SPE 108479
Application of Dipole Sonic To Evaluate Hydraulic Fracturing
Oscar Tellez, HOCOL; Julian Castellanos and Armando Casadiego, Halliburton Colombia; Emiliano Lopez and Federico
Sorensen, Halliburton Argentina; and Calvin Kessler and Juan Pablo Torne, Halliburton
Copyright 2007, Society of Petroleum Engineers
This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2007 SPE International Oil Conference and
Exhibition to be held in Veracruz, Mexico, 27-30 June 2007.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of
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presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to
correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any
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Abstract
Hydraulic fractures are used worldwide to enhance oil and gas
production. In many cases, the stimulation jobs cover multiple
intervals and the evaluation of the individual zones is not a
straightforward process.
In Colombia (Figure 1), it was proposed to HOCOL to run
the crossed dipole sonic, inside casing before and after a
hydraulic fracturing job, to evaluate changes in anisotropy due
to the treatment. This paper presents the complete process,
including the planning and evaluation of the logging and
hydraulic fracturing, and the use of this technique to evaluate
hydraulic fracturing effectiveness when multiple zones are
open and fractured simultaneously.
The planning process includes the use of the dipole sonic
to determine rock properties and the calibration process to
adjust the computation of sanding potential and fracturing
pressures.
The use of acoustic anisotropy in cased hole proved to be
an effective method for evaluating the effectiveness of the
fracture treatment and for defining the characteristics of the
resulting fractures. This is an innovative technique; a second
application well is presented in this paper including the
results.
Introduction
The evaluation of hydraulic fracture height has been
performed by using several traditional methodologies,1–3 such
as temperature logs and radioactive tracers (Figure 2). The
main disadvantage of the use of temperature logs is the limited
vertical resolution. The method can be improved when
combined with radioactive tracers (Figure 3). A qualitative
relationship has also been observed between the level of
radiation and the fracture width4–6 (Figure 4).
The simultaneous use of fullwave sonic, spectral gamma
ray, and temperature logs have also been investigated and
documented 7. This technique showed the advantage of
determining a continuous profile for the dynamic mechanical
properties and the effect of the hydraulic fracture stimulation
on the acoustic waveforms. The absence of shear wave
information limited the use of the technique (Figure 5).
The introduction of dipole sonic logging and, more
recently, the crossed dipole has helped to enhance the previous
method to determine the vertical extension or height of the
hydraulic fracture. Vertical extension mapping is important
when there is a possibility to communicate water zones or
when multilayer fractures are attempted.
The use of compressional and shear information to
determine dynamic mechanical properties is fundamental to
effective job design and to prediction of the performance of
the fracture. The use of shear wave anisotropy is important in
the computing of an accurate fracture height and in evaluating
the efficiency of the fracture.8
Another technique recently introduced is the microseismic
technology.9–10 Microseismic wavelet mapping is based on
real-time monitoring, using high-resolution geophones to
monitor the development and downhole shape of the fracture
(Figure 6). The use of the WaveSonic® Hydraulic Fracture
Height Evaluation Technique, when combined with the micro-
seismic technology, adds value to the evaluation and planning
of production enhancement.
In this paper, well P-7 was fractured commingled because
there is normally a significant improvement in production
after the hydraulic fracture. The fracture is performed to
improve communication of the reservoir to the wellbore,11 but
the evaluation of individual sands is an issue when multizones
are fractured together. Based on the conventional openhole
logs and field experience, there were doubts about the even
distribution of the sand along the different intervals open for
production.
In another case presented in this paper, well V-1 was
fractured zone by zone and the evaluation of the fracture
height was performed by using the same technique for the
different fractures. The evaluation of the performance after the
job was also completed using a matching technique with
simulator FracproPT®, based on downhole pressure
measurements taken during the job.
This paper will discuss the theory behind the WaveSonic®
Hydraulic Fracture Evaluation Technique, as well the
operational procedures and results of this application for a
particular well.
Geological and Geographical Description
The Palermo field is located in the Upper Magdalena Valley
basin. This field, near Neiva, is 500 km southwest of Bogota,
2 SPE 108479
Colombia. Well P-7 was drilled in September 2005, using 8.5
in. bit size for the main reservoir (located between 3,360 and
3,640 ft). The maximum deviation for this well is 25.75
degrees, with maximum deviation occurring at 3,980 ft with a
hole azimuth of 301 degrees (NW). The well was completed
with 7 in. casing and put on production with different layers in
the same reservoir perforated for production. A hydraulic
fracture was performed in March 2006 to increase the
production of the well and bypass any nearby formation
damage.
The lithology of this reservoir is mainly a shaly-sandstone
sequence from the Cretaceous age. The main oil producer is
the Caballos formation, which exhibits an average porosity in
the order of 12 to 18% and permeability in the order of
200md. The oil produced ranged from 18 to 19 API and
contain paraffin and asphaltenes. During production, calcium
carbonate has been observed in the fluids, which deposited as
scale in the perforation tunnels and casing.
The Neiva sub-basin in the Upper Magdalena Valley is a
complex fold belt formed during the Eocene, Late Oligocene,
and Late Miocene. Most oil accumulation is associated with
hanging block anticlines truncated against the Late Oligocene
Unconformity. Structural and stratigraphic cross sections show
that the low angle thrusts in the Cretaceous are based over the
higher angle faults at the basement,12–13 as shown in Figure 7.
The stratigraphic column for the upper Magdalena Valley is
presented in Figure 8.
Volumetric Evaluation – Standard Open Hole
Conventional openhole logging information was acquired in
well P-7, including dual laterolog resistivity and density-
neutron porosity logs. In addition, complete information from
the anisotropic crossed-dipole sonic was acquired and
processed to obtain compressional travel time, shear X-Y
travel time, and anisotropy.
The logs (Figure 9) show a slight fining upward, typical of
a low energy fluvial-deltaic environment distributed in two
main groups. The upper group is a sequence of thin layers of
shale and sandstones where some of the shales are defined by
the gamma ray, but do not show very well inn the density-
neutron or resistivity. Porosity and water saturation increase
toward the base of the upper group. Based on density neutron,
the clays are probably constituted mostly by an illite-
montmorillonite type of clay, with the presence of some
glauconite confirming the continental fluvial type of
deposition (Refer to the Appendix in Halliburton Chart Book
for 2.45 gr/cc density and 21 API neutron readings – Figure
10). The lower group is a sequence of three clean sands
separated by well defined shale bodies, which are most likely
constituted by water swelling chlorite-montmorillonite type of
clay, based on the density-neutron readings and confirmed by
the near shore deposition (Refer to the Appendix in
Halliburton Chart Book for 2.65 gr/cc density and 45 API
neutron readings). The first sand in the group is fining
downward sand with higher water saturation toward the
bottom. The upper sand is a good quality, low saturation,
fining upward sandstone. A combination of spectral gamma
ray and magnetic resonance will help to characterize the
reservoir from the clay typing and grain size distribution, if a
core analysis is not available.
The density-neutron overlap in most of the section
confirms the medium-to-heavy API hydrocarbon deposited in
a clean sandstone matrix with no more than 10% shale
distributed in the sands. Both groups are subject to clay
swelling and the use of surfactants to prevent formation
damage is recommended. The upper group, however, is also
subject to fines migration from the illite type of clay that can
cause formation damage if the reservoir pressure is not
maintained above the critical pressure for shear failure. This
pressure can be measured by using the Mohr-Coulomb criteria
and used to calibrate the dynamic properties measured by the
dipole sonic. The relatively high gamma ray radiation in some
of the section could be indicating the presence of some
feldspars or radioactive materials, probably of volcanic origin.
Anisotropic Crossed Dipole Sonic
The introduction of dipole sonic tools during the last decade
had important implications in the application of dynamic
mechanical properties modules. When dynamic modules are
calibrated to static modules (measured in rock cores itself),
important insight in the behavior of the rock when subject to
stress is provided.
The latest introduction of the anisotropic crossed dipole
sonic tools at the end of last century helped to explain the
response of the rock when it is subjected to different stresses
in the horizontal plane. In general, most of the dipole tools
include three transmitters: one omni-directional transmitter
centered at about 5-6 KHz for the monopole signal and two
bent plate type unidirectional positive flexural wave
transmitters centered below 3 KHz at 90 degrees difference to
produce X-Y flexural waves. The flexural waves at
frequencies lower than 2 KHz are basically equal to the
formation shear waves and they are measured using eight sets
of four receivers at 90 degrees aligned to each dipole
transmitter. All the 96 signals, including monopole
waveforms, are digitized downhole and sent to surface for
initial processing by the software on real time and more
precise processing by specialists in the computer center. In
addition to the compressional and shear travel time processing,
the anisotropy is evaluated using the signal induced by the X
transmitter in the Y receivers.14-18
Anisotropy and Stress Direction. The compressional
waveform, X-Y shear waveforms, and the anisotropy for well
P-7 are presented in Figure 11. There is some attenuation of
the compressional waveform while the shear waveforms are
strong and they exhibit good detail. The X-Y signals are
slightly different, especially toward the base of the lower
group, which could indicate stress anisotropy caused by a
nearby fault over the shale bodies. The induced stress in the
upper body reflects in the main body of the sand, probably in
the most permeable zones which are being produced in other
wells in the field.
The minimum stress direction showed by the anisotropy
log corresponds to the regional stress in Colombia, which is
oriented N-S. This is important for future development of the
field because most of hydraulic fractures performed will have
E-W orientation and this is going to be the preferred flowing
path.
SPE 108479
Dynamic Modules and Wellbore Stability.
Several programs19 were developed, based on the basic rock
mechanics equations developed in the 1900s, to calculate the
different strength modules20–21 and the Poisson relationship
from compressional and shear travel time and the formation
density (Elastic or Young Module, Volumetric Module, and
Shear Module). In addition, the Mohr-Coulomb criteria is used
to model the response of the reservoir to different stress
conditions. One of these software modules, the RockXpert™,
has been used for several years. 22
The information acquired in open hole in well P-7 was
used to calculate the different modules, the fracture initiation
pressure, and the wellbore stability, as shown in Figure 12.
The dynamic wellbore stability was not calibrated to actual
core information.23–24 This a future project when actual core
information is available, but it gives very useful qualitative
information.
From the rock mechanics perspective, there is good seal
from the shales that will help to extend the fracture length
minimizing the height to the respective zone. The main shale
seals are at the top (3,335 to 3,360 ft) and between the upper
and lower groups (3,520 to 3,555 ft). There are also several
weak zones (low fracture gradient), especially in the upper
group. The main ones are localized at 3,400 to 3,410 ft, as
well as a sequence of eight thin zones that are less than 5 ft
each and localized between 3,450 and 3,510 ft. The
RockXpert™ shows that the difference in fracture pressure
between these particular thin zones and the other in the same
sequence that are open through perforations is more than 20%;
in this case most of the proppant sand will be located in the
zones with lower fracture pressures. There is a weak zone at
the bottom of the main sand in the lower section that
corresponds to the clean section (Figure 13).
The anisotropy after the hydraulic fracture job confirms
the RockXpert™ evaluation. Future jobs can be planned using
a synergistic integrated approach in which openhole
information is used to design the perforating job oriented to
hydraulic fracturing and production enhancement.
Anisotropy Applications. The crossed dipole was logged
after the hydraulic fracture job was performed to evaluate the
fracture height and the results of the commingled job.
Tectonic and stress anisotropy normally exhibit values less
than then 10% (average 5-8%); natural and induced fractures
anisotropy exhibit larger values, sometimes in excess of 20%.
Figure 14 is showing the anisotropy before and after the
hydraulic fracture job for the well P-7. Some very large
values, especially in the weaker zones, were already observed
in the RockXpert™ qualitative analysis.
WaveSonic® Hydraulic Fracture Evaluation Technique.
The WaveSonic® Hydraulic Fracture Evaluation Technique
(WHFET) is based on the difference between the original
reservoir anisotropy and the cased hole anisotropy after the
hydraulic fracture is performed. The difference between them
is calculated and plotted to visualize the change and to
determine the specific fracture height. It can also be observed
a qualitative relationship between the amplitude of the After
Anisotropy and the fracture width and quality.
3
The Anisotropy Object Function (AOF) is part of the
WHFET and it clearly shows the difference in the acoustic
response of the formation before and after the hydraulic
fracture is performed, as shown in Figure 15. The WHFET
results for well P-7 are presented in Figure 16. A total of 10
thin fractures were created as follows: 3,405 ft (5 ft), 3,416 ft
(4 ft), 3,422 ft (6 ft), 3,445 ft (4 ft), 3,448 ft (6 ft), 3,456 ft (8
ft), 3,472 ft (2ft), 3,475 ft (4 ft), 3,495 ft (4 ft), and 3,512 ft (4
ft).
It can be observed the correspondence between the results
and the RockXpert qualitative prediction. It can be observed
as well that several open perforations were not fractured;
probably the high permeability zones did not pack completely
and the pressure did not increase enough to initiate the
fractures in the other intervals.
WaveSonic® Hydraulic Fracture Evaluation
Technique Application: Argentina’s Case History.
Well V-1 is located in the San Jorge basin of Chubut Province,
Argentina. It is approximately 50 kilometers from Comodoro
Rivadavia and 1,500 kilometers south of Buenos Aires. Three
Cretaceous units cluster the numerous fluvial sand bodies that
structurally and stratigraphically trapped hydrocarbons. These
formations are El Trebol, Comodoro Rivadavia, and Mina El
Carmen. The fluvial reservoir units are sandstones with high
lithic and pyroclastic (tuffaceous material) content (Fitzgerald,
et al., 1990). The quality of the reservoirs generally improves
up-section as pyroclastic content decreases, but hydrocarbon
accumulations throughout the producing interval are highly
compartmentalized because of faulting and the discontinuous
nature of fluvial sandstone reservoirs. Relevant geological,
geophysical, and engineering observations from studies
performed within the field can be found in Muruaga, et al.
(2001) and Taboada, et al. (2001). The Comodoro Rivadavia
and Mina El Carmen formations reservoirs comprise
feldespathic shaly sandstones with volcanic tuff and
conglomerates. The reservoirs within Comodoro Rivadavia
formation allocate most of the reserves. The thickness of this
formation ranges from 790 to 990 meters. The producing units
within Mina El Carmen formation have less sand body
concentration over a section with a thickness between 1,200
and 1,260 meters. Porosity ranges from 5% to 25% and
permeability is between 1 mD to 150 mD. Water salinity
values range from 18,000 ppm to 6,000 ppm 25.
Volumetric Evaluation. In the well V-1, the set of
openhole logs included resistivity, magnetic resonance,
spectral lithodensity, dipole sonic formation tester and rotary
cores. A complete volumetric analysis together with advanced
analysis including anisotropy and mechanical properties
analysis were performed and shown in Figure 17. The
volumetric evaluation from Resistivity and Magnetic
Resonance shows oil and water including irreducible and
some free water.
Rock Properties. The average formation strength in the
well V-1 was calculated using the rock properties module and
a correction factor of 30% to convert dynamic to static
modules was used with less than 5% difference between the
4 SPE 108479
estimated and the measured fracture pressure during the job as
shown in Figure 17 as well.
Anisotropy Applications. In the well V-1, the anisotropy
after the hydraulic fracture did not exceed the 7% but the
fracture was not well contained on the vertical plane which
suggests that the average width of the fracture is smaller than
in the first case The average formation stress in the well V-1
P-8 is much lower which corresponds to the San Jorge basin
lower tectonically geomechanical stress field. The after
hydraulic fracture anisotropy shows a larger vertical growth of
the fracture with higher anisotropy near the perforating
interval and lower anisotropy toward the upper and lower
vertical limit of the fracture. It was observed from the fracture
planning and design based on dipole sonic and the other
openhole logs that the vertical barriers were weak and the
fracture was going to grow vertically as confirmed by the
anisotropy after the hydraulic fracture job (Figure 18).
Application Summary. For the well V-1, it can be observed
the correspondence between the calculated and measured
fracture pressure and the estimated fracture height and the
measured one using this technique. In addition, it can be
observed a qualitative relationship between the fracture width
and the anisotropy at the middle of the interval and the upper
and lower limits as shown in Figure 19.
Conclusions and Recommendations
• The application of the WaveSonic® Hydraulic Fracture
Evaluation Technique is valid to evaluate the vertical
extension of the hydraulic fractures.
• The technique allows the evaluation in multiple zone
simultaneous hydraulic fracturing where other techniques
have limitations.
• The measurement of compressional and shear velocities is
important to determine proper continuous dynamic
modules for rock properties, including many situations
where standard correlation models do not apply.
• The use of dipole sonic improves the design of hydraulic
fractures, especially when there are water zones that can
be communicated.
• It is recommended to plan for future evaluation of the
relationship between the fracture width and the anisotropy
difference as an added value to the technique.
• The RockXpert™ program can be used effectively to
evaluate the rock properties and plan reservoir
management, if proper corrections of the dynamic to
static moduli are made.
• It is recommended that the moduli and other rock
parameters be calibrated using the analysis of rotary or
conventional core, when available. It is recommended that
calibrations of permeability and rock mechanical
properties (including dynamic and static moduli) be made
at four different confinement pressures.
• Magnetic resonance and spectral gamma ray data
collection is recommended for clay typing and pore size
distribution characterization to better model the reservoir
and the permeability of the thin layers in the upper group.
• The integration of all information and team efforts helped
optimize results and production.
• It is recommended that weak zones not be completed, to
maximize the fracture efficiency of more productive
zones. Completion decisions can be made based on the
RockXpert™ before the well is perforated.
• Limit the number of shots in the perforations of the high
permeability zones.
• Perforations should be oriented to the direction of
maximum tectonic stress.
• Field development should be planned considering that
hydraulic fractures will extend in the E-W direction and
this is probably the preferred flowing direction.
• In general, the recommendation for the hydraulic
fracturing during the completion process include the
following steps:
o Perforate 60 degree phase or perform oriented
perforating if the stress field for the particular well
is known.
o Prevent drawdowns greater than 500 psi.
o Minimize large or dual intervals to minimize
multiple fractures.
o Perforate short intervals.
o Perform an injection test to acquire parameters
before performing the main fracture with proppant.
o Plan for sand slugs to minimize tortuosity in some
cases.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank HOCOL and Halliburton for
the permission to publish this paper. We would like to
recognize the participation of HOCOL and the service
companies in the application of this type of technologies to
add value to the client.
We also would like to thank Wyatt Canady for his help to
review the acoustic theory behind this technique.
References
1. Anderson, J.A. et al.: 1986, “Determination of Fracture
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“Multiple Fracture Height Measurements: A Case History,”
SPE 19092
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“Using Tracers to Evaluate Propped Fracture Width,” SPE
26922
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of Hydraulic Fracturing Models in Conjunction with Tracer
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Mexico,” SPE 36470
5. Davis, E.R., Zhu, D., and Hill, A.D.: 1997, “Interpretation
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Design to Radioactive Tracer Field Results: A Case
History,” SPE 84842
7. Fulmer, J, Colroy, G., and Sharbal, D.: 1993, “Hydraulic
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27423
8. Nikitin, A. et al.: 2006, “Differential Cased Hole Sonic
Anisotropy for Evaluation of Propped Fracture Geometry
in Western Siberia, Russia,” SPE 102405
SPE 108479 5

9. Warpinski, N.R., Griffin, L.G., and Grant, T.: 2006, is an Electronic Engineer from Universidad Distrital in
“Improved Hydraulic Frac Diagnostics by Joint Inversion Bogota, Colombia and he has more than 20 years of
of Downhole Microseismic and Tiltmeter Data,” experience in the oil industry with Halliburton. Armando has
SPE102690 occupied different position from field operations to
10. Wolhart, S.L. et al.: 2005, Microseismic Fracture Mapping
Optimizes Development of Low Permeability Sands of the
management.
Williams Fork Formation in the Piceance Basin,” SPE
95637 Federico Sorenson is the technical leader in Argentina for
11. Beltran, R. and Sepulveda, E.: 1994, “Fracturing with Halliburton Energy Service Stimulation Service Line,
Screen Out Mode – Optimum Treatment for San Francisco Federico holds an engineering degree and he has more than 12
Field, Neiva, Colombia,” SPE 27009 years experience with Halliburton.
12. Mejia, J.C. et al.: “Subthrust Exploration Plays in the Neiva
Sub-basin, Upper Magdalena Valley,” AAPG Hedberg Emiliano Lopez is the technical leader for Halliburton
Conference, May 14-18, 2002, Palermo, Italy Energy Service Wireline and Perforating Product Service Line
13. Barbosa, P.: 2005, “Seismic Lines Quality Control Analysis
of the 2D Achira-San Jacinto Program, Upper Magdalena
in Argentina, Emiliano holds an engineering degree and he has
Valley, Colombia,” Final Thesis Inform presented to more than 12 years experience.
Universidad Simon Bolivar in Sartanejas, November 2005
14. Kessler, C. et al.: 2001, “A new Generation Crossed Dipole Calvin Kessler, is the Reservoir Deliverability and
Logging Tool: Design and Case Histories,” SPWLA 42nd Producibility Manager for Wireline & Perforating Service
Annual Symposium, June 11-17, 2001 Line at Halliburton Energy Services. He has a BS PE and MS-
15. Kessler, C. et al.: 2001, “A new Generation Crossed Dipole Mining from New Mexico Institute of Mining and
Logging Tool: Design and Case Histories,” SPE 71740 Technology. He is a member of SPWLA, SPE, API, AADE,
16. Fogal, J., Kessler, C., and Varsamis, G.: 2002, “Application and CCSG, and has more than 32 years of experience with
of Shear Anisotropy from a New Generation Crossed
Dipole Acoustic Tool,” SPE 77792
Halliburton.
17. Kessler, C. et al.: 2003, “Using Crossed Dipole Sonic
Anisotropy Data to Improve Reservoir Understanding in Juan Pablo Torne is the technical manager for
the Southern/Marine Areas of Mexico,” SPE84204 Halliburton Energy Service Wireline and Perforating Product
18. Kessler, C. et al.: 2004, “Case History–Cased Hole Sonic Service Line in Latin America, Juan holds an engineering
Applications in Mexico,” SPE 90703 degree from Universidad del Cauca in Colombia. He is a
19. Raael, A.M. et al.: 1996, “Formel: A Step Forward in member of SPWLA and SPE, and has been with Gearhart and
Strength Logging,” SPE 36533 Halliburton for over 22 years. He has worked in Venezuela,
20. Lacy, L.: 1997, “Dynamic Rock Mechanics Testing for Indonesia, Egypt, and Mexico in various positions, from field
Optimized Fracture Designs,” SPE78716
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operations, technical and interpretation support, operations
Optimizing Hydraulic Fracturing,” SPE28802 management, and technical marketing.
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Halliburton Energy Services
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Effective Means of Determining Young Modulus,” SPE
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Resonance Logs,” SPWLA 45th Annual Symposium, June
6-9, 2004

Authors
Oscar Tellez is a Production Engineer with HOCOL.
Oscar holds a Petroleum Engineer degree from Universidad de
America in Bogota, Colombia. He has been involved in
fracturing and stimulation jobs with Halliburton and HOCOL
for more than 19 years.

Julian Castellanos is the Log Analyst Leader in

Colombia, Julian is an Electronic Engineer from Universidad
Distrital in Colombia and after more than 12 years of
experience in field operations in different countries, he moved
as Log Analyst for the last 17 years

Armando Casadiego is the Operations Manager for

Logging and Perforating - Halliburton in Colombia. Armando
6 SPE 108479

Figure 1 - Columbia’s Upper Magdalena Valley. Figure 2 – After Frac Temperature (SPE36470)

Figure 3 - Fracture Evaluation with Gamma Ray after using Tracers (SPE19092).
SPE 108479 7

Actual Fracture Height

Planned Fracture Height

Figure 4 - Fracture Evaluation using Radioactive Tracers (SPE84842).

Fullwave Sonic Waveform

Tracer

After Frac
FractureEvaluation from changes in amplitude

Waveform

Temperature

Before After

Figure 5 - Fracture Evaluation using FullWave Sonic (SPE27423).

8 SPE 108479

Figure 6 - Micro-seismic Mapping of Hydraulic Fractures SPE 102690.

Figure 7 - Seismic Section Caballos Formation, Upper Magdalena Figure 8 – Stratigraphic Column
SPE 108479 9

Figure 9 - Volumetric Analysis

Figure-10 Mineralogy from Logging Tools Response

10 SPE 108479

Figure 11 - OH Waveforms and Anisotropy

Figure 12 - RockXpert.
SPE 108479 11

Figure-13 Dynamic Modules and Wellbore Stability

Figure-14 Before and After Anisotropy.

12 SPE 108479

Before Hydraulic Fracture at 3385 ft Before Hydraulic Fracture at 3410 ft

Before Hydraulic Fracture at 3452 ft After Hydraulic Fracture at 3452 ft

Figure-15 Anisotropy-Objective-Function – Wavesonic Hydraulic Fracture Evaluation Technique.

Figure-16 Wavesonic Hydraulic Fracture Evaluation Technique.

SPE 108479 13

Figure-17 Comparison of estimated and measured fracture pressure

Figure-18 Wavesonic Anisotropy After the Hydraulic Fracture

Figure-19 Wavesonic Hydraulic Fracture Evaluation Technique