Z-Transforms and Difference Equations 5.

Unit - V
Z - Transforms and
Difference Equations
5.0 Introduction

Z -transform is used to convert discrete time domain into a complex

frequency domain. It is a generalized form of Fourier transform. It is
widely used in engineering as follows:

Digital Signal Processing

Control Theory
Analysis of digital filters
To find the frequency response
Analysis of discrete signals
Automatic controls in telecommunication

5.1 Definition of Z - transform

Let f (n) be a sequence defined for all positive integer n , then the Z
-transform of f (n) is defined as

n
Z f (n) f (n) z F ( z) .
n 0

where z is an arbitrary complex number.

This is called one sided Z -transform.

 5. 2 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

If f (n) is defined for n 0, 1, 2,... then

n
Z f (n) f (n) z and is called two sided Z -transform.
n

Note:

If f (n) 0 for n 0 then f (n) is called a casual sequence.

5.2 Unit Sample Sequence

The unit sample sequence (n) is defined as

1 for n 0
( n)
0 for n 0

5.3 Unit Step Sequence

The unit step sequence u ( n) is defined as

1 for n 0
u ( n)
0 for n 0

The relation between unit sample sequence and unit step sequence is

u (n) (k )
k

and (n) u(n) u (n 1)

1 if k n
we have (n k ) and
0 if k n

1 for n k 0
u (n k )
0 for n k 0

Also f ( n) f ( k ) (n k )
k
 Z-Transforms and Difference Equations 5. 3

5.4 Z-transform for Discrete Values of t

If f (t ) is a function defined for discrete values of t ,

where t nT , n 0,1, 2,... , T being the sampling period, then Z -

transform of f (t ) is defined as

n
Z f (t ) f (nT ) z F ( z)
n 0

5.5 Properties of Z -transforms

Property 1: Linear Property

If Z -transform of f (n) is Z f (n) F ( z) , then

(i) Z af (n) bg (n) aZ f (n) bZ g (n)

(ii) Z af (t ) bg (t ) aZ f (t ) bZ g (t )

Proof:

n
(i) Z af (n) bg (n) af (n) bg (n) z
n 0

n n
a f (n) z b f (n) z
n 0 n 0

aZ f (n) bZ g (n)

n
(ii) Z af (t ) bg (t ) af (nT ) bg (nT ) z
n 0

n n
a f (nT ) z b f (nT ) z
n 0 n 0

aZ f (t ) bZ g (t )
 5. 4 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

Property 2:

If Z -transform of f (n) is F ( z ) then

z
(i) Z a n f (n) F (N/D 2014),(A/M 2015)
a

z
(ii) Z a n f (t ) F
a

Proof:

(i) Z an f (n) an f (n) z n

n 0

n
z
f ( n)
n 0 a

z
F
a

(ii) Z an f (t ) an f (nT ) z n

n 0

n
z
f (nT )
n 0 a

z
F
a

Property 3:

If Z -transform of f (n) and f (t ) are F ( z ) , then

d
(i) Z nf (n) z F (z)
dz

d
(ii) Z nf (t ) z F (z)
dz
 Z-Transforms and Difference Equations 5. 5

Proof:

(i) By definition of Z -transform

n
Z f (n) f (n) z F ( z)
n 0

Differentiating w.r.t. z , we get

d n 1
F ( z) f (n)( n) z
dz n 0

d n
z F (z) nf (n) z
dz n 0

d
z F ( z) Z nf (n)
dz

d
Z nf (n) z F (z)
dz

(ii) By definition of Z -transform

n
Z f (t ) f (nT ) z F ( z)
n 0

Differentiating w.r.t. z , we get

d n 1
F ( z) f (nT )( n) z
dz n 0

d n
z F ( z) nf (nT ) z
dz n 0

d
Z nf (t ) z F ( z)
dz
 5. 6 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

Property 4:

If Z -transform of f (n) and f (t ) are F ( z ) , then

f (T ) f (2T ) f (k 1)T
Z f (n k )T z k F ( z) f (0) ...
z z2 zk 1

Proof:

n
Z f (n k )T f (n k )T z
n 0

zk f (n k )T z (n k )

n 0

zk f mT z m
where m n k
m k

k 1
zk f mT z m
f mT z m

m 0 m 0

f (T ) f (2T ) f (k 1)T
z k F ( z) f (0) ...
z z2 zk 1

Property 5: First Shifting Property

at
If Z f (t ) F ( z) , then Z e f (t ) F ze aT .

Proof:

From the definition of Z -transform

at anT n
Z e f (t ) e f (nT ) z
n 0

n
f (nT ) ze aT
n 0

F ze aT
 Z-Transforms and Difference Equations 5. 7

Property 6: Second Shifting Property (M/J 2013)

If Z f (t ) F (z ) then Z f (t T ) zF ( z) zf (0) and if

Z f (n) F ( z) then Z f (n 1) zF ( z) zf (0) .

Proof:

(i) By definition of Z -transform

n
Z f (t T ) f (nT T ) z
n 0

( n 1)
z f (n 1)T z
n 0

Put n 1 k

k
z f kT z
k 1

k
z f (kT ) z f (0)
k 0

zF ( z) zf (0)

(ii) By definition of Z -transform

n
Z f (n 1) f (n 1) z
n 0

( n 1)
z f (n 1) z
n 0

Put n 1 k

k
z f (k ) z
k 1

k
z f (k ) z f (0) zF (z ) zf (0)
k 0
 5. 8 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

Property 7:

If Z f (n) F (z ) and k is any positive integer, find Z f (n k )

and Z f (n k ) where f (n) is a casual sequence. (N/D 2011)

Proof:

(i) By definition of Z -transform

n
Z f (n k ) f (n k ) z
n 0

Put n k m

(m k )
f (m) z
m k

f (m) z m z k

m 0

z k F ( z) f (m) is casual sequence.

n
(ii) Z f (n k ) f (n k ) z
n 0

Put n k m

(m k )
f (m) z
m k

k 1
zk f (m ) z m
f (m ) z m

m 0 m 0

f (1) f (2) f (k 1)
z k F ( z) f (0) ...
z z2 zk 1
 Z-Transforms and Difference Equations 5. 9

Example 5.1:
Find the Z - transform of unit sample sequence and unit step sequence.

Solution:

(i) Unit Sample Sequence:

1 for n 0
(n)
0 for n 0

Definition of Z -transform

n
Z f ( n) f ( n) z
n 0

n
Z (n) (n) z
n 0

1 2
(0) (1) z (2) z ...

1 0 0 ...

(ii) Unit Step Sequence: (N/D 2010)

1 for n 0
u ( n)
0 for n 0

Definition of Z -transform

n
Z f ( n) f ( n) z
n 0

n
Z u ( n) u ( n) z
n 0

1 2
u(0) u(1) z u(2) z ...

1 2
1 z z ...
 5. 10 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

2
1 1
1 ...
z z

1 1
for 1
1 z
1
z

z
for z 1
z 1

Example 5.2:
Find the Z - transform of the following sequences of f (n) .

n
(i) k (constant) (ii) 1 (iii) a n (iv) n (v) na n

Solution:

Definition of Z -transform

n
Z f ( n) f ( n) z
n 0

n
(i) Z k kz
n 0

n
1
k
n 0 z

2
1 1
k 1 ...
z z

1 1
k for 1
1 z
1
z

kz
Z k for z 1
z 1
 Z-Transforms and Difference Equations 5. 11

n n n
(ii) Z 1 1 z
n 0

1
1 ( 1) z ( 1)2 z 2
...

2 3
1 1 1
1 ...
z z z

1 1
for 1
1 z
1
z

z
for z 1
z 1

(iii) Z an an z n
(A/M 2011),(N/D 2012)
n 0

n
a
n 0 z

2
a a
1 ...
z z

1 a
for 1
a z
1
z

z
for z a
z a

(iv) Z n Z n1 (M/J 2013)

d
z Z 1 by property 3
dz

d z
z
dz z 1
 5. 12 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

( z 1) 1 z (1)
z
( z 1)2

1 z
z
( z 1) 2 ( z 1) 2

d
(v) Z na n z Z an by property 3
dz

d z
z
dz z a

( z a) 1 z (1) az
z
( z 1) 2 ( z a) 2

Example 5.3:
Find the Z - transform of the following

1 1 1
(i) n 2 (ii) n(n 1) (iii) (iv) (v)
n n(n 1) n!

Solution:

(i) Z n2 Z n n (M/J 2014)

d d
z Z n Z nf (n) z Z f ( n)
dz dz

d z
z 2
dz z 1

( z 1) 2 1 z 2( z 1)
z
( z 1) 4

z 1 2z
z
( z 1)4
 Z-Transforms and Difference Equations 5. 13

z ( z 1)
( z 1)3

(ii) Z n(n 1) Z n2 n

Z n2 Z n

z ( z 1) z
( z 1)3 ( z 1) 2

2z
3
z 1

1 1 n
(iii) Z z (N/D 2013)
n n 1 n

1
n
n 1 nz

1 1 1
...
z 2z2 3z 3

(1/ z)2 (1/ z)3

1/ z ...
2 3

x2 x3
x ... log(1 x)
2 3

1 1
log 1 for 1
z z

z
log
z 1
 5. 14 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

1 1 1
(iv) (by partial fraction)
n(n 1) n n 1

(N/D 2014),(M/J 2016)

1 1 1
Z Z Z .....(1)
n(n 1) n n 1

We know that

1 z
Z log
n z 1

From the definition of Z -transform

1 1 n
Z z
n 1 n 0 n 1

1/ z (1/ z)2
1 ...
2 3

1
Multiplying and dividing by , we get
z

1 (1/ z) 2 (1/ z)3

1/ z ...
1/ z 2 3

z
z log . Substituting in (1)
z 1

1 z z z
Z log z log 1 z log
n(n 1) z 1 z 1 z 1

1 1 n
(v) Z z (N/D 2011)
n! n 0 n!

n
1 1
n 0 n! z
 Z-Transforms and Difference Equations 5. 15

1/ z (1/ z)2
1 ...
1! 2!
1
x x2 x3
ez ex 1 ...
1! 2! 3!

Example 5.4:

an
, n 0
Find the Z - transform of X (n) n! .
0, otherwise
(N/D 2009),(M/J 2012)

Solution:

an
, n 0
Given X (n) n!
0, otherwise

Definition of Z -transform

n
Z X (n) X (n) z
n 0

an n
z
n 0 n!

n
1 a
n 0 ! z
n

a
a/z (a / z )2
1 ... ez
1! 2!
 5. 16 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

Example 5.5:
Find Z n(n 1)(n 2) . (M/J 2012)

Solution:

Z n(n 1)(n 2) Z n3 3n 2 2n

Z n3 3Z n 2 2Z n .....(1)

z
Refer: Example 5.2 (iv) Z n
( z 1) 2

z ( z 1)
Example 5.3 (i) Z n2
( z 1) 3

Z n3 Z n n2 (N/D 2016)

d
z Z n2
dz

d
Z n f ( n) z Z f ( n)
dz

d z2 z
z
dz ( z 1)3

( z 1)3 (2 z 1) ( z 2 z ) 3( z 1) 2
z
( z 1)6

( z 1)(2 z 1) 3( z 2 z)
z
( z 1) 4

z z2 4z 1
4 . Substituting in (1), we get
z 1
 Z-Transforms and Difference Equations 5. 17

z z2 4z 1 z ( z 1) z
Z n(n 1)(n 2) 4
3 2
z 1 ( z 1)3 ( z 1) 2

2
z z2 4z 1 3z z 1 z 1 2z z 1
4
z 1

z3 4z2 z 3z z 2 1 2z z2 2z 1 6z
4 4
z 1 z 1

Example 5.6:
n n
Find Z -transform of cos and sin . (A/M 2010),(M/J 2016)
2 2

Solution:

z
We know that Z a n
z a
i
Put a e2

n
i
z
Z e 2
i
z e2

in
z
Z e 2

z cos i sin
2 2

n n z
Z cos i sin
2 2 z i

z z i
z i z i

z z i z 2 iz
z i z i z2 1
 5. 18 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

Equating real and imaginary parts, we get

n z2 n z
Z cos 2
and Z sin 2
2 z 1 2 z 1

Example 5.7:
Find Z -transform of cos n and sin n . Hence deduce the Z -
transform of a n cos n , a n sin n , cos( n 1) and sin(n 1) . Also
n n
deduce cos and sin . (N/D 2010),(M/J 2013),(N/D 2014)
2 2

Solution:

z
We know that Z a n
z a

(i) put a ei

n z
Z ei
z ei

z
Z ein
z cos i sin

z
Z cos n i sin n
z cos i sin

z z cos i sin
z cos i sin z cos i sin

z z cos i sin
2
z cos sin 2

z 2 z cos iz sin
z2 cos 2
2z cos sin 2

z2 z cos iz sin
z 2 1 2 z cos
 Z-Transforms and Difference Equations 5. 19

Equating real and imaginary parts, we get

z2 z cos
Z cos n 2
.....(1)
z 1 2 z cos

z sin
and Z sin n 2
.....(2)
z 1 2 z cos

z
(ii) Property Z a n f (n) F
a

Z a n cos n Z cos n z
z
a

z2 z cos
2
z 1 2 z cos z
z
a

z2 z
cos
a2 a
z2 2z
1 cos
a2 a

z 2 az cos
z 2 a 2 2az cos

Z an sin n Z sin n z
z
a

z sin
2
z 1 2 z cos z
z
a

z
sin
a
z2 2z
1 cos
a2 a
 5. 20 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

az sin
z2 a 2 2az cos

(iii) We know that

cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B

cos n 1 cos n

cos n 1 cos n cos sin n sin

Z cos n 1 cos Z cos n sin Z sin n

cos z2 z cos sin z sin

2 2
z 1 2 z cos z 1 2 z cos

z 2 cos z cos2 z sin 2

2
z 1 2 z cos

z 2 cos z
2
z 1 2 z cos

We know that

sin A B sin A cos B cos A sin B

sin n 1 sin n

sin n 1 sin n cos cos n sin

Z sin n 1 cos Z sin n sin Z cos n

cos z sin sin z2 z cos

z 2 1 2 z cos z 2 1 2 z cos

z 2 sin
z2 1 2 z cos
 Z-Transforms and Difference Equations 5. 21

(iv) put in (1) and (2), we get

2

z2 z cos
n 2 z2
Z cos
2 z 2 1 2 z cos z2 1
2

z sin
n 2 z
Z sin 2
2 z 2 1 2 z cos z 1
2

Example 5.8:

2 n n
Find the Z -transform of sin and cos . (N/D 2012)
4 2 4

Solution:

(i) We know that

n 1 cos n / 2 1 cos 2
Z sin 2 Z sin 2
4 2 2

1 n
Z 1 Z cos
2 2

1 z z2
2 z 1 z2 1

(ii) We know that

cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B

n n n
cos cos cos sin sin
2 4 2 4 2 4
 5. 22 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

n 1 n 1 n
cos cos sin
2 4 2 2 2 2

n 1 n 1 n
Z cos Z cos Z sin
2 4 2 2 2 2

1 z2 1 z 1 z2 z
2 2 2
2 z 1 2 z 1 2 z 1

Example 5.9:
Find the Z - transform of n cos n and n sin n .

Solution:

d
Property 3: Z nf (n) z Z f (n )
dz

(i)

d
Z n cos n z Z cos n
dz

d z 2 z cos
z 2
dz z 1 2 z cos

z 2 1 2 z cos 2 z cos z2 z cos 2 z 2 cos

z 2
z 2 1 2 z cos

z 2 z cos z 2 cos
2
z 2 1 2 z cos

z z 2 cos 2 z cos
2
z 2 1 2 z cos
 Z-Transforms and Difference Equations 5. 23

(ii)

d d
Z n sin n z Z sin n Z nf (n) z Z f ( n)
dz dz

d z sin
z 2
dz z 1 2 z cos

d z
z sin 2
dz z 1 2 z cos

z 2 1 2 z cos 1 z 2 z 2 cos
z sin 2
z 2 1 2 z cos

z sin z2 1
2
z 2 1 2 z cos

Example 5.10:
Find the Z - transform of f (t ) , where f (t ) is given by

(i) t (ii) t k , k being constant (iii) e at

(iv) e at

(v) cos at (vi) sin at

Solution:

Definition of Z -transform

n
Z f (t ) f nT z
n 0

n
(i) Z t nT z
n 0

n
T nz
n 0
 5. 24 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

d
T z Z 1
dz

d z
Tz
dz z 1

z 1 1 z 1 Tz
Tz 2 2
z 1 z 1

k
(ii) Z tk nT z n

n 0

n 1
Tz nk T k 1 z
n 0

k 1 n 1
Z tk Tz nT nz .....(1)
n 0

Similarly,

k 1
Z tk 1
nT z n

n 0

Differentiating w.r.t. z , we get

d k 1 n 1
Z tk 1
nT n z
dz n 0

k 1 n 1
nT n z .....(2)
n 0

Substituting (2) in (1), we get

d
Z tk Tz Z tk 1

dz

Note:

d Tz
If k 1, Z t Tz Z 1 2
dz z 1
 Z-Transforms and Difference Equations 5. 25

d
If k 2, Z t2 Tz Z t
dz

d Tz
Tz 2
dz z 1

T 2z z 1
3
etc...
z 1

at anT n
(iii) Z e e z
n 0

n
aT n
e z
n 0

z aT
aT
if z e
z e

(iv) Z eat eanT z n

n 0

n
eaT z n

n 0

z
if z eaT
z eaT

eiat e iat
(v) Z cos at Z
2

1
Z eiat Z e iat

1 z z
2 z eiaT z e iaT
 5. 26 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

iaT
z z e z eiaT
2 z eiaT z e iaT

z 2 z eiaT e iaT
2 z 2 eiaT e iaT z 1

z 2 z 2cos aT
2 z 2 2 z cos aT 1

z z cos aT
2
z 2 z cos aT 1

eiat e iat
(vi) Z sin at Z
2i

1
Z eiat Z e iat

2i

1 z z
2i z eiaT z e iaT

iaT
z z e z eiaT
2i z eiaT z e iaT

z eiaT e iaT

2i z 2 eiaT e iaT
z 1

z sin aT
2
z 2 z cos aT 1
 Z-Transforms and Difference Equations 5. 27

Example 5.11:
at at
Find the Z - transform of e cos bt and e sin bt .
(A/M 2011),(M/J 2014)

Solution:

at
Property 5: Z e f (t ) F ze aT

F ( z) z zeaT

(i)
at
Z e cos bt Z cos bt
z zeaT

z z cos bT
z2 2 z cos bT 1 z ze aT

zeaT zeaT cos bT

z 2 e2 aT 2 ze aT cos bT 1

(ii)
at
Z e sin bt Z sin bt
z zeaT

z sin bT
2
z 2 z cos bT 1 z zeaT

zeaT sin bT
z 2 e2 aT 2 zeaT cos bT 1
 5. 28 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

5.6 Initial and Final Value Theorem

5.6.1 Initial Value Theorem

If Z -transform of f (n) is F ( z ) then Lt f (n) Lt F ( z ) .

n 0 z

Proof:

By the definition of Z -transform

n
Z f ( n) f ( n) z
n 0

1 2
F ( z) f (0) f (1) z f (2) z ...

Taking Lt on both sides, we get

z

1 2
Lt F ( z) Lt f (0) f (1) z f (2) z ...
z z

1
f (0) Lt 0 etc...
z z

Lt f (n) Hence proved.

n 0

Note:

By initial value theorem

f (0) Lt F ( z )
z

Similarly, additional initial values can be found successively.

f (1) Lt zF ( z ) zf (0)
z

f (2) Lt z 2 F ( z ) z 2 f (0) zf (1)

z

f (3) Lt z 3 F ( z ) z 3 f (0) z 2 f (1) zf (2) etc...

z
 Z-Transforms and Difference Equations 5. 29

5.6.2 Final Value Theorem (N/D 2015)

If Z -transform of f (n) is F ( z ) then Lt f (n) Lt ( z 1) F ( z ) .

n z 1

Proof:

By definition of Z -transform

n
Z f (n 1) f (n) f (n 1) f (n) z
n 0

n
Z f (n 1) Z f (n) f (n 1) f (n) z
n 0

n
zF ( z ) zf (0) F ( z ) f (n 1) f (n) z
n 0

n
( z 1) F ( z) f (0) z f (n 1) f (n) z
n 0

Taking limits as z 1 on both sides, we get

n
Lt ( z 1) F ( z) f (0) z Lt f (n 1) f ( n) z
z 1 z 1
n 0

f (n 1) f ( n)
n 0

Lt f (1) f (0) f (2) f (1) ... f (n 1) f (n)

n

Lt f (n 1) f (0)
n

Lt ( z 1)F ( z ) f (0) Lt f (n 1) f (0)

z 1 n

Lt ( z 1) F ( z ) f( )
z 1

Lt f (n) Lt ( z 1) F ( z ) . Hence proved.

n z 1
 5. 30 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

Example 5.12:

z2
If F ( z ) , find f (0) . (N/D 2009)
1 1 3
z z z
2 4 4

Solution:

Initial Value Theorem

Lt f (n) Lt F ( z )
n 0 z

z2
f (0) Lt
z 1 1 3
z3 1 1 1
2z 4z 4z

1
Lt
z 1 1 3
z 1 1 1
2z 4z 4z

1
0 Lt 0
z z

Example 5.13:

2z2 3z 12
If F ( z ) 4
, find the value of f (2) .
z 1

Solution:

2z2 3z 12
Given F ( z ) 4
z 1

3 12
z2 2
z z2
4
1
z4 1
z
 Z-Transforms and Difference Equations 5. 31

3 12
2
F ( z) z z2
4
1
z2 1
z

Initial Value Theorem

Lt f (n) Lt F ( z )
n 0 z

12 3
2
f (0) Lt z2 z
4
z
1
z2 1
z

f (0) 0

f (1) Lt z F ( z ) f (0)
z

Lt zF ( z )
z

12 3
2
Lt z z2 z
4
z
1
z2 1
z

3 12
2
Lt z z2
4
z
1
z 1
z

f (1) 0

f (1)
f (2) Lt z 2 F ( z ) f (0)
z z

Lt z 2 F ( z )
z
 5. 32 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

3
12
2
Lt z 2 z2
z
4
z
1
z2 1
z

3 12
2
Lt z z2
4
z
1
1
z

f (2) 2

Example 5.14:

z3 3z 2 2z 1
If F ( z ) 2
, find Lt f (n) .
z 3 z 1 n

Solution:

z3 3z 2 2z 1
Given F ( z ) 2
z 3 z 1

Final Value Theorem

Lt f (n) Lt ( z 1) F ( z )
n z 1

z 3 3z 2 2z 1
Lt ( z 1) 2
z 1
z 3 z 1

1 3 2 1 1
42 16
 Z-Transforms and Difference Equations 5. 33

EXERCIS E - 5.1

1) Find the Z -transform of the following

2
(i) n 1 (ii) 2 n (iii) an2 bn c (iv) n 3n

1
(v) 2n u(n) (vi) (vii) a n 3

n(n 1)
1
2) Find the Z -transform of . (A/M 2015),(N/D 2015)
n 1
3) Find the Z -transform of na n 1 .

1
4) Find Z .
n 1 n 2

2n 3
5) Find the Z -transform of .
n 1 n 2
6) Find the Z -transform of cos n and sin n . Hence deduce the
n n
Z -transform of r cos n and r sin n . (A/M 2015)
Hint: Refer example 5.7
7) Find the Z -transform of a n cos n .
n
8) Find Z 4 .3n 2 1 .

9) Find the Z -transform of sin 3n 5 .

10) Find the Z -transform of n 2 a n .

2 n n
11) Find the Z -transform of sin and sin 3 .
4 6
12) Find the Z -transform of cosh n and sinh n .
13) Find the Z -transform of e t t 2 and e 2t t 3 .
14) Find the Z -transform of e3t sin 2t and e4t cos t .
z z cos aT
15) If F ( z ) 2
, find f (0) .
z 2 z cos aT 1
z
16) If F ( z ) T
, find Lt f (t ) .
z e t
 5. 34 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

10 z
17) If F ( z) , find f (0) .
z 1 z 2
2z2 5 z 14
18) If F ( z ) 4
, find f (2) and f (3) .
z 1

3z 3 5z 2 7 z 1
19) If F ( z ) 2
, find Lt f (n) .
z 2 z 1 n

20) Find the Z -transform of (i) 2n u(n 1) (ii) u (n k ) .

5.7 Table of Z -transform

Sl. No. Z f (n ) F (z)

z
1 Z 1
z 1
n z
2 Z 1
z 1
z
3 Z an
z a
n z
4 Z a
z a
z
5 Z n 2
z 1
z2 z
6 Z n2 3
z 1
1 z
7 Z log
n z 1
n z
8 Z sin 2
2 z 1
2
n z
9 Z cos 2
2 z 1
2
a z az
10 Z n2 a n 3
z a