ ᬧᬵᬡ ᬫᬵᬳᬵᬧᬵᬡ
ᬅᬦᬸᬦᬲ ᬶᬓ
(Semivowels) (Fricatives) (Glottal)
Nasal
Unaspirated Aspirated Unaspirated Aspirated

Kaṇṭhya

ᬓᬡ
◌᭄ᬓ ◌᭄ᬔ ◌᭄ᬕ ◌᭄ᬖ ◌᭄ᬗ ◌᭄ᬳ
(Guttural)
Ka Ka mahaprana Ga Ga gora Nga Ha

Tālawya

ᬢᬵᬮᬯ
◌᭄ᬘ ◌᭄ᬙ ◌᭄ᬚ ◌᭄ᬛ ◌᭄ᬜ ◌᭄ᬬ ◌᭄ᬰ
(Palatal)
Ca murca Ca laca Ja Ja jera Nya Ya Sa saga

Mūrdhanya

ᬫᬹᬭᬜ
◌᭄ᬝ ◌᭄ᬞ ◌᭄ᬟ ◌᭄ᬠ ◌᭄ᬡ ◌᭄ᬭ ◌᭄ᬱ
(Retroflex)
Ta latik Ta latik m. Da madu a. Da madu m. Na rambat Ra Sa sapa

Dantya

ᬤᬦ
◌᭄ᬢ ◌᭄ᬣ ◌᭄ᬤ ◌᭄ᬥ ◌᭄ᬦ ◌᭄ᬮ ◌᭄ᬲ
(Dental)
Ta Ta tawa Da lindung Da madu Na kojong La Sa danti

Oṣṭhya

ᬑᬱ
◌᭄ᬧ ◌᭄ᬨ ◌᭄ᬩ ◌᭄ᬪ ◌᭄ᬫ ◌᭄ᬯ
(Labial)
Pa Pa kapal Ba Ba kembang Ma Wa

Diacritics …

Diacritics (pangangge (ᬧᬗ᭢ᬗ), pronounced /pəŋaŋɡe/, also known as sandhangan when referring to the
Javanese script) are symbols that cannot stand by themselves. When they are attached to the independent
letters, they affect the pronunciation. The three types of diacritics are pangangge suara, pangangge tengenan
(pronounced /t ̪əŋənan/) and pangangge aksara.
Pangangge suara
E…

Pangangge suara (ᬧᬗ᭢ᬗᬲᬭ) change the inherited vowel of a consonant letter. For example, the letter ᬦ

(na) with ulu (◌ᬶ) becomes ni (ᬦᬶ); ka (ᬓ) with suku (◌ᬸ) becomes ku (ᬓᬸ). The diacritics in this category are
summarized in the following list:

Pangangge suara

ᬧᬗ᭢ᬗᬲᬭ
Warga
Balinese
(Place of Transliteration IPA Name
script
articulation)

Kaṇṭhya ◌ᭂ e/ê/ě1 [ə] Pepet

ᬓᬡ
(Guttural) ◌ᬵ ā [ɑː] Tedung

Tālawya ◌ᬶ i [i] Ulu

ᬢᬵᬮᬯ
(Palatal) ◌ᬷ ī [iː] Ulu sari

Oṣṭhya ◌ᬸ u [u] Suku

ᬑᬱ
(Labial) ◌ᬹ ū [uː] Suku ilut

[e]
Kaṇṭha-Tālawya ᬾ◌ e/é1 Taling
[ɛ]
ᬓᬡᬢᬵᬮᬯ
(Palato-guttural) ᬿ◌ ai [aːi] Taling detya

[o] Taling
Kaṇṭha-Oṣṭhya ᬾ◌ᬵ o
[ɔ] tedung
ᬓᬡᬑᬱ
Taling detya
(Labio-guttural) ᬿ◌ᬵ au [aːu]
matedung

^1 As first romanization of Balinese Language was developed during Dutch Colonial Era, letter e represents
sound [ə] and letter é represents sound [e] and [ɛ] as in Van Ophuijsen Indonesian and Dutch orthography.
After 1957, sounds [ə], [e] and [ɛ] are represented with e as in current Indonesian orthography with exception
for new learner and dictionary usage.[10][11]
Many consonants can form ligatures with tedung:

Pangangge tengenan
E…

Pangangge tengenan (ᬧᬗ᭢ᬗᬢᭂᬗᭂᬦᬦ᭄), except adeg-adeg, adds a final consonant to a syllable. It can be

used together with pangangge suara. For example, the letter ᬦ (na) with bisah (◌ᬄ) becomes ᬦᬄ (nah); ᬓ (ka)

with suku (◌ᬸ) and surang (◌ᬃ) becomes ᬓᬸᬃ (kur). Compared to Devanagari, bisah is analogous to visarga, cecek
to anusvara, and adeg-adeg to virama.

Adeg-adeg is zero vowel diacritics as in other Brahmic scripts in Balinese script. Adeg-adeg, as virama in
Devanagari, suppress the inherent vowel /a/ in the consonant letter. Adeg-adeg is used on impossibility of
gantungan and gempelan usage such as succeeded by punctuation marks, attachment of two or more
gantungan to one letter (tumpuk telu, lit. three layers), preservation of combination (watek ksatriya,
ᬯᬢᭂᬓ᭄ᬓ ᬢᬶ ᬬ rather than ᬯᬢᭂᬓ ᬢᬶ ᬬ) and disambiguation.[10]

Pangangge tengenan
ᬧᬗ᭢ᬗᬢᭂᬗᭂᬦᬦ᭄

Balinese script IPA Translit. Name

◌ᬄ [h] h Bisah

◌ᬃ [r] r Surang

◌ᬂ [ŋ] ng Cecek

◌᭄ [∅] Adeg-adeg
Pangangge aksara
E…

Pangangge aksara (ᬧᬗ᭢ᬗᬅᬓ ᬭ) is appended below consonant letters. Pangangge aksara are the
appended (gantungan) forms of the ardhasuara (semivowel) consonants. Guwung macelek is the appended
form of the vowel ra repa (ᬋ).

Pangangge aksara
ᬧᬗ᭢ᬗᬅᬓ ᬭ

Balinese script IPA Translit. Name

Cakra
◌᭄ᬭ [ra] ra
Guwung

◌ᬺ [rə] rě Guwung macelek

◌᭄ᬯ [ʋa] ua Suku kembung

◌᭄ᬬ [ja] ia Nania

Numerals …

Balinese numerals are written in the same manner as Arabic numerals. For example, 25 is written with the
Balinese numbers 2 and 5.
 Balinese Balinese Arabic Balinese Balinese Arabic
Name Name
numeral numeral numeral numeral numeral numeral

Bindu
᭐ 0 ᭕ 5 Lima
Windu

Siki
᭑ 1 ᭖ 6 Nem
Besik

Kalih
᭒ 2 ᭗ 7 Pitu
Dua

Tiga
᭓ 3 ᭘ 8 Kutus
Telu

Sanga
᭔ 4 Papat ᭙ 9
Sia

If the number is written in the middle of a text, carik has to be written before and after the number to
differentiate it from the text. Below is an example of how a date is written using Balinese numerals (date: 1 July
1982, location: Bali):

Balinese script Transliteration

Bali, 1 Juli 1982.

ᬩᬮᬶ ᭞᭑᭞ᬚᬸᬮᬶ᭞᭑᭙᭘᭒᭟

Other symbols …

There are some special symbols in the Balinese script. Some of them are punctuation marks, and the others
are religious symbols. The symbols are described in the following list:
Symbol Symbol Name Remarks

Carik Written in the middle of a sentence, like a comma (,). Also, written surrounding
᭞
Carik Siki numerals to differentiate them from the text.

Carik Kalih
᭟ Carik Written at the end of a sentence, like a full stop (.).
Pareren

Carik
᭝ Functions like a colon (:).
pamungkah

᭟᭜᭟ Pasalinan Used at the end of a prose, letter, or verse.

Panten or
᭚ Used at the beginning of a prose, letter, or verse.
Panti

Used at the beginning of religious texts. This symbol is a ligature of the letters
᭛ Pamada ma, nga, ja, and pa, forming the word mangajapa, which roughly means
"praying for safety".

ᬒᬁ Ongkara Sacred symbol of Hinduism. This symbol is pronounced "Ong" or "Om".

Orthography …

Balinese language
E…
Loanword from Sanskrit and Old Javanese
E…
Balinese have many loanwords from Sanskrit and Old Javanese. In general, the Balinese orthography in
Balinese script preserve the original orthography. The preservation of original orthography result on several
rules:

1. assimilation rule, which based on articulation rule (Kalvi / Shiksha),

2. ᬧᬲᬂᬧᬕᭂᬄ (pasang pageh) rule, which the word is spelled based on the source,

3. ᬫᬤᬶᬢ (maduita) rule, which several words has doubled consonant.

Assimilation
E…
Assimilation in Balinese occurs within the conjuncts/consonant clusters. Balinese script represents assimilation
occurred, however Latin script sometimes may not represent this. In general, alveolar consonants are
assimilated into palatal, retroflex or labial. There are more specific descriptions in assimilation combination:[11]

ᬦ [n] assimilated into ᬜ [ɲ] if succeeded by palatal consonants, such as consonant cluster nc ᬜ and nj

ᬜ. For example, word wianjana is written as ᬯᬜᬦ ([wjaɲdʒana]), not written as ᬯᬦᬦ (*[wjandʒana]).

ᬲ [s] assimilated into ᬰ [ɕ] if succeeded by palatal consonants, such as consonant cluster sc ᬰ. For

example, word pascad is written as ᬧᬰᬤ᭄ ([paɕcad]), not written as ᬧᬲᬤ᭄ (*[pascad]).

ᬤ [d] assimilated into ᬚ [dʒ] if succeeded by palatal consonants, such as consonant cluster dny ᬚ. For

example, word yadnya is written as ᬬᬚ ([jadʒɲa]), not written as ᬬᬤ (*[jadɲa]).

ᬦ [n] assimilated into ᬡ [ɳ] if preceded by retroflex consonants, such as consonant cluster rn ᬭ. For

example, word karna is written as ᬓᬭ ([karɳa]), not written as ᬓᬭ (*[karna]).

ᬲ [s] assimilated into ᬱ [ʂ] if succeeded by retroflex consonants, such as consonant cluster st (ṣṭ) ᬱ and

sn (ṣṇ) ᬱ. For example, word dusta (duṣṭa, lie) is written as ᬤᬸᬱ ([duʂʈa]), not written as ᬤᬸᬲ (*[dusʈa]).

ᬦ [n] assimilated into ᬫ [m] if succeeded by labial consonants. For example, word tanbara is written as

ᬢᬫᬭ ([tambʰara]), not written as ᬢᬦᬭ (*[tanbʰara]).

Liquid Consonant-Schwa Combination

E…

Liquid consonant, ᬭ [r] and ᬮ [l], may not be combined with ◌ᭂ (pepet, schwa) [ə] as ᬭᭂ and ᬮᭂ . These

combination, rě [rə] and lě [lə], should be written as ᬋ (re repa) and ᬍ (le lenga). Word kěrěng (lit. eat a lot) and

lekad are written as ᬓᭂᬋᬂ and ᬍᬓᬤ᭄. While combination of ◌᭄ᬮ (gantungan [l]) and ◌ᭂ (pepet) is possible as

in ᬩᭂᬕᬜᬃ ᬸ (bleganjur), combination of ◌᭄ᬭ (cakra or gantungan [r]) and ◌ᭂ pepet is not allowed. If the

combination follows a word which ends in a consonant, ◌᭄ᬋ (gempelan re repa) may be used as in ᬧᬓ ᬋᬄ

(Pak Rěrěh, Mr. Rěrěh). If the combination is in a word, ◌ᬺ (guwung macelek) may be used instead as in ᬓᬺᬱ
(Krěsna, Krishna).[11][12]

Latin Script Transliteration

E…
Latin script transliteration into Balinese script is based on phonetics. As vocabulary expands, foreign sounds are
introduced and have no equivalent on Balinese script. In general, transliteration of foreign sounds is shown as
below.[13]
 Foreign Sound Transliteration

Balinese Language Example

Foreign
Balinese Language
IPA Sound Latin Balinese Foreign
Latin Meaning
Latin Script Script Script Word Balinese Script
Script

[f] f p ᬧ telefon telepon ᬾᬢᬾᬮᬾᬧᬵᬦ᭄ telephone

[v] v p ᬧ vitamin pitamin ᬧ ᬶᬢᬫ ᬶᬦ᭄ vitamine

[kw], [k],
q k ᬓ quantum kuantum ᬓᬦᬫ᭄
ᬸ quantum
[q]

[z] z j ᬚ

[z] z s ᬲ

Sasak language
E…
The Sasak language, spoken in Lombok Island east of Bali, is related to Balinese, is written in a version of the
Balinese script known as Aksara Sasak, which is influenced by the Javanese script[14] and is given additional
characters for loanwords of foreign origin.

Sasak Derived Javanese Arabic

Name[14] IPA[14]
letter from equivalent equivalent

ᭅ qaf [q~k~ʔ] ᬓ ꦐ ‫ق‬

ᭆ xot [x] ᬓ+ᬳ ꦳
ꦏ ‫خ‬
ᭇ tsir [ts] ᬢ ? ‫ث‬
ᭈ ef [f] ᬧ ꦳
ꦥ ‫ف‬
ᭉ ve [v] ᬯ ꦳
ꦥ -

ᭊ zal [z] ᬲ ꦳
ꦗ ‫ز‬
ᭋ asyura [ʃ] ᬲ+ᬬ ꦳
ꦱ ‫ش‬

Fonts …
There are some fonts for Balinese script as of 2016. Bali Simbar, Bali Galang, JG Aksara Bali, Aksara Bali,
Tantular Bali, Lilitan, Geguratan and Noto Sans Balinese are some fonts that included Balinese script. The fonts
have different degree of compatibility each other, and most contain critical flaws.[15]

Bali Simbar (http://www.babadbali.com/aksarabali) is first font for Balinese script by I Made Suatjana Dipl Ing
[16]
at 1999. Bali Simbar is not compatible for Mac-OS and Unicode.[16][15] JG Aksara Bali, was designed by
Jason Glavy, has over 1400 Balinese glyphs, including a huge selection of precomposed glyph clusters.[15] The
latest version of JG Aksara Bali is released on 2003, thus has no compatibility with Unicode.[15] Bali Simbar and
JG Aksara Bali, in particular, may cause conflicts with other writing systems, as the font uses code points from
other writing systems to complement Balinese's extensive repertoire as Balinese script was not included in
Unicode at the creation time.[16][15]

Aksara Bali by Khoi Nguyen Viet is the first hacked Unicode Balinese font with a brute-force OpenType
implementation. The results depend on how well other OpenType features are implemented in the renderer.
The font has about 370 Balinese glyphs, but does not display the vowel ⟨é⟩ correctly.[15] The team of Aditya
Bayu Perdana, Ida Bagus Komang Sudarma, and Arif Budiarto has created a small series of Balinese fonts:
Tantular Bali, Lilitan, and Geguratan, all using hacked Unicode and a brute-force OpenType implementation.
Tantular has about 400 Balinese glyphs.[15] These all have serious flaws.[15]

Another Unicode font is Noto Sans Balinese (https://www.google.com/get/noto/#sans-bali) from Google.[17]

However, Noto Sans Balinese exhibits several critical flaws (https://github.com/googlei18n/noto-fonts/labels/S
cript-Balinese) , such as an inability to correctly display more than one diacritic per consonant.[15]

The free font Bali Galang, maintained by Bemby Bantara Narendra, displays correctly apart from the consonant-
spanning vowels ⟨o⟩ and ⟨au⟩. However, those vowels can be manually substituted by their graphic
components, ⟨é⟩ and ⟨ai⟩ followed by the length sign (tedung), which together display as ⟨o⟩ and ⟨au⟩. It also
automatically assimilates some consonants within words. It displays corresponding Balinese glyphs instead of
Latin letters.

Unicode …

Balinese script was added to the Unicode Standard in July, 2006 with the release of version 5.0.

The Unicode block for Balinese is U+1B00–U+1B7F:

 Balinese[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B00.pdf) (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

U+1B0x ◌ᬀ ◌ᬁ ◌ᬂ ◌ᬃ ◌ᬄ ᬅ ᬆ ᬇ ᬈ ᬉ ᬊ ᬋ ᬌ ᬍ ᬎ ᬏ
U+1B1x ᬐ ᬑ ᬒ ᬓ ᬔ ᬕ ᬖ ᬗ ᬘ ᬙ ᬚ ᬛ ᬜ ᬝ ᬞ ᬟ
U+1B2x ᬠ ᬡ ᬢ ᬣ ᬤ ᬥ ᬦ ᬧ ᬨ ᬩ ᬪ ᬫ ᬬ ᬭ ᬮ ᬯ
U+1B3x ᬰ ᬱ ᬲ ᬳ ◌᬴ ◌ᬵ ◌ᬶ ◌ᬷ ◌ᬸ ◌ᬹ ◌ᬺ ◌ᬻ ◌ᭂ ◌ᭃ ᬾ◌ ᬿ◌
U+1B4x ᬾ◌ᬵ ᬿ◌ᬵ ◌ᭂ ◌ᭃ ᭄ ᭅ ᭆ ᭇ ᭈ ᭉ ᭊ ᭋ
U+1B5x ᭐ ᭑ ᭒ ᭓ ᭔ ᭕ ᭖ ᭗ ᭘ ᭙ ᭚ ᭛ ᭜ ᭝ ᭞ ᭟
U+1B6x ᭠ ᭡ ᭢ ᭣ ᭤ ᭥ ᭦ ᭧ ᭨ ᭩ ᭪ ◌᭫ ◌᭬ ◌᭭ ◌᭮ ◌᭯
U+1B7x ◌᭰ ◌᭱ ◌᭲ ◌᭳ ᭴ ᭵ ᭶ ᭷ ᭸ ᭹ ᭺ ᭻ ᭼
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 14.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Examples …

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

Sami manusané sané nyruwadi wantah mardéka tur maduwé kautamaan lan hak-hak sané pateh. Sami
kalugrähin papineh lan idep tur mangdané paḍa masawitra melarapan semangat pakulawargaan.
[All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience
and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.][18]

ᬲᬫ ᬶᬫᬦᬸᬲᬾᬦᬲᬾᬦᬜᬯᬤᬶ
ᬸ ᬯᬦᬄᬫᬾᬭᬓᬢᬸᬃ ᬫᬤᬸᬾᬯᬓᬳᬸᬢᬫᬳ
ᬦᬦᬓᬓᬸ ᬾᬦᬧᬢᭂᬄ᭟
ᬲᬫ ᬶᬓᬮᬸᬕᬵᬳᬶᬦ ᬧ ᬶᬦᭂᬄᬮᬦᬶᬤᬧ
ᭂ ᬫ
ᬸᬃ ᬗᬾᬦᬧᬟᬫᬲᬯᬶᬢᬫ ᭂᬮᬭᬧ
ᬦᬸ ᭂᬫᬗᬢ ᬓᬸᬮᬯᬭᬳᬦ᭄᭞
Kakawin Bhāratayuddha Pasalin 1 Verse 1 (wirama jagaddhita):

Sang śūrā mriha yadnya ring samara mahyuni hilanganikang parāng muka, līlā kembangura sekartaji
nikéśaning ari pejahing raṇānggaṇa, ūrṇāning ratu māti wīja nira, kuṇḍa nira nagaraning musuh geseng, sāityā
uti teṇḍasing ripu kapöka niratha nika suśraméng gala.

ᬲᬂᬰᬭ
ᬹ ᬵᬫ ᬶᬳᬬᬚᬭᬶᬂ ᬲᬫᬭᬫᬳᬦᬶ
ᬸ ᬳᬶᬮᬗᬦᬶᬓᬂᬧᬭᬵᬂᬫᬓ
ᬸ ᭞

ᬮᬷ ᬮᬵᬓᭂᬫᬗᬸᬭᬲ ᭂᬓᬭᬚᬶᬦᬶᬾᬓᬰᬦᬶᬗᬭᬶᬧ ᭂᬚᬳᬶᬂ ᬭᬡᬵᬗᬡ᭞

ᬒᬭᬵᬦᬶᬂ ᬭᬢᬸᬫᬵᬢᬶ ᬯᬚ
ᬷ ᬦᬶᬭ᭞ᬓᬸᬡᬦᬶᬭᬦᬕᬭᬦᬶᬂ ᬫᬸᬲᬄᬸ ᬕᭂᬲ᭞ᭂᬂ

ᬲᬵᬳᬶᬢᬵᬳᬸᬢᬶᬢᬡ
ᭂ ᬲᬭᬶᬂ ᬶᬧᬓ
ᬸ ᬧ ᭃᬓᬦᬶᬭᬣᬦᬶᬓᬲᬸᬰᬾᬫᬗᬮ᭛

Gallery …
Page from a Bible Balinese palm-leaf Sign at Pura Puseh Street sign in Singaraja,
printed with Balinese manuscript Temple, Batuan, Bali written in Latin and
script Balinese script

Klungkung Regent's A date in Latin and

Office sign Balinese script

References …

1. Everson, Michael; Suatjana, I Made (2005-01-23). "N2908: Proposal for encoding the Balinese script in the UCS" (http
s://www.unicode.org/L2/L2005/05008-n2908-balinese.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2016-09-09.

2. Kuipers, Joel (2003). Indic Scripts of Insular Southeast Asia: Changing Structures and Functions (http://home.gwu.ed
u/~kuipers/kuipers%20insular%20seasia%20scripts.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140514122716/
http://home.gwu.edu/~kuipers/kuipers%20insular%20seasia%20scripts.pdf) 2014-05-14 at the Wayback Machine.
Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
 3. Fox, Richard (2013). Rival Styles of Writing, Rival Styles of Practical Reasoning (http://www.materiale-textkulturen.de/
mtc_blog/2013_003_Fox.pdf) . Heidelberg: Institut für Ehtnologie.

4. Ida Bagus Adi Sudewa (14 May 2003). "The Balinese Alphabet, v0.6" (https://web.archive.org/web/2015061004185
2/http://babadbali.com/aksarabali/alphabet.htm) . Yayasan Bali Galang. Archived from the original (http://www.baba
dbali.com/aksarabali/alphabet.htm) on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2013.

5. Richard Ishida (2012). "Balinese Script Notes" (http://rishida.net/scripts/balinese/) . Retrieved 22 May 2014.

6. Tinggen, p. 16

7. Tinggen, p. 23

8. "Unicode Table" (https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B00.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2013-11-13.

9. Tinggen, p. 27

10. Tinggen, I Nengah (1994). Pedoman Perubahan Ejaan Bahasa Bali dengan Huruf Latin dan Huruf Bali. Singaraja: Rikha.

11. Pedoman Pasang Aksara Bali (http://babadbali.com/aksarabali/pages/pageview.htm) . Denpasar: Dinas

Kebudayaan Provinsi Bali. 1997.

12. Ishida, Richard. "Balinese script notes" (http://rishida.net/scripts/balinese/) . Retrieved 24 March 2016.

13. Tinggen, I Nengah (1994). Celah-Celah Kunci Aksara Bali (1 ed.). Singaraja: Rhika.

14. "Sasak language, alphabet and pronunciation" (https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sasak.htm) . Omniglot. Retrieved

2020-11-25.

15. "Bringing Balinese to iOS" (http://norbertlindenberg.com/2015/10/bringing-balinese-to-ios/) . Norbert’s Corner.

Retrieved 24 March 2016.

16. "Aksara Bali" (http://www.babadbali.com/aksarabali/downloads.htm) . Bali Galang Foundation. Retrieved 24 March

2016.

17. "Noto Sans Balinese" (https://www.google.com/get/noto/#sans-bali) . Google Noto Font. Retrieved 24 March 2016.

18. "OHCHR |" (https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=bzc) . www.ohchr.org. Retrieved

2020-03-21.

Further reading …

Surada, I Made (2007). Kamus Sanskerta-Indonesia. Surabaya: Penerbit Paramitha.

Simpen, I Wayan. Pasang Aksara Bali. Bali: Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Daerah Tingkat I.

External links …

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Balinese script.

 Outline of Balines script (http://basabali.org/main/wp-content/uploads/script_elearning/BalineseFontList_20
12_0727.pdf) at BASAbali.org

Entry on Balinese (http://www.omniglot.com/writing/balinese.htm) at Omniglot.com -- A guide to writing

systems (http://www.omniglot.com/writing/)

Computerization of Balinese Script (http://www.babadbali.com/aksarabali/presengl.htm)

Unicode block (http://unicode-table.com/en/sections/balinese/)

Balinese character picker (https://r12a.github.io/pickers/balinese/)

Balinese script converter (https://www.bawarasa.org/konversi-latin-aksara-bali/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

title=Balinese_script&oldid=1048522868"

Last edited 4 months ago by Ibrahim Muizzuddin