NSS Mathematics in Action - 5A04 - Exercise - E

4 Linear Programming
Review Exercise 4 (p. 4.4)
1.
∵ The two straight lines intersect at (4, 5).

∴ The solution is x = 4 and y = 5.
4. Draw the line .

x 4 2 0
2. y 2 0 2
3. Draw the line .
x 2 3 4
y 1 3 5
Draw the line .
x 1 3 5
y 3.5 4.5 5.5
115
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions
Draw the line . To Learn More (p. 4.11)

x 2 Graphical representation of y ≤ ax + b:
4 1
y 0 1 2
Quick Practice
Quick Practice 4.1 (p. 4.8)
Draw the solid line .
x 0 2 4
y 1 2 5
∵ The two straight lines intersect at (2.5, 0.5).
∴ The solution is x = 2.5 and y = 0.5. When x = 0 and y = 0,
Activity ∴ The half-plane containing the test point (0, 0) together

with the boundary represents the solutions of the
Activity 4.1 (p. 4.6) inequality.
Graphical representation of 3x  2y ≤ 2:
1. Point (x, y) B(–2, 1) C(–1, 6) D(3, 4)
Value of x + y –1 5 7
Point (x, y) E(2, –3) F(6, 0)
Value of x + y –1 6

2. (a) C, D and F Draw the dotted line .
(c) Yes, upper half-plane
x 0 2 4
3. (a) A, B and E
(c) Yes, lower half-plane y 3 1.5 0
When x = 0 and y = 0,
Activity 4.2 (p. 4.22) 3x + 4y = 3(0) + 4(0) = 0 ≯ 12
1. 0 ∴ The half-plane without the test point (0, 0) represents the
solutions of the inequality.
2. (a) Graphical representation of 3x + 4y > 12:

Choose a point in the shaded region, say (2, 0).
When and ,
(b) parallel
∴
3. (a) 1, 1
∴ The required inequality is .
2, 2
3, 3
(b) (i) increases

(ii) decreases
4. 3, 3
116
Quick Practice 4.4 (p. 4.15) Quick Practice 4.7 (p. 4.26)
Graphical representation of : (a)

(a) Graphical representation of
:
(b)
(b) Since x and y are integers, the required possible pairs are
represented by the dots in the figure below.
From the graph, P attains its maximum at (3, 4).

∴ Maximum value of
From the graph, P attains its minimum at (–5, 4).
∴ Minimum value of
Alternative Solution
∴ There are 10 pairs of x and y which satisfy the system Check the values of P = 3x  y at the three vertices.
of inequalities in (a). At (3, 4),
At (–5, 4),
∵ The shaded region is on the right of the line . At (–1, –4),
∴ One inequality is . ∴ The maximum value of P is 5, and the minimum
value of P is –19.
∵ The shaded region is below the line .
∴ One inequality is . Quick Practice 4.8 (p. 4.28)
Choose a point in the shaded region, say (0, 0). (a)
When and ,
x  2 = 0  2 = 2
y=0
∴ The remaining inequality is .
Hence, the required system of inequalities is
.
117
(b)
From the graph, P attains its maximum at (4, 2).

From the graph, P attains its minimum at (8, 8).

Alternative Solution
Check the values of P = 2x  3y at the three vertices.
At (–4, 4),
At (–4, –2),
At (8, 8),
∴ The maximum value of P is 14, and the minimum
value of P is –40.

(a)

From the graph, P attains its minimum at (–3.5, –3.5).
(b) Since x and y are integers, the feasible solutions are

represented by the dots in the figure below.
118
∴ Maximum value of Quick Practice 4.10 (p. 4.37)
From the graph, P attains its minimum at (–3, –3).

(a) The constraints are:
After simplification, we have .
(b)
(c) Let $P be the profit, then .
From the graph, P attains its maximum at (5, 7.5).

∴ Maximum value of P
∴ The candy shop should produce 5 kg of dark

chocolate and 7.5 kg of white chocolate each day to
attain a maximum profit of $2700.
119
(b)
(c) Let $C be the cost, then .
From the graph, C attains its minimum at (30, 30).

∴ Minimum value of C
∴ 30 L of drink A and 30 L of drink B should be

ordered to attain a minimum cost of $1050.

After simplification, we have
(b)
120
(c) Let $C be the cost, then C = 15x + 10y. (c) Let $C be the total cost on hiring workers per day.

∴ Minimum value of C = 15(2) + 10(1) = 40
∴ A can of cat food should contain 200 g of foodstuff A
and 100 g of foodstuff B to attain a minimum cost of
$40. From the graph, C attains its minimum at (6, 9).
∴ The minimum total cost on hiring workers per day
(a) ∵ There are x full-time workers working in the daytime.
∴ There are (10 – x) full-time workers working in
overnight sessions.
∵ There are y part-time workers working in the Further Practice
daytime.
∴ There are (15 – y) part-time workers working in Further Practice (p. 4.18)
overnight sessions. 1. (a) Graphical representation of
The constraints are: :
After simplification, we have:
(b)
(b) Since x and y are positive integers, the required

possible pairs are represented by the dots in the figure
below.
∴ The required possible pairs are (1, 3) and (1, 4).
2. ∵ The shaded region is on the right of the line .

∴ One inequality is .
∵ The shaded region is below the line .
When and ,
121
Choose a point in the shaded region, say (3, 0). (i) From the graph, P attains its maximum at (4, 0.5).
When and , ∴ Maximum value of P
∴ The remaining inequality is . From the graph, P attains its minimum at (0, 0.5).
Hence, the required system of inequalities is ∴ Minimum value of P
.
(ii) Since x and y are integers, the feasible solutions
Further Practice (p. 4.30)
are represented by the dots in the figure below.
1. (a) ∵ The shaded region is on the left of the line
.
∵ The shaded region is above the line .
When and ,
∴ The remaining inequality is . From the graph, P attains its maximum at (3, 0).
Hence, the required system of inequalities is ∴ Maximum value of P = 2(3) + 0 + 0.5 =
.
(b) By substituting x = 3 into the equation of L3, ∴ Minimum value of P = 2(0) + 0 + 0.5 =
we have:
Exercise
∴ One of the vertices is (3, 5). Exercise 4A (p. 4.11)
By substituting y = 2 into the equation of L3, Level 1
we have: 1.
∴ One of the vertices is (3, 2).

The remaining vertex is (3, 2).
Check the values of P = 4x + 3y at the three vertices.
At (3, 2),
At (3, –2),
At (3, 5), 2. Choose (0, 0) as the test point.
∴ The maximum value of P is 6, and the minimum When x = 0 and y = 0,
value of P is –18. ≱0
∴ The half-plane without the test point (0, 0) represents
2. (a) the solutions of the inequality.
Graphical representation of y ≤ x  2:
(b) 3. Choose (1, 2) as the test point.

2x = 2(1) = 2 < 2
∴ The half-plane containing the test point (1, 2)
represents the solutions of the inequality.
Graphical representation of y > 2x:
122
4. Choose (0, 0) as the test point.

x + 2y = 0 + 2(0) = 0 < 6
Graphical representation of x + 2y < 6:

3x + 2y = 3(0) + 2(0) = 0 ≱ 5
∴ The half-plane without the test point (0, 0)
Graphical representation of 3x + 2y ≥ 5:

2x + y  3 = 2(0) + 0  3 = 3 ≯ 0
Graphical representation of 2x + y  3 > 0:
7. Draw the solid line y = x – 3.

Choose (0, 0) as the test point.
x  3 = (0)  3 = 3 ≤ 0
together with the boundary represents the solutions of
the inequality.
123
8. Draw the dotted line y = 3x + 2. 14.

When x = 0 and y = 0, Draw the solid line 3x – y = 3.
3x + 2 = 3(0) + 2 = 2 > 0 Choose (0, 0) as the test point.
∴ The half-plane containing the test point (0, 0) When x = 0 and y = 0,
represents the solutions of the inequality. 3x  y = 3(0)  0 = 0 ≰ 3
9. Draw the dotted line x = 2y. 15.

When x = 1 and y = 2, Draw the dotted line 5x – 4y = 0.
2y = 2(2) = 4 ≮ 1 Choose (2, 1) as the test point.
∴ The half-plane without the test point (1, 2) When x = 2 and y = 1,
represents the solutions of the inequality. 5x  4y = 5(2)  4(1) = 6 ≮ 0
10. Draw the solid line .

2x  y = 2(0)  0 = 0 ≤ 4
∴ The half-plane containing the test point (0, 0) 16. (a) Choose a point in the shaded region, say (0, 0).
the inequality. ∴ The inequality is 2y – 4x  3.
(b) From the graph, when x = 2, the maximum integral

value of y satisfying the inequality is 5.
∴ The maximum value of b is 5.
17. (a) Choose (0, 0) as the test point.

2x  2 = 2(0)  2 = 2 < 0
Level 2 ∴ The half-plane containing the test point (0, 0)
11. Choose a point in the shaded region, say (0, 0). represents the solutions of the inequality.
When and ,
∴
12. Choose a point in the shaded region, say (2, 0).

When and ,
(b) From the graph, when y = 2, the minimum integral

∴ The required inequality is . value of x satisfying the inequality is 1.
∴ The minimum value of h is 1.
13. Choose a point in the shaded region, say (1, 0).
When and ,
124
18. (a) By substituting x = 4 and y = 0 into , 4.

we have
(b) Choose a point in the shaded region, say (0, 0).

When and ,
∴
(c) When and ,
∵
∴ The ordered pair (1, –10) is not a solution of the
inequality .
Exercise 4B (p. 4.18)

Level 1
1.
2.
3.
125
5. Choose a point in the shaded region, say (2, 2). 10. The solutions of are represented by the
∵ shaded region in the figure below.
∴ One inequality is y ≤ 2x  3.

∵
∴ One inequality is y ≥ 3.
∴ The system of inequalities is
.

∵ x + 2 = 1 + 2 = 1
y=0
∴ One inequality is y < x + 2.
∵ y = 0 > 1
∴ One inequality is y > x.
∴ The system of inequalities is .
7. Choose a point in the shaded region, say (1, 2).

∵ 3x  y = 3(1)  (2) = 1 ≤ 2
∴ One inequality is 3x  y ≤ 2.
∵ x  2y = 1  2(2) = 3 ≥ 1 11. The solutions of are represented
∴ One inequality is x  2y ≥ 1. by the shaded region in the figure below.

∵ x=2≥1
∴ One inequality is x ≥ 1.
∵ x+y=2+1=3<4
∴ One inequality is x + y < 4.
∵ x + 3y = 2 + 3(1) = 5 ≥ 4
∴ One inequality is x + 3y ≥ 4.
. 12. The solutions of are represented by
the shaded region in the figure below.
9. The solutions of are represented by the
shaded region in the figure below.
Level 2
13.
126
14. 15. Choose a point in the shaded region, say (1, 1).
∵ 2x + 3y = 2(1) + 3(1) = 5 ≤ 6
∴ One inequality is 2x + 3y ≤ 6.
∵ x+y1=1+11=1≥0
∴ One inequality is x + y  1 ≥ 0.
∵ x=1≥0
.
16. Choose a point in the shaded region, say (4, 2).

∵ 2x + 18 = 2(4) + 18 = 10
y = 2
∴ One inequality is y ≤ 2x + 18.
∵ x  3y = 4  3(2) = 10 > 6
∴ One inequality is x  3y > 6.
∵ 4x  y = 4(4)  (2) = 18 ≥ 12
∴ One inequality is 4x  y ≥ 12.
∵ y = 2 ≤ 0
∴ One inequality is y ≤ 0.
.
17. The solutions of are

represented by the shaded region in the figure below.

127
19. The solutions of are 22. (a) The solutions of

represented by the shaded region in the figure below. are
20. The solutions of

are represented
by the shaded region in the figure below.
(b) Since x and y are positive integers, the required

below.
21. (a) The solutions of are

∴ There are 12 pairs of x and y which satisfy the

system of inequalities
.
23. (a) The solutions of

are
(b) Since x and y are integers, the required possible pairs represented by the shaded region in the figure below.
∴ The required possible pairs are (0, –1), (0, 0),

(0, 1) and (1, –1).
(b) Only (2, 5) lies in the solution region. (4, 8) and

(5, 3), which lie on 5x + y – 28 = 0, do not satisfy
the inequality 5x + y – 28 < 0.
Exercise 4C (p. 4.31)

Level 1
1. Check the values of P = 2x + y at the four vertices.
At (3, 3), P = 2(3) + (3) = 9
At (–2, 3), P = 2(–2) + (3) = 1
At (–2, –1), P = 2(–2) + (–1) = –5
At (3, –1), P = 2(3) + (–1) = 5
(a) P attains its maximum at (3, 3), and the corresponding
maximum value of P is 9.
128
(b) P attains its minimum at (–2, –1), and the 2. Check the values of P = –2x + y at the three vertices.
corresponding minimum value of P is –5. At (0, 4), P = –2(0) + (4) = 4
At (0, 0), P = –2(0) + (0) = 0
At (6, 0), P = –2(6) + (0) = –12
(a) P attains its maximum at (0, 4), and the
corresponding maximum value of P is 4.
(b) P attains its minimum at (6, 0), and the corresponding
minimum value of P is –12.
3. Check the values of P = x + 3y at the three vertices.

At (1, 2.5), P = 1 + 3(2.5) = 8.5
At (–1.5, 1), P = –1.5 + 3(1) = 1.5
At (3, 0), P = 3 + 3(0) = 3
(a) P attains its maximum at (1, 2.5), and the
corresponding maximum value of P is 8.5.
(b) P attains its minimum at (–1.5, 1), and the
corresponding minimum value of P is 1.5.
4. Check the values of P = –x – 3y at the four vertices.

At (1.5, 1), P = –1.5 – 3(1) = –4.5
At (–1.5, –1), P = –(–1.5) – 3(–1) = 4.5
At (–0.5, –2), P = –(–0.5) – 3(–2) = 6.5
At (2, –2), P = –2 – 3(–2) = 4
(a) P attains its maximum at (–0.5, –2), and the
corresponding maximum value of P is 6.5.
(b) P attains its minimum at (1.5, 1), and the
corresponding minimum value of P is –4.5.
5.

∴ Maximum value of P = 3(1) + 4(8) =
From the graph, P attains its minimum at (–1, 2).
∴ Minimum value of P = 3(–1) + 4(2) =
6.
From the graph, P attains its maximum at (–4, 3).

∴ Maximum value of P = –4(–4) + 2(3) =
From the graph, P attains its minimum at (4, –1).
∴ Minimum of P = –4(4) + 2(–1) =
129
7. (a) Choose a point in the shaded region, say (0, 0). (c) (i)
∵ x  y  2 = 0  0  2 = 2 ≤ 0
∴ One inequality is x  y  2 ≤ 0.
∵ x = 0 ≥ 2
∴ One inequality is x ≥ 2.
∵ y=0≤3
∴ One inequality is y ≤ 3.
.
(b) (i) Check the values of P = 3x  y at the three

vertices.
At (5, 3), P = 3(5)  3 = 
At (–2, 3), P = 3(–2)  3 = –9
At (–2, –4), P = 3(–2)  (4) = –2 From the graph, P attains its maximum at (2, 5).
∴ Maximum value of P = ∴ Maximum value of P =
Minimum value of P = From the graph, P attains its minimum at (1, 2).
∴ Minimum value of P =
(ii) Check the values of P = 2x  5y at the three
vertices. (ii)
At (5, 3), P = 2(5)  5(3) = 25
At (–2, 3), P = 2(–2)  5(3) = –11
At (–2, –4), P = 2(–2)  5(4) = 24
∴ Maximum value of P =
Minimum value of P =
8. (a) Choose a point in the shaded region, say (1, 2).

∵ 7x + y = 7(1) + 2 = 9 ≥ 5
∴ One inequality is 7x + y ≥ 5.
∵ 7x + 4y = 7(1) + 4(2) = 15 ≤ 34
∴ One inequality is 7x + 4y ≤ 34.
∵ y=2≥ and y = 2 ≤ 5 From the graph, P attains its maximum at (0, 5).
∴ One inequality is . From the graph, P attains its minimum at (3, 2).
.
(b) Since x and y are integers, the required possible pairs

(b) Check the values of P = x + 3y at the three vertices.

At (0, 4), P = 0 + 3(4) = 12
∴ There are 11 pairs of (x, y) which satisfy the At (0, 5), P = 0 + 3(5) = 15
system of inequalities in (a). At (7.2, 4), P = 7.2 + 3(4) = 4.8
130

represented by the
Check the values of at the four vertices.

At (0, 0),
At (6, 0),
At (1, 2.5),
At (0, 2),
(b) Check the values of P = 4x + y + 2 at the four vertices.
At (1, 7), P = 4(1) + 7 + 2 = 5
At (1, 9), P = 4(1) + 9 + 2 = 7 13. The solutions of
At (2, 9), P = 4(2) + 9 + 2 = 19
At (2, 4), P = 4(2) + 4 + 2 = 14
∴ Maximum value of P = are represented by the

represented by the

At (0, 0),
At (0, 5),
At (4, 2),
At (3, 0),
(b) Check the values of P = 2x – 6y at the four vertices. ∴ Maximum value of P =
At (1, 1), P = 2(1) – 6(1) = 8 Minimum value of P =
At (1, 2), P = 2(1) – 6(2) = 14
At (2, 2), P = 2(2) – 6(2) = 16 14. The solutions of
At (2, 0.5), P = 2(2) – 6(0.5) = 7
are represented
by the
Minimum value of P = shaded region in the figure below.
Level 2
are
represented by the
131
Check the values of at the four 17. The solutions of

vertices. are represented by the
At (0, 0), shaded region in the figure below.
At (0, 4),
At (2, 2),
At (3, 0),

represented by the
Check the values of at the three

vertices.
At (2, 3),
At (4, 7),
At (3, 0),
Check the values of at the three vertices.
At (1, 1), 18. (a) Check the values of P = x +3y – 6 at the four
vertices.
At (3, 3),
At (1, 3), P = 5(1) + 3(3) – 6 = 2
At (5, 3), At (0, 4), P = (0) + 3(4) – 6 = 6
∴ Maximum value of P = At (3, 6), P = 5(3) + 3(6) – 6 = 27
At (5, 2), P = 5(5) + 3(2) – 6 = 13
16. The solutions of Minimum value of P =
are represented
by the (b) (i) (or any other
shaded region in the figure below. reasonable answers)
(ii) For , P attains its minimum at (0, 4).

∴ Minimum value of P
For , P attains its minimum at

(0, 4).
19. (a) The shaded region is the common region of the left
Check the values of at the three vertices. half-plane of L1, the lower half-plane of L2, the upper
At (1, 0), half-plane of L3 and the upper half-plane of L4.
At (2, 4),
At (5, ), .
(b) Coordinates of A
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
∴ Coordinates of B
132
By substituting y = 1 into the equation of L2, we have

From (3), we have
x = 3y ……(4)
∴ The intersection of L2 and L3 is (1, 1).
Check the values of P = 3x + 4y at the three vertices.
At (2, 4),
By substituting y = 1 into (4), we have At (1, 1),
At (5, 1),
∴ Coordinates of C
Minimum value of P
21. (a) Check the values of P = 1  x  2y at the three
vertices.
At (1, 2),
∴ Coordinates of D At (3.5, 0.5),
(c) Check the values of P = 2x + y at A, B, C and D

respectively. At (3.5, 4.5),
At A(9, 8), ∴ Maximum value of P
At B(2, 8), Minimum value of P
At C(3, 1),
(b) Since x and y are integers, the feasible solutions
At D(9, 3), are the points indicated by the dots in the figure.
Minimum value of P
20. (a) The equation of L2:
∴ From the graph, P attains its maximum at (3, 0).

The equation of L1: ∴ Minimum value of P

are represented by the
(b) The shaded region is the common region of the lower

half-plane of L1, the lower half-plane of L2 and the
upper half-plane of L3.
.
(c) By substituting y = 1 into the equation of L1, we have
∴ The intersection of L1 and L3 is (5, 1).
133
(b) (i) Check the values of at the three (ii) Since x and y are integers, the feasible solutions
vertices. are the points indicated by the dots in the figure.
At (2, 1),
At (1.5, 2.5),
At (5, 1),
(ii) Since x and y are integers, the feasible solutions

are the points indicated by the dots in the figure.


Exercise 4D (p. 4.44)
∴ Minimum value of P Level 1
1. The constraints are:
23. (a) The solutions of 2. The constraints are:

are represented by

(b) (i) Check the values of at the
three vertices.
At (2, 2,
At (1.5, 5),
At (3.5, 2),
Minimum value of P
134
(b)
5. (a) The constraints are:
(b)
(c) Let $P be the profit, then P = 300x + 200y.

∴ The manufacturer should produce 300 kg of
type A coffee and 500 kg of type B coffee.
∴ The maximum profit
135
(c) Let $P be the profit, then P = 500x + 400y. 8. (a) The constraints are:
(b)

∴ The factory should produce 35 kg of
healthy food A and 80 kg of healthy food B.
(b)

∴ The carpenter should make 2 tables and 6 chairs.
(c) Let $C be the cost, then C = 500x + 180y.

(b)

∴ The restaurant should buy 4 kg of lobsters and
4 kg of clams.
∴ The minimum cost
136
From the graph, C attains its minimum at (10, 3). 11. (a) The constraints are:
∴ The company should hire 10 buses A and
3 buses B.
(b)
Level 2
(b)
(c) Let $C be the profit from selling each vaccine.

Total profit of selling vaccines = $C(x + y) From the graph, C attains its minimum at (4, 3).
∴ 4 kg of food P and 3 kg of food Q are required
to minimize the cost.
Total weight of the mixture = (4 + 3) kg = 7 kg
∴ There should be kg of food P and kg of
food Q in each kg of the mixture so as to

minimize the cost.
From the graph, the total profit attains its maximum

at (4, 10).
∴ 4 kg of vaccine A and 10 kg of vaccine B should
be produced.
137
(b) (c) Let $P be the earnings from 1000 m2 of land for

growing soybeans, then the earnings for growing
corns are $2P.
Total earnings = $(2Px + Py) = $P(2x + y)
From the graph, the total earnings attain its maximum

(c) Let $P be the profit, then P = 4x + 3y. at (60, 20).
∴ The farmer should use 60 000 m2 of land for
corns and 20 000 m2 of land for soybeans.
(b)

∴ 40 chocolate eggs and 300 chocolate rabbits
should be made.
(b)
∴ There should be 10 pairs of shoes and 15 pairs
of boots.
138
After simplification, we have: (b)
(b)
(c) Let $P be the profit, then

∴ 1 kg of concrete mix A and 2 kg of concrete mix
B should be mixed.

∴ Maximum value of P = 720(7) + 650(7) = 9590 (b)
Number of magnets should be produced
=180(7) + 100(7) = 1960
Number of key holders should be produced
∴ The factory should produce 1960 magnets and

1890 key holders each day to attain a maximum
profit of $9590.
139
(c) Let $C be the cost of production, then (d)

C = 5000x + 4000y.

From the graph, C attains its minimum at (2.75, 1.5). ∴ Healthy Store receives 100 tonnes of medicine
∴ There should be 2.75 tonnes of A and 1.5 tonnes from East House, while Heal Store receives
of B so as to minimize the cost. 10 tonnes of medicine from East House and
∴ The minimum cost = 5000(2.75) + 4000(1.5) 40 tonnes of medicine from West House.
Check Yourself (p. 4.52)

18. (a) ∵ Healthy Store receives x tonnes of medicine 1. (a)  (b)  (c) 
from East House.
∴ Healthy Store receives (100 – x) tonnes of 2. Choose (0, 0) as the test point.
medicine from West House. When x = 0 and y = 0,
∵ Heal Store receives y tonnes of medicine from xy=00=0≱1
East House. ∴ The half-plane without the test point (0, 0)
∴ Heal Store receives (50 – y) tonnes of medicine represents the solutions of the inequality.
from West House. ∴ Region II in the figure represents the solutions of
The constraints are: .
3. When x = 0 and y = 0,
2x + 3 = 2(0) + 3 = 3
After simplification, we have: y=0
∴ y  2x + 3
∴ The shaded region in the figure represents the
solutions of the inequality y  2x + 3.
(b)
4. The solutions of x  2 can be represented by the right
half-plane of x = 2.
∴ Region III or IV represents the solution.
x + 2y = 4 + 2(4) = 12 ≰ 6
∴ Region IV in the figure represents the solutions of
.
5. Since x and y are non-negative integers, the required

(c) Cost of transportation from East House
below.
Cost of transportation from West House
Let $C be the total transportation cost, then
∴ There are 9 pairs of (x, y) satisfying the constraints

∴ The total transportation cost is .
.
140
6. The solutions of are represented by the (ii) Check the values of at the
shaded region in the figure below. three
vertices.
At (0, 2),
At (1, 1),
At (2, 4),
shaded region in the figure below. Revision Exercise 4 (p. 4.54)
Level 1
1. When x = 0 and y = 0,

the inequality.
8. The solutions of are represented

by the
2. When x = 0 and y = 0,

9. The solutions of are represented by
3. When x = 0 and y = 0,
10. (a) Choose a point in the shaded region, say (0, 0).
∵ x+y+2=0+0+2=2 3x  2y = 3(0) + 2(0) = 0  1
∴ One inequality is x + y + 2 ≥ 0. ∴ The half-plane containing the test point (0, 0)
∵ 3x  y + 2 = 3(0)  0 + 2 = 2
the inequality.
∴ One inequality is 3x  y + 2 ≥ 0.
∵ 3x + y  2 = 3(0) + 0  2 = 2
∴ One inequality is 3x + y  2 ≤ 0.
.
(b) (i) Check the values of at the three

vertices.
At (0, 2),
At (1, 1),
At (2, 4), When and ,
∴

When and ,
141

∴ When and ,
∴
7. The solutions of are represented




142

11. Choose a point in the shaded region, say (4, 2). 16. The solutions of are represented by the
∵ x+3=4+3=7 shaded region in the figure below.
y=2
∴ One inequality is y ≤ x + 3.
∵ 6  3x = 6  3(4) = 6
y=2
∴ One inequality is y > 6  3x.

∵ x + y + 1 = 1 + 2 + 1 = 2
∴ One inequality is x + y + 1 ≥ 0.
∵ y=2≥1
∴ One inequality is y ≥ 1.
∵ x = 1 ≤ 0
∴ One inequality is x ≤ 0. 17. The solutions of are represented by the shaded
region in the figure below.
.
13. Choose a dot in the figure, say (0, 0).

∵
∵
∵
∴ The system of inequalities is shaded
region in the figure below.
14. Choose a dot in the figure, say (0, 0).

∵
∵
∵
19. The solutions of are represented by
∵
143
20. The solutions of are represented 25.

21. The solutions of From the graph, P attains its maximum at (4, 3).
are represented by ∴ Maximum value of P
the shaded region in the figure below. From the graph, P attains its minimum at (1, 1).
26.

are
represented by the

23. Check the values of at the three vertices. 27. (a) The solutions of are
At (2, 9), P = –2 + 3(9) = 25 represented by the shaded region in the figure below.
At (1, 3), P = 1 + 3(3) = 10
At (4, 6), P = 4 + 3(6) = 22
24. Check the values of at the four vertices.

At (2, 4), P = 4  3(2) = 10
At (4, 0), P = 0  3(4) = 12
At (3, 2), P = 2  3(3) = 7
At (4, 7), P = 7  3(4) = 5
(b) (i) Check the values of at the three
vertices.
At (2, 6),
At (7, 6),
At (7, 1),
144
(ii) Check the values of at the 30. (a) The constraints are:
three
vertices.
At (2, 6), (b)
At (7, 6),
At (7, 1),

(b) (i) From the graph, P attains its maximum at (13,

1). ∴ Maximum value of P

(ii) From the graph, Q attains its maximum at (0, 1).

∴ Maximum value of Q
From the graph, Q attains its minimum at (13, 1). From the graph, P attains its maximum at (8, 8).
∴ Minimum value of Q ∴ 8 clay sculptures and 8 wood sculptures should
be produced per week.
(b)
(c) Let $C be the daily income of Michael, then (b)

C = 180x + 210y.
From the graph, C attains its maximum at (6.7, 3.3).

∴ Michael should spend 6.7 hours on advertisement
design and 3.3 hours on web-page design.
∴ His maximum daily income
145
(c) Let $C be the cost, then C = 200x + 220y. (b)

∴ Machines P and Q should operate for 6 hours (c) Let $C be the cost, then C = 160x + 75y.
and 5 hours per day respectively so as to
minimize the cost.
(b)
∴ The lorry should make 3 rounds of delivery and
the van should make 5 rounds of delivery.

(b)

∴ The farmer should buy 12 lambs and 8 calves.
146
From the graph, C attains its minimum at (0.6, 0.4). (b)

∴ The customer should take 0.6 kg of food P and
0.4 kg of food Q daily.
(b)

∴ 30 boxes of brand A medicine and 130 boxes of
brand B medicine should be stocked.
(c) Let $P be the profit, then P = 20 000x + 40 000y. ∴ The maximum profit
Level 2

∴ The owner should construct 20 shops A and
91 shops B.
36. (a) The constraints are: (b) Mark the given points on the graph as shown below.
From the graph, C(2, 2), D(3, 1) and E(7, –1) satisfy
the system of inequalities in (a).
147
38. (a) The solutions of Therefore, from the graph, p can be any value in the
are represented by the range .
are represented by the shaded region in the figure
below.
(b) Mark the given points on the graph as shown below.
(b) (i)
From the graph, B(2, 2) and D(3.6, 1.2) satisfy the

system of inequalities in (a).
39. (a)
(ii) Number of seats
42. (a) ∵ The solutions lie on the right of x = 0.

∵ The solutions lie on the upper half-plane of y = 0.
(b) Since x and y are integers, the required possible pairs ∴ One inequality is y ≥ 0.
are represented by the dots in the figure below. Choose a point in the shaded region, say (0, 0).
∵ x+y=0+0=0≤5
∴ One inequality is x + y ≤ 5.
∵ 2x  y + 2 = 2(0)  0 + 2 = 2 ≥ 0
∴ One inequality is 2x  y + 2 ≥ 0.
.
(b) By substituting y = 0 into , we have

∴ There are 12 pairs of (x, y) which satisfy the
system of inequalities
. ∴ Coordinates of A
40. (a)
(b) Since x and y are integers and the 9 ordered pairs

must lie on the right half-plane of x = p.
148
By substituting x = 1 into (1), we have (ii) Check the values of at the

three
vertices.
At (0, 4), P = –2(0) + 4 + 1 = 5
∴ Coordinates of B
At (6, 8), P = –2(–6) + (8) + 1 = 5
By substituting x = 0 into (2), we have At (6, 0), P = –2(6) + 0 + 1 = –11
∴ Coordinates of C
(c) Check the values of P = 4x + y at the four vertices. are represented by the
At O(0, 0), shaded region in the figure below.
At A(5, 0),
At B(1, 4),
At C(0, 2),
Minimum value of P
43. (a) (i) By substituting y = 0 into equation of L2,

we have
(b) Since x and y are integers, the feasible solutions are
the points indicated by the dots in the figure.
∴ The coordinates of R are (6, 0).

By substituting x = 0 into the equation of L2,
we have
∴ The coordinates of Q are (0, 4).
(ii) ∵ L1 passes through P and R.

∴ The equation of L1: From the graph, P attains its maximum at (1, 3).
∴ The maximum value of P

are
∵ L3 passes through P and Q.

∴ The equation of L3:
(b) (i) Choose a point in the shaded region, say (0, 0).
∵ 2x  3y = 2(0)  3(0) = 0 ≤ 12 (b) (i) Check the values of P = 7x + 4y at the four
vertices.
∴ One inequality is 2x  3y ≤ 12.
∵ 2x + 3y = 2(0) + 3(0) = 0 ≤ 12 At (0, 4), P = 7(0) + 4(4) = 16
∴ One inequality is 2x + 3y ≤ 12. At (2, 5), P = 7(2) + 4(5) = 6
∵ 2x  y = 2(0)  0 = 0 ≥ 4 At (6, 5), P = 7(6) + 4(5) = 22
∴ One inequality is 2x  y ≥ 4. At (5, 1), P = 7(5) + 4(1) = 31
∴ The system of inequalities is ∴ Maximum value of P =
.
149
delete label: x = 0, y = 0
(ii) From the graph, C attains its minimum at (1.2, 4).

∴ 1.2 kg of substance A and 4 kg of substance B
should be mixed.
(b)
Check the values of P = 7x + 4y at the four
vertices.
At (0, 4), P = 16
At (4, 6), P = 7(4) + 4(6) = 4
At (6, 5), P = 22
At (5, 1), P = 31
Minimum value of P

(c) Let N be the total number of seats provided,
then N = 4x + 8y.
(b)
From the graph, N attains its maximum at (3, 4).

∴ Tom should buy 3 small tables and 4 large
tables.
∴ The maximum number of seats

150
(b) (c) Let $P be the profit, then P = 30 000x + 20 000y.

∴ The manufacturer should produce 2 jeeps and
8 motorcycles each day.
(c) Let $P be the profit, then P = 80x + 120y. ∴ The maximum profit
(b)

∴ The bakery should make 14 kg of cakes and
13 kg of cookies daily.

(b)

∴ The minimum daily operation cost
151
51. (a) ∵ x tonnes of coal are sent from P to A. (b)

∴ (20 – x) tonnes of coal are sent from Q to A.
∵ y tonnes of coal are sent from P to B.
∴ (15 – y) tonnes of coal are sent from Q to B.
The constraints are:
(b)
(c) Let $C be the cost, then

.
(c) Cost of transporting coal to company A
Cost of transporting coal to company B From the graph, C attains its minimum at (20, 10).
∴ 20 helicopters and 10 transport-troops should be
used.
Let $C be the total transportation cost, then
(d) Since the route to the quake-stricken region might be

blocked, the best way to avoid delay would be to use
helicopters.
Therefore, 50 helicopters and no transport-troops
should be used.
The cost = $17 000 × 50 =
(or any other reasonable answers)
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 4.64)

1. Answer: C
∵ The slope of the line y = x + 5 is 1.
∴ The line slopes downwards.
From the graph, C attains its minimum at (5, 15). Choose (0, 0) as the test point.
∴ The minimum transportation cost When x = 0 and y = 0,
x + 5 = (0) + 5 = 5 ≮ 0
∴ The half-plane without the test point (0, 0) represents
the solutions of the inequality.
2. Answer: B
∵ The straight line passes through (3, 0) and (0, 3).
∴ Equation of the straight line:
152
Choose a point in the shaded region, say (3, 3).

When x = 3 and y = 3,
∴ The inequality is x – y + 3  0.
3. Answer: D
x+y=1+0=1≥0
xy=10=1≥0
∴ (1, 0) is one of the solutions of the system.
∴ The answer is D.
4. Answer: D
Choose (4, 2) as the test point.
When x = 4 and y = 2,
2x + y = 2(4) + (2) = 6 ≥ 0
x  2y  4 = 4  2(2)  4 = 4 ≥ 0
∴ (4, 2) is one of the solutions of the system.
∴ Region IV, which contains (4, 2), is the answer.
5. Answer: A
Since x ≤ 2, regions I and II may be the answer.
Equation of the line passing through (0, 4) and (4, 0):
Consider x + y ≥ 4.
Use test point (1, 1), we have
x+y=1+1=2≱4
∴ Region I, that does not contain (1, 1), is the answer.
6. Answer: D
∵ The shaded region is the common region of the lower
half-plane of y = 3, the upper half-plane of x + y = 0,
i.e. y = x and the upper half-plane of x – y + 3 = 0,
i.e. y = x + 3.
∴ The system of the inequalities is
,
i.e. .
7. Answer: C
∵ The shaded region is in the right half-plane of .
∴
∴ I must be true.
∵ The shaded region is in the lower half-plane of
.
∴
∴ II may not be true.

∵ The shaded region is in the upper half-plane of
, i.e. .
∴ III must be true.

∴ The answer is C.
153
8. Answer: C Exam Focus

Since x and y are integers, the required possible pairs are
represented by the dots in the figure below. Exam-type Questions (p. 4.68)
1. (a) ∵ The x-intercept and the y-intercept of L1 are both

equal to 4.
∴ Equation of L1:
∴ There are 7 ordered pairs (x, y) which satisfy the

system of inequalities.
∵
9. Answer: C
∴ Slope of L
∵ L2 passes through (2, 1).

∴ Equation of L2:
By substituting x = 2 into (2), we have
∴ The intersection of L1 and L2 is (2, 7).

By substituting x = 0 into (1), we have
∴ L1 intersects the y-axis at (0, 6). (b) Choose a point in the shaded region, say (0, 0).
By substituting y = 0 into (2), we have ∵ y = 0 ≥ 1
∴ One inequality is y ≥ 1.
∵ x + 4 = (0) + 4 = 4
∴ L2 intersects the x-axis at (9, 0). y=0
Check the values of at the four ∴ One inequality is y ≤ x + 4.
∵ x+1=0+1=1
vertices.
y=0
At (0, 0), ∴ One inequality is y ≤ x + 1.
At (0, 6), ∴ The system of inequalities is
At (9, 0), .
At (2, 7), (c)

10. Answer: A By substituting (3) into (1), we have

Check the values of C = px + qy – 2 at the four vertices.
At (p, q), C = p(p) + q(q) – 2 =  p2  q2  2
At (q, p), C = p(q) + q(p) – 2 = 2 ∴ One of the vertices is (5, 1).
At (p, q), C = p(p) + q(q) – 2 = p2 + q2  2 (2)  (1):
At (p, q), C = p(p) + q(q) – 2 = p2 + q2  2
∵ p2 > 0 and q2 > 0
∴  p2  q2  2 is the minimum.
∴ C attains its minimum at (p, q). By substituting x = 1.5 into (1), we have
∴ One of the vertices is (1.5, 2.5).

Check the values of P = x + 2y at the three vertices.
At (5, 1), P = 5 + 2(1) = 3
At (2, 1), P = 2 + 2(1) = 4
At (1.5, 2.5), P = 1.5 + 2(2.5) = 6.5
∴ The maximum value of P is 6.5.
∴ Michael’s claim is correct.
154
2. (a) The shaded region is the common region of the left 3. Answer: C
half-plane of x = 7, the lower half-plane of
The slope of ax + by = 0 is .
, i.e. and the upper half-
∵ a, b > 0
∴ The slope of the line ax + by = 0 is negative, and the
plane of , i.e. . line slopes downwards.
∴ The system of inequalities is When x = 0 and y = 1,
. ax + by = a(0) + b(1) = b > 0
(b) (i) The constraints are: represents the solutions of the inequality.
∴ The answer is C.
4. Answer: A
After simplification, we have: The shaded region is the common region of the lower half
plane of x + y = 2, i.e. , the lower half-plane
of
y = x and the upper half-plane of y = 0.
Let the total cost be $C, ∴ The system of inequalities is
then C = 5000x + 4000y.
,
Slope of 5000x + 4000y = 0 is , i.e. i.e. .
5. Answer: C
∵ The shaded region of is the
common region of the right half-plane of x = 4, the left
Slope of is half-plane of x = 0, the upper half-plane of y =
5 and the lower half-plane of y = 0.
∵ Slope of 5000x + 4000y = 0 is less negative
∴ Regions II, IV and VI may be the solution.
than that of .
∴ 5000x + 4000y = 0 is less steeper than ∵ , i.e.
.
Therefore, refer to the graph given in (a),
C attains its minimum at point A. ∴ The lower half-plane of , i.e.
is the solution of the inequality

.
∴ Regions IV and VI represent the solution of
.
6. Answer: D
The point (x, y) lying outside R does not satisfy one of the
inequalities in the system
By substituting x = 7 into .
, When x = 4 and y = 6,
we have ,
which does not satisfy the inequality .
∴ (4, 6) lies outside R.
∴ The coordinates of A are (7, 4).
Minimum cost = $[5000(7) + 4000(4)] = $51 000,
which is already over $50 000.
Hence, the manager’s claim is correct.
(ii) The factory requires at least 200 units of the

plastic, therefore,
supplier A has to provide at least
boxes
of the plastic for the factory.
The cost = $5000(10) = $50 000
∴ The total cost will be decreased.
155
7. Answer: C 3. (a) When D = 1,

By substituting x = 0 into equation of L1, we have the daily profit, P = 15x + (25  1)y
= 15x + 24y
∴ One of the vertices is (0, 3).

By substituting y = 0 into equation of L2, we have
∴ One of the vertices is (4, 0).
(1) × 2  (2):
By substituting y = 4 into (1), we have From the graph, P attains its maximum at (52, 54).
∴ The supermarket should prepare 52 packs A and
54 packs B to obtain the maximum daily profit.
∴ One of the vertices is (2, 4). (b) Decrease in the maximum daily profit
At (0, 0),
At (4, 0),
At (0, 3),
At (2, 4),
4. When D increases to 10, P becomes 15x + 15y. By
∴ Maximum value = 10 translating the line 15x + 15y = 0, we can check that
Minimum value = 4 P attains its maximum at two points (52, 54) and (53, 53).
∴ The answer is C. Further increasing the value of D, P will attain its
maximum at (53, 53) rather that (52, 54).
Investigation Corner (p. 4.73) Hence, the required value is 10.
2. Let the daily profit be $P, then P = 15x + 25y.

∴ The supermarket should prepare 52 packs A and
54 packs B to obtain the maximum daily profit.
156
157

NSS Mathematics in Action - 5A04 - Exercise - E

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4 Linear Programming

Review Exercise 4 (p. 4.4)

∵ The two straight lines intersect at (4, 5).

4. Draw the line .

3. Draw the line .

y 3.5 4.5 5.5

Draw the line . To Learn More (p. 4.11)

Activity ∴ The half-plane containing the test point (0, 0) together

Point (x, y) E(2, –3) F(6, 0)

Quick Practice 4.2 (p. 4.9)

Quick Practice 4.3 (p. 4.10)

(b) (i) increases

Quick Practice 4.5 (p. 4.16)

From the graph, P attains its maximum at (3, 4).

From the graph, P attains its maximum at (4, 2).

From the graph, P attains its minimum at (8, 8).

Quick Practice 4.9 (p. 4.30)

From the graph, P attains its maximum at (4, 1).

(b) Since x and y are integers, the feasible solutions are

From the graph, P attains its maximum at (4, 1).

∴ Maximum value of Quick Practice 4.10 (p. 4.37)

From the graph, P attains its minimum at (–3, –3).

After simplification, we have .

(c) Let $P be the profit, then .

From the graph, P attains its maximum at (5, 7.5).

∴ The candy shop should produce 5 kg of dark

Quick Practice 4.11 (p. 4.39)

(a) The constraints are:

(c) Let $C be the cost, then .

From the graph, C attains its minimum at (30, 30).

∴ 30 L of drink A and 30 L of drink B should be

Quick Practice 4.12 (p. 4.41)

After simplification, we have

From the graph, C attains its minimum at (2, 1).

After simplification, we have:

(b) Since x and y are positive integers, the required

∴ The required possible pairs are (1, 3) and (1, 4).

2. ∵ The shaded region is on the right of the line .

∴ One of the vertices is (3, 2).

(b) 3. Choose (1, 2) as the test point.

4. Choose (0, 0) as the test point.

5. Choose (0, 0) as the test point.

6. Choose (0, 0) as the test point.

7. Draw the solid line y = x – 3.

8. Draw the dotted line y = 3x + 2. 14.

9. Draw the dotted line x = 2y. 15.

10. Draw the solid line .

(b) From the graph, when x = 2, the maximum integral

17. (a) Choose (0, 0) as the test point.

12. Choose a point in the shaded region, say (2, 0).

(b) From the graph, when y = 2, the minimum integral

∴ The required inequality is .

18. (a) By substituting x = 4 and y = 0 into , 4.

(b) Choose a point in the shaded region, say (0, 0).

(c) When and ,

Exercise 4B (p. 4.18)

∴ One inequality is y ≤ 2x  3.

6. Choose a point in the shaded region, say (1, 0).

7. Choose a point in the shaded region, say (1, 2).

8. Choose a point in the shaded region, say (2, 1).

16. Choose a point in the shaded region, say (4, 2).

17. The solutions of are

18. The solutions of are