PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore

Department of Production Engineering

BE Production Engineering
3rd Semester – AY 2020-2021
19P305 Welding Technology

Mr.K.Saravanakumar
Assistant Professor (Senior Grade)
Department of Production Engineering
PSG College of Technology
Coimbatore - 641004
Introduction
✓ The term joining is generally used for welding, brazing, soldering, and
adhesive bonding, which form a permanent joint between the parts—a joint
that cannot easily be separated.
✓ The term assembly usually refers to mechanical methods of fastening parts
together.
✓ Welding is a materials joining process in which two or more parts are
coalesced at their contacting surfaces by a suitable application of heat and/or
pressure.
✓ Many welding processes are accomplished by heat alone, with no pressure
applied; others by a combination of heat and pressure; and still others by
pressure alone, with no external heat supplied.
✓ In some welding processes a filler material is added to facilitate coalescence.
✓ The assemblage of parts that are joined by welding is called a weldment.
✓ Welding is most commonly associated with metal parts, but the process is also
used for joining plastics.
Welding
Welding is metallurgical fusion process, where part to be joined by the
application of heat and pressure.
✓ It is used to join the two different parts.
✓ It is commonly used in the industries.
Definition of Welding

✓ “Welding is the process of joining together two pieces of metal so that

bonding takes place at their original boundary surfaces”.

✓ When two parts to be joined are melted together, heat or pressure or both is
applied and with or without added metal for formation of metallic bond.
Welding Processes
✓ A concentrated heat source melts the material in the weld area; the molten
area then solidifies to join the pieces together
✓ Sometimes a filler material is added to the molten pool to strengthen the
weld
AWS – American Welding Society
Who is the AWS?
✓ American Welding Society – founded in 1919
✓ It is a non-profit organization whose membership includes:
✓ Individuals
✓ Students
✓ Companies

Uniting the Welding Industry

Headquartered in Miami, Florida, and led by a volunteer organization of officers and
directors, AWS serves over 70,000 members worldwide and is composed of 22 Districts with 250
Sections and student chapters.
What do they do?
Their purpose is to:
✓ Advance the science, technology, and application of welding and allied processes
including: joining, brazing, soldering, cutting, and thermal spray
✓ Standardize classification of electrode and base material codes
✓ Standardize process procedures
✓ Provide welding certification
 Definitions as per AWS
Welding : A joining process that produces coalescence of materials by heating
them to welding temperature, with or without the application of pressure or by
the application of pressure alone and with or without the use of filler metal.

Weld: A localized coalescence of metals or non-metals produced either by heating

the materials to welding temperature, with or without the application of pressure
or by the application of pressure alone and with or without the use of filler metal.

Weldability: The capacity of material to be welded under the imposed fabrication

conditions into a specific, suitably designed structure and to perform satisfactorily
to intended service.

Weldment: An Assembly whose components parts are joined by welding.

Classification of welding processes based on whether base
material is melting or not
✓ Fusion Welding—To accomplish welding, either heat or pressure is
required to apply from external source. When heat is applied
externally, subsequent melting of base material takes place, which
upon cooling produces a sound joint. This type of welding process
where faying surfaces of base material melt down is known as Fusion
welding.
✓ Solid-State Welding—When pressure is applied externally, instead of
applying heat, then it is termed as solid-state welding. However, in
this process heat may produce internally that can elevate the
temperature of base materials (but base materials don’t fuse as
temperature remains lower than melting temperature).
Classification of welding processes based on need
and type of filler material
✓ Autogenous Welding—In all fusion welding processes, external filler material
may not necessary. If welding is done without any external filler material, then
it is termed as Autogenous welding. So here base material itself melts down
and produces intended weld bead. Solid state welding processes are mostly
autogenous.
✓ Homogeneous Welding—On the other hand, if external filler material is
applied during fusion welding and the metallurgical composition of filler
material is same with that of base material, then that welding is termed as
Homogeneous welding.
✓ Heterogeneous Welding—Again, if external filler material is applied during
fusion welding but metallurgical compositions of filler material and base
materials are substantially different, then that welding process is termed as
Heterogeneous welding. Proper care must be taken before conducting
heterogeneous welding to check whether filler material is compatible with base
materials or not. If they are not compatible, then result will be a defective
welding.
Types of welding - Welding process can also be classified as follows:
Gas Welding Resistance Welding

✓ Oxy Acetylene Welding ✓ Spot Welding

✓ Oxy Hydrogen Welding ✓ Flash Welding

✓ Pressure Gas Welding ✓ Resistance Butt Welding

Arc Welding ✓ Seam Welding

✓ Carbon Arc Welding Solid State Welding

✓ Shield Metal Arc Welding ✓ Forge Welding

✓ Submerged Arc Welding ✓ Cold Welding

✓ Metal Inert Gas Welding ✓ Friction Welding

✓ Tungsten Inert Gas Welding ✓ Explosive Welding

✓ Electro Slag Welding ✓ Diffusion Welding

✓ Plasma Arc Welding ✓ Ultrasonic Welding

Types of Welding

Thermo-Chemical Welding

✓ Thermit Welding

✓ Atomic Hydrogen Welding

Radiant Energy Welding

✓ Electron Beam Welding

✓ Laser Beam Welding

Advantages and Disadvantages of Welding
Advantages
✓ It is used for repair work.
✓ Strength of joint is good.
✓ They have high corrosion resistance.
✓ Welding is used for fluid tight
joints.
✓ Different types of joints can be
done.
✓ Welding is economical and cost
efficient.
Disadvantages
✓ It produce harmful radiations.
✓ It produce internal stresses
distortion and change in micro
structure in welding region.
✓ Previous badge preparation
requires.
✓ Require skilled operator.
Applications
✓ Automobile parts.
✓ Aircraft and ship construction.
✓ Machine frames.
✓ Pipelines.
✓ Tanks and vessels.
Weld Joint
Welding produces a solid connection between two pieces, called a weld
joint.
A weld joint is the junction of the edges or surfaces of parts that have
been joined by welding.
Two classifications related to weld joints:
(1) types of joints and
(2) the types of welds used to join the pieces that form the joints.
Types of Joints
There are five basic types of joints for bringing
two parts together for joining.
The five joint types are not limited to welding;
they apply to other joining and fastening
techniques as well.
The five joint types can be defined as follows:
(a) Butt joint. In this joint type, the parts lie in
the same plane and are joined at their
edges.
(b) Corner joint. The parts in a corner joint
form a right angle and are joined at the
corner of the angle.
(c) Lap joint. This joint consists of two
overlapping parts.
(d) Tee joint. In a tee joint, one part is
perpendicular to the other in the
approximate shape of the letter ‘‘T.’’
(e) Edge joint. The parts in an edge joint are
parallel with at least one of their edges in
common, and the joint is made at the
common edge(s).
Types of Joints in welding
References
1. Parmer R S, “Welding Processes and Technology”, Khanna Publishers, New
Delhi, 2015.
2. Larry Jeffus, “Welding Principles and Applications”, Delmar Publishers, New
York, 2017.
3. Howard B Cary and Scott C Hezler, “Modern Welding Technology”, Pearson,
New Delhi, 2005.
Thank You